Anatomy & Physiology BMS 101 (Organized) PDF

Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Anatomical terms- cartilage – bone Dr.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Identify anatomical terms Describe anatomical...

Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Anatomical terms- cartilage – bone Dr.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Identify anatomical terms Describe anatomical position Describe the type, site of cartilage Classify the skeleton List functions of bones 2  Anatomical position 1. Standing erect. 2. Eyes looking forwards 3. Arms straight by the sides. 4. Palms facing forwards. 5. Thumb directed laterally. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  The body lies on its back The body lies on its face The body lies on its side (right or left) Lateral decuibtus Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Anterior = In frontAnatomical of = Terms posterior Anterior (dorsal) Nearer to the front of the (ventral) body Posterior = Behind = Nearer to the back of the body Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Terms of Position Superior (upper or cranial) = Nearer to the upper end of the body. Inferior (lower or caudal) = Nearer to the lower end of the body. Median = exactly in the middle line. Medial = nearer to the median plane. Lateral = away from the median plane. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Proximal = nearer to the root of the limb. Distal = away from the root of the limb. Superficial = towards the skin or the surface of the body. Deep = further away from the skin or the surface of the body. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Anatomical Planes (Median plane) It cuts the body It is the vertical plane which vertically into passes in the middle line of anterior & the body.it divides the body into 2 equal half right and left posterior parts. Paramedian plane: It is parallel to the median (horizontal plane) plane. It divides the body into right and left parts It runs horizontally cutting the body into superior & inferior parts. The Skeleton is formed of (206 bones) Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Classification of Skeleton 1- According to their position in the body: ❑ Axial skeleton bones in the midline of the body ❑ Appendicular skeleton bones of the limbs & their girdles Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Axial skeleton Axial skeleton formed of: 1. Skull and mandible 2. Ribs 3. Sternum 4. Vertebral column 5. Hyoid bone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Skull: is the skeleton of the cranium and face and consists of 21 immovable bones which are joined to each other at sutures. Mandible: is the skeleton of the lower jaw and is the only movable bone in the head. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy ✓Ribs (12 pairs) ✓Sternum  Formed of Vertebral column 33 vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae Cervical vert 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae fused Thoracic to form sacrum vert 2-4 coccygeal vertebrae fused to form coccyx Lumbar vert Sacral vert Coccygeal vert Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder girdle + Free upper limb pelvic girdle + Free Lower limb Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Bones of the upper limb 1.bones of the shoulder girdle is formed of scapula & clavicle 2- bone of the free limb Bone of the arm -Humerus Bone of the forearm - radius and ulna Bone of the hand – carpal – metacarpal and phalanges  Bones of the lower limb Bones of the lower limb consists of: 1-bones of pelvic girdle (hip bone) 2-bones of free limb Hip bone Bone of the thigh: femur Bones of the leg: a. Tibia: medially b. Fibula: laterally Femur Bones of the foot: a. Tarsus Fibula b. Metatarsus Tibia c. Phalanges Tarsal bones { Foot Metatarsals Phalanges Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2-According to the process of ossification (Bone formation): A-Intra-membranous ossification: Occurs in some bones, e.g. clavicle, skull cap and mandible. The bones are developed directly from mesenchyme. B-Intra-cartilaginous ossification: It occurs in long bones, vertebrae, ribs and base of skull. The mesenchyme is changed at first into a cartilage model. Then the cartilage is changed into bone. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3-According to Shape Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Types of bones according to shape 1) Long bones : (2 ends & a shaft) 🡪 femur, humerus The metacarpals, metatarsals, & phalanges are considered as small long bones as they have 2 ends & a shaft Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Structure of long bone Epiphysis : covered by hyaline cartilage Diaphysis: 1. Compact bone containing bone marrow 2. Covered e fibrous sheath periosteum 3. Epiphyseal plate of cartilage length Metaphysis: lies in the upper and lower part of the diaphysis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Growth of long bone 1- in length epiphyseal plate of cartilage 2- in diameter periosteum Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  2)short bones 🡪 carpal & tarsal bones Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3) flat bones bones of skull cap sternum scapula Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  4)Irregular bones 🡪 vertebrae/ hip bone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  frontal 5) Pneumatic bones ( air filled spaces inside some skull bones) maxilla Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pneumatic bones ( air filled) Pneumatic bones make skull lighter & add resonance to voice. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 6) Sesamoid bone develop inside the tendon of some muscles at the sites of friction) 🡪 patella Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Functions of the bones 1- it gives the body its shape. 2-enters in the formations of joints. 3-it gives attachment to muscles and ligaments. 4- it forms rigid support for movements and weight. 5- formation of blood elements. 6- the big store for calcium and phosphorus 7-Protects the organs, the skull protects the brain, and thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg  Test yourself 1-The plane which divides the body into 2 equal halves right and left is: a-Median plane b-Coronal plane c-Paramedian plane d-Horizontal plane Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2-The patella is a: a-Short bone. b-Long bone. c-Flat bone. d-Seasamoid bone. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The following statement describes the anatomical position: a-The eyes are looking backwards. b-The upper limbs are hanging by the sides. c-The palms are facing backwards. d-The thumbs are directed medially. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 4-The anatomical term that means “away from the median plane” is: A-Lateral. B-Medial. C-Distal. D-Proximal. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Anatomy & physiology BMS 101 Joints & muscles DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1-Define the joints 2- classify the joint and list its types 4- classify types of muscles 5-list types muscle action 2 Joints  Joints A joint is the contact between two or more bones. Types of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Fibrous Joints. The opposed bony surfaces are connected by fibrous tissue. There is no joint cavity No movements Types of fibrous joint Gomphoses syndesmoses Sutures Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Sutures ○ Present in the skull ○ The bones of skull are connected together by a thin layer of fibrous tissue Dr. Mogeda 6 Mahdy  Gomphoses Present in the teeth. The roots of teeth are connected to their sockets by a fibrous tissue. Dr. Mogeda 7 Mahdy  Syndesmosis Present in the inferior tibio fibular joint The lower end of tibia and fibula are connected together by a fibrous tissue Dr. Mogeda 8 Mahdy  Cartilaginous Joint The opposed bony surfaces are connected by cartilage There is no joint cavity Types of Cartilaginous Joint Primary cartilaginous joint Secondary Cartilaginous Joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 1 – Primary cartilaginous joint : Bones are joined by hyaline cartilage It is temporary Disappears by ossification. No movement Site : at the ends of long bones epiphyseal plate in children between epiphysis and diaphysis 10  2- Secondary Cartilaginous Joint -The two bones joined by white fibrocartilaginous disc -Permanent -Limited degree of movement Site: symphysis pubis and intervertebral Dr. Mogeda 11 Mahdy 12 Synovial Joint Characteristics (Structure )of synovial joint 1-Joint cavity 2-fibrous capsule. 3-synovial membrane 4-synovial fluid. 5-articular cartilage. 6-ligaments Movements: are always possible. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of synovial joints Biaxial: non axial Uniaxial: Polyaxial: (plane): Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Uniaxial: A-hinge (horizontal axis) Elbow joint interphalangeal Humerus Ankle joint Radius ulna  Uniaxial: B-pivot (vertical axis) example : superior radioulnar joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2 - Biaxial: has two perpendicular axes of movement. There 3 types: A- condylar e.g knee joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy B- (ellipsoid) Joints : wrist joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 2 - Biaxial: C-Saddle Joints e.g Carpo metacarpal joint of the thumb Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 3- Polyaxial: Called ball and socket Allow all types of movements. Shoulder joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 4 – non axial (plane): Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other e.g,. superior tibio-fibular joint MOVEMENTS OF JOINT Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Flexion :approximate two anterior surface Extension :two anterior surface away from each other Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Abduction 🡪 moving a limb away from midline Adduction 🡪 moving a limb towards the midline Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 23  Rotation: Medial or lateral rotation of the limb around a vertical axis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pronation :medial rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face posteriorly Supination::lateral rotation of forearm which brings palm of hand to face anteriorly Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Muscles Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  muscles Muscle tissue is characterized by the property of contraction Types of muscle 1--Skeletal 2- Smooth 3- Cardiac Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of muscles skeletal Cardiac smooth Site Attached to skeleton, In the myocardium of Walls of blood vessels the heart and viscera Contraction Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Striations Present Present but less than in Absent skeletal muscle Nerve supply Somatic nerve Autonomic nerve Autonomic nerve Muscle cell (fiber) Multinucleated with Branch and fuse Spindle-shaped with peripheral nuclei together with single single nucleus nucleus.  Skeletal muscles 1- Attachment of skeletal muscles Origin: usually the most fixed attachment (proximal attachment). Insertion: usually the most mobile attachment (distal attachment). Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Skeletal muscles 1- Types of attachment Attachment to bone (common type) Attachment to fibrous raphe Attachment to skin Attachment to intermediate tendon Attachment to cartilage Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Form of Skeletal Muscles The muscle form depends on the arrangement of the muscle fibers in relation to the line of pull (line extending between the origin & insertion). Muscles with parallel fibers Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Form of skeletal muscle Muscles with oblique fibers Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg  Test yourself 1-The following is an ellipsoid joint: A- Inferior radioulnar B- Superior radioulnar C- Intercarpal joints D- Wrist joint Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2- The type of elbow joint is: A- Ellipsoid B- Saddle C- Condylar D- Hinge Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The joints between skull bones are called A- Suture B- Syndesmosis C- Synchondrosis D- Symphysis Dr. Mogeda Mahdy BMS 101 Cardiovascular system &respiratory system DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1- List components of the cardiovascular system 2-Idendify site and characters of the heart and name connected blood vessels 3-Describe types of circulation 4-Describe the different parts of respiratory system. 5-list the differences between right and left lungs. 6-State differences between the right& left bronchi 2 Cardiovascular system Dr. Mogeda3 Mahdy It consists of: 1-The heart 2- blood vessels: Heart Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Heart it is muscular pump which pumps the blood into the blood vessels. Site: behind the sternum and costal cartilage. It extends from the 2nd rib to 6th. between two lungs Dr. Mogeda5 Mahdy The heart has four chambers Two atria: Right atrium Left atrium Two ventricles: Right atrium Right ventricle Left trium Left ventricle Left ventricle Right ventricle Dr. Mogeda6 Mahdy The big blood vessels connected to the heart veins arteries Superior vena cava Aorta 4 pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Inferior vena cava  Valves of the heart Aortic valve: Pulmonary valve: at opening of at opening of the aorta pulmonary trunk Mitral valve Left atrium between left atrium and left Right atrium ventricle Tricuspid valve Left ventricle between right Right ventricle atrium and right ventricle 8  Heart Chambers Left atrium Receives Right atrium blood from :Receives blood Pulmonary veins from IVC & SVC. from lungs. Sends blood to Rt Sends blood to Lt ventricle through ventricle through Tricuspid valve Left atrium Mitral valve Right atrium Leftventricle: Right ventricle :Receives Receives blood blood from Rt atrium. from Lt atrium. Left ventricle Sends blood to Sends blood to pulmonary arteries to Right ventricle Aorta through lungs through Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Arterial supply of the heart Coronary arteries 10 Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of Circulations Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation ❑ right ventricle ❑ Left ventricle pulmonary artery Aorta lungs Body gaseous gaseous exchange exchange pulmonary veins superior & inferior left atrium Vena cava Right atrium 11 Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Types of circulation Portal circulation Venous blood from digestive tract into portal vein enters the liver Inferior vena cava 12 Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Blood vessels Arteries: Veins: It carries the blood It carries the blood from from the heart to the the periphery to the heart. periphery. It carries deoxygenated It carries oxygenated blood except the blood except the pulmonary veins which pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood. which carry deoxygenated blood. Capillaries: connect arteries to vein Dr. Mogeda 13 Mahdy Respiratory system Dr. Mogeda 14 Mahdy Nose and paranasal sinuses. -Pharynx. -Larynx. -Trachea. -Bronchi (right & left) -Lungs (right & left). Dr. Mogeda 15 Mahdy Nose: it is formed of external nose and nasal cavity which surrounded by paranasal sinuses Functions of the nose: 1-Smell 2-Filtration and warming of inspired air Function of paranasal sinuses Decrease weight of skull Increase resonance of voice Nose Dr. Mogeda16Mahdy  Pharynx The pharynx is the part of the throat behind the Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx mouth and nasal cavity, and larynx Oral Oropharynx cavity Larynx Laryngopharynx Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Larynx consisting of 9 cartilages 3 single 3 paired Functions of larynx 1- passage of air into trachea 2-production of voice Dr. Mogeda18Mahdy  Trachea It is 10-12 cm patent tube transmits the air from the larynx to the lungs. It consists of 16-20 C- shaped Trachea cartilages. Begins at C6 vertebra Ends at sternal angle of louis(Lower border of T4 by dividing into 2 bronchi Dr. Mogeda19Mahdy  Bronchi Right bronchus -Wider. Left bronchus -Shorter -Narrower. -Oblique (more in line with trachea) -Longer -Horizontal Dr. Mogeda20Mahdy Lateral surface Lungs Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 21 Medial surface and hilum Lungs Right lung Left lung Dr. Mogeda Mahdy 22 larger , shorter & wider smaller , longer & narrower No cardiac notch has a cardiac notch Has 2 fissures ( oblique & horizontal ) Has one fissures ( horizontal) 3lobes ( upper , middle & lower) 2 lobes ( upper & lower ) Right lung Left lung Dr. Mogeda23Mahdy  Test yourself 1-The right atrium receives blood from: A-Superior and inferior vena cava. B-Pulmonary artery. C-Aorta. D-Pulmonary veins. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2-Regarding the pulmonary circulation, which of the following statements is true? A-The blood passes from the right ventricle to the right atrium. B-Oxygenated blood is collected by the veins into the right atrium. C-Oxygenated blood returns from the lung to the left atrium. D-Deoxygenated blood passes through the aorta to all tissues of the body. Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-Regarding the lungs, which of the following statements is correct: A-The right lung is shorter and broader than the left. B-The left lung possesses three lobes. C-The right lung has a cardiac notch. D-The right lung has one fissure Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg Faculty of applied health Science – BMS 101 Digestive system DR.Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1- List components of the digestive system 2-Describe site and parts of the stomach , liver and pancreas 3-Describe the different parts of biliary system 2 Digestive system is formed of : 1-digestive tract 2- digestive glands Dr. Mogeda3 Mahdy 1-Digestive tract -Mouth cavity -Pharynx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small intestine -Large intestine. 2 -digestive glands -Salivary gland -Liver and biliary system --Pancreas. Dr. Mogeda4 Mahdy  Mouth Cavity Contains: 1-Tongue it is muscular organ Involved in -speech. -Taste of food. -Mix food with saliva. 2- teeth :Two sets (upper and lower jaw Dr. Mogeda5 Mahdy  Pharynx The pharynx is the part of the throat: Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx behind the nasal cavity (nasopharynx) Behind the mouth (oropharynx) Oral Oropharynx cavity behind larynx( laryngopharynx) Larynx Laryngopharynx Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Larngopharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube -The nasopharyngeal tonsil The palatine tonsils Dr. Mogeda7 Mahdy Esophagus It is a muscular tube (25 cm) Transports food from pharynx to stomach. Passes through esophageal opening of diaphragm and ends at cardiac opening of stomach Dr. Mogeda8 Mahdy Stomach The most dilated part of GIT Site: in the upper and left part of the abdominal cavity Function :digestion of food Dr. Mogeda9 Mahdy Stomach It has 2 opening 1-cardiac where esophagus end 2-pyloric end where duodenum begins Dr. Mogeda 10 Mahdy  fundus Stomach It has 2 parts 1- cardiac part formed of fundus and body 2-pyloric part formed of pyloric antrum , pyloric canal and pylorus body pylorus pyloric canal pyloric antrum Dr. Mogeda 11 Mahdy  Small Intestine Site : in the central part of the abdominal cavity Length :About 6 meters Functions : digestion and absorption Dr. Mogeda 12 Mahdy  Small Intestine Divisions Duodenum 25cm (C shaped around head of pancreas Receives openings of bile duct and main pancreatic duct. Jejunum 2/5 of the length of small intestine Ileum: 3/5 of the length of small intestine Dr. Mogeda 13 Mahdy  Large intestine Site In the abdominal cavity, around small intestine. Length: 1.5 meters Function : absorption of water and some minerals Dr. Mogeda 14 Mahdy Parts of large intestine Caecum Appendix Ascending colon Right colic flexure Transverse colon Left colic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal 15 Digestive glands 16  Salivary Glands (Three pairs) Sublingual Gland The smallest Site :below the Parotid Gland tongue The largest Open in the floor of the mouth by 8-12 site : below the ear ducts Opens in the vestibule Submandibular of the mouth opposite to Gland upper second molar by Site : below the parotid duct mandible Opens in the floor of the mouth by Salivary glands make saliva to help in digesting food submandibular duct  Liver it the largest organ in the body site : in upper right part of the abdominal cavity Lobes : right and Left Function: Secretes bile that shares in the digestion of food Dr. Mogeda 18 Mahdy  Gall bladder It is a sac lies in special fossa of the lower surface of right lobe of the liver It store and concentrate bile Gall bladder receive and evacuates bile through cystic duct Dr. Mogeda 19 Mahdy  Right hepatic duct Left hepatic duct Biliary system Liver secrete bile Right and left hepatic duct Gall bladder receive and evacuates bile through cystic duct Common hepatic + cystic =common bile duct common bile duct +pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic duct which opened in the duodenum Dr. Mogeda 20 Mahdy  Pancreas Site : in the posterior abdominal wall. It extends from the spleen to the duodenum 21  Pancreas Formed of 4 parts Head Neck Body Tail Function : It secretes pancreatic juice that complete digestion Dr. Mogeda 22 Mahdy  Test yourself 1-One of the following is a part of small intestine: A-Duodenum B-Caecum C-right colic flexure D-left colic flexure Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2- At which of the following locations does bile enter the digestive tract: A-Gastroesophageal sphincter B- Duodenum C- Ileocecum D- Jejunum Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-A patient sustains severe blunt trauma to the upper right abdomen and requires surgery. Which one of the following organs is most likely to be involved? A- Appendix B- spleen C-Pancreas D-liver Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 4-Regarding salivary glands, one is correct A-Parotid gland lies below the ear B-The duct of the submandibular salivary gland opens on the vestibule of mouth C-The parotid duct opens on the floor of mouth opposite the upper 3rd molar tooth D-Parotid gland is the smallest salivary Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg Faculty of applied health Science – BMS 101 Nervous system – endocrine glands DR. Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1- List components of the nervous system 2-Describe parts of the brain and spinal cord 3-Describe spinal and cranial nerves 4- List components of endocrine system 2 Nervous system Division of the nervous system: 1- Central nervous system ( brain, and spinal cord ) 2- Peripheral nervous system Nerves (12 pair of Cranial nerves (31 pair of spinal nerves) 3 Brain It lies inside the skull Parts of the brain 1-cerebrum 2-brain stem 3-cerebellum Cerebrum Formed of 2 cerebral hemisphere 6 Cerebrum Each cerebral hemisphere is formed of 4 lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital 7  Important areas on the lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere 1-Frontal lobe: contains -Motor area 4: which control the movement of the Lateral opposite half of the body sulcus - Broca’s motor area for speech which control speech N.B: present in the left hemisphere in right handed persons 8  Important areas on the lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere 2-Parietal (contains main sensory area 3-Temporal (contains the auditory area ) Lateral sulcus 4-Occipital ( contains visual area ) 9  Brain stem Formed of three parts 1- Midbrain (upper part) Mid brain 2- Pons ( middle part) 3-medulla oblongata (lower part ) Pons Medulla 10  Cerebellum Formed of two cerebellar hemisphere Separated by vermis Superior Inferior Two cerebellar hemisphere 11 Cerebral meninges: The brain is covered by 3 membranes From inside outwards Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater 12  8 Cervical Spinal cord Length : about (45cm) Site : inside the vertebral 12Thoracic canal Segments: 31 (8 Cervical – 12Thoracic -5 5 Lumbar Lumbar -5 Sacral and one coccygeal) 5 Sacral one coccygeal  Spinal nerves 31 Pairs (8 Cervical – 12Thoracic -5 Lumbar - 5 Sacral and one coccygeal) 14 Cranial nerves 12 pairs vision (sensory) Smell Sensory to face (sensory) Motor to muscles of mastication Motor to muscles of the eye Motor to muscle of the face Hearing (sensory) Motor to muscles of the tongue Endocrine glands 16 Endocrine glands Ductless glands Secrete hormones directly into blood stream Dr. Mogeda 17 Mahdy  Pituitary gland Site :Small gland lies in the base of skull below the brain -It is the master gland -Control secretion of all remaining endocrine glands Secretes ACTH Prolactin TSH Growth hormone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Thyroid gland Site :Lies in front of the lower part of the neck Formed of 2 lobes and connected by isthmus Secretes thyroxin hormone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Parathyroid glands 4 small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Secretes Parathyroid hormone Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Supra renal glands Lie at upper poles of kidneys 1-Cortex : secrete cortisone & aldosterone hormones 2- Medulla secrete Adrenaline & noradrenaline hormones Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Pancreas (mixed gland) Its endocrine part secrete insulin and glucagon Dr. Mogeda 22 Mahdy Gonads (mixed gland) Ovary in female : its endocrine part secrete Testis in male: its endocrine estrogen and progesterone part secrete testosterone 23  Test yourself 1-The three parts of the brain stem are the: a- Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater b- Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata c- Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus d-Cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2- Broca’s motor area for speech is present in: a-Temporal lobe b Frontal lobe c- Occipital lobe. d-Parietal lobe Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-Which of the following cranial nerves is sensory nerve: a. Oculomotor b. Hypoglossal c. Olfactory d. Trochlear Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Match the nerve in column (A) with its function in column (B): A B 1-( ) Hypoglossal A. Motor to muscles of mastication 2-( ) Facial 3-( ) Trochlear B. Receives hearing 4-( ) Trigeminal C. Motor to muscles of tongue D. Supplies eye muscle E. Motor to muscles of face 27  Test yourself 6-The master gland of the endocrine system is: A- Adrenal B-Pancreas C-Thyroid D-Pituitary Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg Faculty of applied health Science – BMS 101 Urogenital system DR. Mogeda Mahdy Professor of Anatomy & Embryology gu.edu.eg By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1-Describe parts and functions of urinary system 2-know components of the male genital system 3-Describe components of the female genital system 2 Urinary system 3 Urinary system It has the following parts: 1- kidney 2- ureter: 3- Urinary bladder: 4- Urethra: 4  Kidney Site : upper part of the posterior abdominal wall Shape: it is bean shaped It has 2 surfaces (anterior and posterior ) 2 borders ( lateral and medial ) 2 poles (upper and lower )  Hilum of the kidney It is a part on the medial border of the kidney. Renal artery It contains: 1 -Renal vein 2-Renal artery 3- Pelvis of ureter Renal vein Pelvis of ureter 6  Ureter Parts: It is a muscular tube 25 cm long extends -Pelvis of ureter. from the kidney to the Ureter -Abdominal urinary bladder. part. Function : It transmits urine from the kidney to -Pelvic part the urinary bladder 7  Urinary bladder Site : Lies inside the pelvis It receives the 2 ureters Function It stores urine Urine leaves it through the Urinary urethra bladder 8  Urethra Carries the urine outside the body Female urethra Male urethra Short and wide It is 4 cm in length 9 Male genital system 10 Male genital System It consists of: 1-Testes 2-Genital ducts (epididymis-vas deferens- urethra) 3-Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicle-prostate –bulbourethral glands) 4-penis  Testis It is the primary male sex organ Site : present inside skin sac called scrotum Functions 1- formation of sperms 2- secretion of male sex hormones (testosterone) 12  Epididymis Site: behind the testes Functions 1-Storage & maturation of sperms 2-Secretion of nutritive substance for sperms 13  Vas deferens Thick walled narrow lumen duct. 45 cm in length Unites with seminal vesicle behind urinary bladder to form ejaculatory duct Transport sperms to urethra 14  Seminal vesicle Seminal vesicle Highly tortuous tube on back of urinary bladder Unites with seminal vesicle behind urinary bladder to form ejaculatory duct which open in prostatic part of urethra Secretes nutritive substances rich in protein, fructose & vitamin C for sperm 15 Prostate Site : Surrounding upper part of urethra Opens on urethra Secretes alkaline secretion to neutralize acidity in vagina 16  Bulbourethral gland Site :small gland lies beside membranous urethra Function: Secretes mucous to lubricate urethra 17 Female genital system 18 Female genital system 19  Ovary It is the primary sex organ in female Site: on the lateral wall of the pelvis Function 1- formation of ova 2- secretion of female sex hormones ( estrogen and progesterone  Uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes) 10 cm in length Connects uterine cavity with ovary Functions of Uterine tubes 1-Receives ova from ovary 2-Passage for sperms from uterus to ovum 3- Fertilization occur inside it.  Uterus A hollow pear-shaped muscular organ Site : inside the pelvic cavity Function 1-Site of reception and nutrition of fertilized ovum 2-Site of Menstrual cycle  Vagina Muscular tube is pierced by cervix of uterus Function 1-Passage of Menstrual blood 2-Birth canal 23  Test yourself 1- Which of the following are mucus-producing glands located beside the membranous urethra : a-prostate b- seminal vesicle c- Bulbourethral d- vas deference Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 2- Fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon occurs in which of the following structures? a- Cervix b- Fallopian tube c- Ovary d-Uterus Dr. Mogeda Mahdy  Test yourself 3-The urine in the body stored in: a-Urinary bladder b- Kidney c- Ureter d- Urethra Dr. Mogeda Mahdy Thank You gu.edu.eg