Organic Name Reactions PDF

# Organic Reactions ## [1] Sandmeyer's Reaction - Aryl diazonium salts can be easily introduced in the benzene ring in the presence of Cu(I) ion. - The reaction proceeds as follows: - ArN+2X + CuCl → ArCl + N2 + CuX - ArN+2X + CuBr → ArBr + N2 + CuX - ArN+2X + KCN → ArCN + N2 ## [2] Ga...

# Organic Reactions ## [1] Sandmeyer's Reaction - Aryl diazonium salts can be easily introduced in the benzene ring in the presence of Cu(I) ion. - The reaction proceeds as follows: - ArN+2X + CuCl → ArCl + N2 + CuX - ArN+2X + CuBr → ArBr + N2 + CuX - ArN+2X + KCN → ArCN + N2 ## [2] Gatterman Reaction - Chlorine or Bromine can be introduced in the benzene ring by treating diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of Cu powder. - The reaction proceeds as follows: - ArN+2X + CuCl + HCl → ArCl + N2 + CuX - ArN+2X + CuBr + HBr → ArBr + N2 + CuX ## [3] Balz-Schiemann Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - ArN+2 + HBF4 → Ar-N+2BF4 + H+ - Ar-N+2BF4 → Ar-F + BF3 + N2 ## [4] Finkelstein Reaction - Alkyl iodides preparation - The reaction proceeds as follows: - R-X + NaI → R-I + NaX [X=Cl, Br] - This reaction can be favoured in the forward direction by precipitating NaX with dry acetone according to Le Chatelier's Principle. ## [5] Swartz Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - R-X + Metallic Fluoride → R-F + AgX [X=Cl, Br] - Metallic Fluorides include: AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 ## [6] Wurtz Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - 2R-X + 2Na (dry ether) → R-R + 2NaX - This is a reaction used to prepare alkanes from alkyl halides. ## [7] Wurtz-Fitting Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - Ar-X + R-X (dry ether) + 2Na → Ar-R + 2NaX ## [8] Fitting Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - 2(Ar-X) + 2Na (dry ether) → Ar-Ar + 2NaX ## [9] Friedel-Crafts Alkylation - This reaction is a method of adding alkyl groups to an aromatic compound, mainly benzene, using an alkyl halide and Lewis acid catalyst (typically AlCl3). - The reaction proceeds as follows: - R + R-X (anhydrous AlCl3) → R+HX - R + R-X (anhydrous AlCl3) → R+HX ## [10] Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reaction - This reaction is a method of adding acyl groups to an aromatic compound. - The reaction proceeds as follows: * R-CO-R + R-H (anhydrous AlCl3) → R-CO-R + HCl * R-CO-R + R-H (anhydrous AlCl3) → R-CO-R + HCl ## [11] Reimer-Tiemann Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - C6H5OH + CHCl3 + NaOH → (intermediate) - (intermediate) + H+ → Salicylaldehyde ## [12] Kolbe's Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - C6H5OH + NaOH → (intermediate) - (intermediate) + CO2 → a-intermediate - a-intermediate + H+ → Salicylic acid ## [13] Rosenmund Reduction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - RCOCl + H2 → RCHO + HCl ## [21] Aldol Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - Aldehyde + Aldehyde → β-hydroxy aldehyde/ ketone - Ketone + Ketone → β-hydroxy ketone - Aldehyde + Ketone → β-hydroxy ketone - The reaction involves the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion of an enolate ion to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone. ## [22] Cannizzaro Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - Aldehyde + Aldehyde → Alcohol + Acid - The reaction involves the disproportionation of two molecules of an aldehyde, one being reduced to an alcohol and the other being oxidized to a carboxylic acid. ## [23] Kolbe Electrolysis - The reaction proceeds as follows: - 2CH3COOH(aq) + H2O (Electrolysis) → CH3−CH3 + CO2 + 2H2 + 2NaOH ## [24] Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - R-CH2-COOH + X2 (Red P) → R-CHX-COOH ## [25] Gabriel Phthalamide Synthesis - This is a method for preparing primary amines from alkyl halides. - The reaction proceeds as follows: - Phthalimide + KOH → Potassium phthalate + NH2 - NH2 + R-X → R-NH2 + HX ## [26] Hoffmann Bromamide Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - RCONH2 + Br2 + NaOH → RNH2 + Na2CO3 + NaBr + H2O ## [27] Carbylamine Reaction - The reaction proceeds as follows: - RNH2 + CHCl3 + KOH → RNC + KCl + H2O ## [28] Hinsberg Test - This test is used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. - **Primary amines** react with benzenesulfonyl chloride to form sulfonamides which are soluble in alkali. - **Secondary amines** react with benzenesulfonyl chloride to form sulfonamides which are insoluble in alkali. - **Tertiary amines** do not react with benzenesulfonyl chloride. ## [29] Coupling Reactions - This is a method for preparing azo compounds. - The reaction proceeds as follows: - Benzene diazonium chloride + Phenol → (Azo compound) + H2O - Benzene diazonium chloride + Amine → (Azo compound) + H2O