Organic Chemistry Introduction PDF

Organic Chemistry Introduction SCH4U Grade 12 University Preparation What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. – Organic compounds have carbon AND hydrogen – Carbon Dioxide is NOT organic The versatility and stability of carbon’s mole...

Organic Chemistry Introduction SCH4U Grade 12 University Preparation What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. – Organic compounds have carbon AND hydrogen – Carbon Dioxide is NOT organic The versatility and stability of carbon’s molecular structures provides the enormous range of properties of its compounds. Carbon can bond to other carbons – Reason for the degree of structural complexity  Ridiculous Complexity Palytoxin – made by some species of seaweed and coral Synthesized by Kishi, et. al. at Harvard in 1994  Organic Chemistry Carbon – Has 4 valence electrons – Makes 4 covalent bonds to fill its octet Can include double and triple bonds – Hydrocarbon Compound with only carbon and hydrogen  Organic Chemistry in Everyday Life Smells & tastes: fruits, fish, mint Medications: aspirin, Tylenol, decongestants, sedatives, insulin Addictive substances: caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, narcotics Hormones/Neurotransmitters: adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin Food: carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins Genetics: DNA, RNA Consumer products: plastics, nylon, rayon, polyester  Organic Materials Addition to previous notes – Before, it was stated that covalent compounds were mostly liquid/gas at room temp – This is primarily for binary compounds (2 elements) – More complicated structures can be solid at room temp  General Formulas Alkanes – Contains only single bonds Alkenes – Contains at least one double bond Alkynes – Contains at least one triple bond Alkenes and Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes  Saturation Saturated: a carbon chain contains as many hydrogens as possible. Saturated compounds contain only single C-H bonds. Alkanes are saturated. Unsaturated means that a carbon chain contains at least one multiple (double or triple) bond. – Alkene = double bond – Alkyne = triple bond  Hydrocarbons IUPAC Molecular Structural Boiling name Formula Formula Point (°C). Methane CH4 CH4 -161.5 Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 -88.6 Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 -42.1 CH3(CH2)2CH Butane C4H10 -0.5 3 CH3(CH2)3CH Pentane C5H12 36.1 3 CH3(CH2)4CH Hexane C6H14 68.7 3 CH3(CH2)5CH Heptane C7H16 98.4 3  Structure and Physical Properties Methane Ethane Propane Butane 16 g/mol 30 g/mol 44 g/mol 58 g/mol -161.5oC -88.6oC -42.1oC -0.5oC Larger molar mass = higher boiling point – Bigger compound – higher boiling point  Petrochemicals Simple, small hydrocarbons are petrochemicals – Chemicals isolated from crude oil (petroleum) Octane – used in gasoline Propane – used in grills, heaters, etc. Butane – lighter fluid  Functional Groups Functional Group – group of atoms which control how the molecule reacts  Polymers Polymers Large molecules with many, many repeating units, made from smaller molecules CH2 CH2 n Polyethylene  Polymers Nylon, Kevlar, and PVC are other examples of manmade polymers Nylon PVC (polyvinyl chloride)  Natural Polymers Proteins RNA  Natural Polymers Polysaccharides DNA  Pharmaceuticals Most pharmaceuticals are complex, organic molecules Can be natural or manmade aspirin penicillin Acetaminophen (aka Tylenol)  Terms To Know Hydrocarbon Alkane Alkene Alkyne Saturated Unsaturated Petrochemicals Functional Group Polymers  Skills To Master Differentiating alkanes, alkenes, alkynes & other functional groups Drawing and Naming organic compounds. Identifying Organic chemical reactions. Recognizing common organic compounds.