Human Anatomy Lecture 2 PDF

Systems: general anatomical terms & basic tissue types Human Anatomy ANTH/EEB/NURS 250 LECTURE 2  Level of human structure  Organism - individual  Organ systems - a group of organs with a unique collective function  Organs – carry out a particular funct...

Systems: general anatomical terms & basic tissue types Human Anatomy ANTH/EEB/NURS 250 LECTURE 2  Level of human structure  Organism - individual  Organ systems - a group of organs with a unique collective function  Organs – carry out a particular function; have anatomical boundaries  Tissues - mass of similar cells that perform a specific function; epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular  Cells – basic unit of structure and function  Organelles – microscopic structures in a cell  Molecules – smallest units of chemical compounds (e.g., O2, H2O)  Overview of anatomy: terminology  Anatomy  Study of structure (i.e., what does it look like?)  Regional anatomy vs. systemic anatomy  Anatomical position  Stand erect  Feet flat on the floor and close together  Arms at the sides  Palms and face directed forward  Forearm supinated (not pronated) Descriptions remain valid regardless of the subject’s position Planes and relationships Planes and relationships Superior Inferior Planes and relationships Latera l Medial Planes and relationships Posterior (Dorsal) Anterior (Ventral) Planes and relationships Generally only with limbs Proximal Distal Planes and relationships SUPERFICIAL vs. DEEP Viscera Organ systems  Skeletal Systems overview (osteological) system  Muscular system  Cardiovascular system  Nervous system  Lymphatic system  Digestive system  Immune system  Integumentary system  Endocrine (hormone) system  Respiratory system  Skeletal system  Bones + cartilages + ligaments (connective tissue b/w bones) Tendons – connective tissue b/w muscle and bone and b/w muscles  Function Protection Support Movement Blood formation Storage for minerals  Cranium Axial Postcrania Appendicular Bone structure Cancellous (trabecular) bone Compact (cortical) bone Medullary cavity Periosteum  Osteons, osteocytes, and living bone Periosteum Perforati ng canal Trabecular bone  Ligaments & Joints Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial  Fused suture  Unfused  Synchondrosi  Joint capsule suture s  Synovial fluid  Gomphosis  Hyaline  Bulsa (periodontal cartilage ligament)  Symphysis  Syndesmosis  Fibrocartilage (bundle of connective tissue)  Muscular system  3 types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, smooth  Function – movement, stability, control of body openings and passages, heat production, control of blood glucose Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Striation? Yes Yes No Nucleus Multiple One One Voluntar Voluntar Involunta Involunta Skeletal muscle & tendons Tendon Muscle belly (head) Intermediate tendon Aponeurosis Skeletal muscle structure Myofibril Fascia  Circulatory system  Circulation of fluid Blood (cells, plasma) Interstitial fluid Intracellular fluid Lymph  Cardiovascular system Heart, blood vessels  Lymphatic system Lymph vessels, lymph nodes  Cardiovascular system BLOOD IN BLOOD IN ARTERIES VEINS FLOWS FLOWS AWAY TOWARDS FROM THE THE HEART HEART WHAT’S IN BLOOD?  Cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets)  Plasma (nutrients,  3 types of vessels  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries  Vascular systems  Cardiac: heart itself  Pulmonary: heart lungs  Systemic: heart rest of body  Portal: through 2  Arteries vs. veins  Arteries  Blood flow away from heart  Thicker muscular walls  Veins  Blood flow to heart  Thinner muscular walls  Larger veins have valves  Arterial blood (high  Nervous system overview Motor Sensory neuron neuron Stimuli Receptor Interneuron Effector Changes of Sensory  Present in Motor E.g., neuron the organs (e.g., brain & Muscles, internal/exte eye, ear, spinal cord glands rnal tongue, nose,  Receive/  Hormon environment etc.) analyze Hormone e s stimuli gland  Produce Nervous system commands Endocrine (hormone)  Nervous system  Communication by means of electrical & chemical signals  Nerve cells (neurons) Neurosoma (cell body) Dendrites Axon  Glial cells (neuroglia)  Synapses  Electrochemical communication b/w neurons or b/w a neuron and another target cell via neurotransmitters  Additional general nerve terms  GANGLION (plural: ganglia)  Thickening in a nerve  Location of neurosomas (cell bodies)  Typically where synapses occur b/w nerves  Classification by anatomical structure Receptor Interneuron Effector Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Sensory neuron Motor neuron  Classification by function Contain interneuronsCentral nervous Peripheral (brain, spinal cord) system (CNS) nervous system (PNS) Sensory Motor Division Division (Afferent (Efferent neuron) neuron) Somatic Visceral Somatic Visceral Motor** Sensory* Sensory** Motor* (Autonomic Nerves) SympatheticParasympathetic * Somatic – associated with cerebrum or cerebellum Spinal cord  Spinal nerves Intervertebr al foramen  Spinal cord in situ SPINAL CORD (cross-section) SPINAL NERVE Receptor Effector [posterior [posterior] ] Superio Posterio r Posteri Spinal r root or nerve ramus Anterio r root Anterior Spinal ramus cord Recept Effector Inferior or [anterio Structure of spinal nerves  Structure of spinal nerves Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion Posterior (dorsal) ramus Spinal cord Ventral root Anterior (ventral) ramus Plexuses  Special sense vs. general sense  Pain  Sight  Temperatur  Smell  e Taste  Touch  Hearing  Pressure  Balance  Sense of body/limb position  Lymph TONSILS THYMUS NODES THORACIC DUCT (largest lymphatic vessel) SPLEEN  Integumentary  Skin and associated structures (hairs, nails, glands, receptors)  Respiratory and pulmonary PHARYNX LARYNX (voice box) TRACHEA  Respiratory and pulmonary LARYNX TRACHEA Pulmonary: the lungs  Digestive ORAL CAVITY & TONGUE PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS Digestive ESOPHAGUS Digestive Digestive LESSER OMENTUM GREATER OMENTUM Digestive Digestive Urogenital Urinary Reproductive