Organs (Function, Position, Location, Art, Veins) PDF

# Gastrointestinal System (GIT) ## 1. Mouth - Location: Oral cavity, head region. - Position: Anterior end of the GIT. - Function: Mastication (chewing), mixing food with saliva, initial carbohydrate digestion (via amylase). - Parts: Lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands. - Arterial Supply: Branches...

# Gastrointestinal System (GIT) ## 1. Mouth - Location: Oral cavity, head region. - Position: Anterior end of the GIT. - Function: Mastication (chewing), mixing food with saliva, initial carbohydrate digestion (via amylase). - Parts: Lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands. - Arterial Supply: Branches of external carotid artery. - Venous Drainage: Facial vein, lingual vein. - Nerve Supply: - Sensory: Trigeminal nerve (CN V). - Motor: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), facial nerve (CN VII). ## 2. Pharynx - Location: Posterior to oral and nasal cavities. - Position: Connects mouth and esophagus. - Function: Swallowing (deglutition) - Parts: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx. - Arterial Supply: Ascending pharyngeal artery, branches of external carotid. - Venous Drainage: Pharyngeal venous plexus. - Nerve Supply: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X). ## 3. Esophagus - Location: Thoracic cavity, posterior to trachea. - Position: Connects pharynx to stomach. - Function: Propels food to the stomach via peristalsis. - Parts: Cervical, thoracic, abdominal segments. - Arterial Supply: Inferior thyroid artery, esophageal branches of aorta. - Venous Drainage: Esophageal veins to azygos and hemiazygos veins. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (CN X). - Sympathetic: Thoracic sympathetic chain. ## 4. Stomach - Location: Upper left quadrant of the abdomen. - Position: Intraperitoneal, between esophagus and duodenum. - Function: Mechanical and chemical digestion; secretes gastric juice. - Parts: Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus. - Arterial Supply: Left gastric artery, right gastric artery, gastroepiploic arteries. - Venous Drainage: Gastric veins to portal vein. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (CN X). - Sympathetic: Celiac plexus. ## 5. Small Intestine - Location: Central abdomen. - Position: Intraperitoneal, extends from stomach to large intestine. - Function: Absorption of nutrients, continued digestion. - Parts: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. - Arterial Supply: - Duodenum: Gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries. - Jejunum and Ileum: Superior mesenteric artery. - Venous Drainage: Superior mesenteric vein to portal vein. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (CN X). - Sympathetic: Superior mesenteric plexus. ## 6. Large Intestine - Location: Encircles the small intestine in the abdominal cavity. - Position: Retroperitoneal (ascending, descending colon) and intraperitoneal (transverse, sigmoid colon). - Function: Water absorption, formation of feces. - Parts: Cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anal canal. - Arterial Supply: - Cecum & Appendix: Ileocolic artery. - Colon: Branches of superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. - Rectum: Superior rectal artery, middle rectal artery. - Venous Drainage: Corresponding veins to portal or systemic circulation. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (up to mid-transverse colon), pelvic splanchnic nerves (distal). - Sympathetic: Superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses. ## 7. Liver - Location: Upper right quadrant, under the diaphragm. - Position: Intraperitoneal. - Function: Metabolism, bile production, detoxification. - Parts: Right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe. - Arterial Supply: Hepatic artery (from celiac trunk). - Venous Drainage: Hepatic veins to inferior vena cava. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve. - Sympathetic: Celiac plexus. ## 8. Gallbladder - Location: Inferior surface of the liver. - Position: Intraperitoneal. - Function: Stores and concentrates bile. - Parts: Fundus, body, neck. - Arterial Supply: Cystic artery. - Venous Drainage: Cystic veins to portal vein. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve. - Sympathetic: Celiac plexus. ## 9. Pancreas - Location: Posterior to the stomach. - Position: Retroperitoneal - Function: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones (insulin, glucagon). - Parts: Head, body, tail. - Arterial Supply: Splenic artery, superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. - Venous Drainage: Pancreatic veins to portal vein. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve. - Sympathetic: Celiac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus. ## 10. Rectum and Anus - Location: Pelvic cavity. - Position: Terminal part of the GIT. - Function: Storage and excretion of feces.. - Parts: Rectum, anal canal. - Arterial Supply: Superior, middle, inferior rectal arteries. - Venous Drainage: Rectal veins to portal and systemic veins. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Pelvic splanchnic nerves. - Sympathetic: Hypogastric plexus. # Respiratory System ## 1. Lungs - Location: Thoracic cavity, lateral to the heart. - Position: Occupy pleural cavities; apex extends above the clavicle; base rests of the diaphragm. - Function: Gas exchange (oxygen intake, carbon dioxide removal). - Parts: Lobes (right: 3; left: 2), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. - Arterial Supply: Pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated), bronchial arteries (oxygenated). - Venous Drainage: Pulmonary veins, bronchial veins. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve. - Sympathetic: Pulmonary plexus (from sympathetic chain). ## 2. Trachea - Location: Anterior to esophagus, extends from the larynx to main bronchi. - Position: Midline of the neck and thorax. - Function: Conducts air to and from lungs. - Parts: Cartilaginous rings, mucosal lining. - Arterial Supply: Inferior thyroid and bronchial arteries. - Venous Drainage: Inferior thyroid vein. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve. - Sympathetic: Cervical and thoracic sympathetic chains. # Cardiovascular System ## 1. Heart - Location: Middle mediastinum, thoracic cavity. - Position: Slightly left of midline, apex directed inferiorly and to the left. - Function: Pumps blood throughout the body. - Parts: Atria, ventricles, valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary). - Arterial Supply: Coronary arteries. - Venous Drainage: Coronary sinus, cardiac veins. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve. - Sympathetic: Cardiac plexus (from cervical and thoracic ganglia). ## 2. Blood vessels (Arteries and Veins) - Location: Throughout the body. - Function: - Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery). - Veins: Return deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein). - Key Arterial Supply: Aorta, its branches. - Key Venous Drainage: Superior and inferior vena cava. # Urinary System ## 1. Kidneys - Location: Posterior abdominal wall, retroperitoneal. - Position: T12-L3 level, right kidney slightly lower. - Function: Filter blood, produce urine, regulate electrolytes and blood pressure. - Parts: Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, nephrons - Arterial Supply: Renal arteries (from abdominal aorta). - Venous Drainage: Renal veins (to inferior vena cava). - Nerve Supply: Renal plexus. ## 2. Ureters - Location: Extend from renal pelvis to bladder. - Position: Retroperitoneal. - Function: Transport urine to the bladder. - Arterial Supply: Renal, gonadal, and vesical arteries. - Venous Drainage: Corresponding veins. - Nerve Supply: Autonomic plexuses (renal, hypogastric). ## 3. Bladder - Location: Pelvic cavity, posterior to pubic symphysis. - Position: Intraperitoneal in children, extraperitoneal in adults. - Function: Stores urine. - Arterial Supply: Superior and inferior vesical arteries. - Venous Drainage: Vesical venous plexus. - Nerve Supply: - Parasympathetic: Pelvic splanchnic nerves. - Sympathetic: Hypogastric plexus. ## 4. Urethra - Location: Extends from bladder to external urethral orifice. - Function: Passage of urine (and semen in males). - Arterial Supply: Internal pudendal artery. - Venous Drainage: Internal pudendal vein. - Nerve Supply: Pudendal nerve, autonomic plexuses. # Nervous System ## 1. Brain - Location: Cranial cavity. - Position: Superior to spinal cord, protected by skull. - Function: Controls body functions, cognition, emotions. - Parts: Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem. - Arterial Supply: Circle of Willis (carotid and vertebral arteries). - Venous Drainage: Dural venous sinuses. - Nerve Supply: Cranial nerves (CN I-XII). ## 2. Spinal Cord - Location: Vertebral canal. - Function: Transmits signals between brain and body. - Arterial Supply: Anterior and posterior spinal arteries. - Venous Drainage: Spinal veins. - Nerve Supply: Spinal nerves. # Endocrine System ## 1. Thyroid Gland - Location: Anterior neck, inferior to larynx. - Function: Produces thyroid hormones (metabolism). - Arterial Supply: Superior and inferior thyroid arteries. - Venous Drainage: Thyroid veins. - Nerve Supply: Sympathetic cervical ganglia. ## 2. Adrenal Glands - Location: On top of kidneys. - Function: Hormone secretion (cortisol, adrenaline). - Arterial Supply: Suprarenal arteries. - Venous Drainage: Suprarenal veins. - Nerve Supply: Celiac plexus. # Reproductive System ## 1. Testes/Ovaries - Location: - Testes: Scrotum. - Ovaries: Pelvic cavity. - Function: Produce gametes (sperm/ova) and hormones. - Arterial Supply: Testicular/ovarian arteries. - Venous Drainage: Pampiniform plexus, ovarian veins. - Nerve Supply: - Testes: Testicular plexus. - Ovaries: Ovarian plexus.