Oral Communication Reviewer PDF

Lesson 1 “THE FUNCTIONS,NATURE ANDPROCESS OF COMMUNICATION” What is communication? Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 1.It is a process....

Lesson 1 “THE FUNCTIONS,NATURE ANDPROCESS OF COMMUNICATION” What is communication? Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures. NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 1.It is a process. 2.It occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver). 3.It can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both spoken and nonverbal at the same time. Elements of Communication 1.Speaker-The source of information or message.  2.Message-The in information or the message. 3.Encoding- The process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. 4.Channel-The medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed. 5.Decoding-The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver. 6.Receiver-The recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message. 7.Feedback- The reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver. 8.Context-The environment where communication takes place. 9.Barrier-The factors that affect the flow of communication. Process of Communication 1.The speaker generates an idea. 2.The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions. 3.The speaker transmits or sends out a message.  4.The receiver gets the message. 5.The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context. 6.The receiver sends or provides feedback. Functions of Communication Communication is designed to serve five basic functions.This are the following:  1. Information dissemination- This is the most basic function of communication.Its function is basically to convey information. This function has three types : a.Downward flow-The data of information comes from the supervisor or elders to the subordinates in the form of directives or updates; b.Upward flow-The data of information comes from the subordinates, family members to the superiors or elders in the form of feedback and reports or suggestions; and c. Horizontal flow-The data of information comes from peer to peer, from worker to worker, husband to wife and vice versa, sibling to sibling, or to manager in the form of data and reports. 2. Regulation and Control- This function of communication restraints, regulates or controls behavior. Examples: School policies on the prescribed haircut and wearing of school uniform. The law enjoining the citizens to stay at home during the Enhanced Community Quarantine. 3.Motivation-This function of communication encourages or motivates a person to achieve his/her objective. Example: Teacher Ronna encourages her students to perform better in their school recital 4.Emotional Expression-This function of communication facilitates people’s feelings and emotions. 5.Social Interaction- This function of communication allows us to interact with others. social interaction categories into five a.Exchange - A social process whereby social behavior is exchanged for a reward, which may be material or nonmaterial. b. Competition- A social process by which two or more people interact and fight for a goal that only one can win. c. Cooperation- A social process in whichpeople work together to realize their common goals. d. Conflict- A social process which  disagreement between and among people, groups, colleagues and the like results to angry argument. e. Coercion- A social process of. getting something or making someone does something by using threats.. Lesson 2 “DIFFERENTIATE THE VARIOUS MODELS COMMUNICATION’’ What is Models of communication? -Models of communication guide you to understand the process of communication and how it works. Shannon-Weaver Model Shannon-Weaver model of communication was created when Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver wrote an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal. They are both Americans, the former is a mathematician and the latter is a scientist. This model is known as the mother of all communication models. Shannon-Weaver Model 1.Information source-The sender or the person who is the source the message. 2.Transmitter-Encoder of the message who uses machine which concerts message into signal 3.Channel-The medium used to send the message 4.Decoder-The receiver who translates the message from signal or the machine used to convert signals into a message 5.Destination-The person who gets the message or the place where the message much reach. 6.Noise-The physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent. Transactional Model of Communication Barnlund’s (2008) transactional model of communication is seen an ongoing, circular process. It is more interactive as shown below. It has number of processes and components, including the encoding and decoding processes, the communicator, the message, the channel and noise. In this case,the process and elements should be put in consideration in order to communicate effectively.The communication process is a simple to complex process depending on the situation.The elements should also be present in order to successfully make a successful communication process. Schramm’s Model of Communication Wilbur Schramm, an American scholar proposed the act of transforming a message into a verbal or non- verbal medium, and decoding the act of interpreting the message are simultaneously done by both the speaker and the listener. Schramm model of communication as the most commonly and widely used theory of communication. This model seeks to explain how meaning is transferred between individuals, corporations, and others. Intermediary/Gatekeeper Model of Communication Intermediary or Gatekeeper Model is frequently used in mass communication , focuses on the roles of gatekeepers or intermediaries in the communication process, giving communication a two-step flow. Intermediaries are editors of publication like magazines, newspapers, books, etc.; moderators of Internet discussion groups, reviewers of peer- reviewed publications, or aggregators of clipping services. They have the power to alter messages or to prevent them from reaching a particular audience. They can decide what messages they want others to see, in which context they want the messages to be seen, and when they want to be seen Lesson 3 “STRATEGIES TOAVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN” -Be positive thinker -Use appropriate language -Give and accept feedback -7 C’s of Effective Communication  1.Completeness 2.Conciseness 3.Consideration 4.Concreteness 5.Courtesy 6.Clearness 7.Correctness 1.Completeness-The sender considers everything e.g. facts and figures required by receiver to know, making the message complete. Example: - Incomplete: "The meeting is tomorrow.“ -.Complete: "The project status meeting is tomorrow at 10 AM in Conference Room B. Please bring the updated reports." - Why: This message is complete because it provides all the necessary information, including what the meeting is about, when and where it will be, and what is expected from the participants. 2. Conciseness-The sender deems essential words and removes insignificant information, making it straight to the point for his/her audience. Example: - Wordy: "Due to the fact that we need to increase our revenue, we should start focusing on diversifying our product offerings." - Concise: "To increase revenue, we should diversify our products." - Why: This message is concise because it eliminates unnecessary words and gets straight to the point. 3. Consideration-Picture yourself in the shoes of your audience. Consider the receiver’s education, mood, culture, race, mindset, background, etc. Example: - Insensitive: "You must complete this task by Friday, or we will have serious problems." -Considerate:“ Could you please prioritize this task and complete it by Friday? Your effort.. will help us meet our deadline smoothly.“ -Why: This message is considerate because. it acknowledges the recipient’s needs and  uses polite language, making the request more respectful. 4. Concreteness-This is the quality of the sender’s message in providing real-life situations, thus, making the receiver connected to the message conveyed. Example: - Vague: "We have had some success with our recent marketing efforts.“ - Concrete: "Our recent social media campaign increased website traffic by 30% and generated 500 new leads." - Why: This message is concrete because it provides specific details and measurable outcomes, making the information clear and tangible. 5. Courtesy-The sender’s respect to the morals, values, norms, cultures, and beliefs to his/her receiver. Example: - Rude: "You need to fix the errors in the report.“ - Courteous: "Could you please review the report and make any necessary corrections? I appreciate your attention to detail." - Why: This message is courteous because it uses polite language and expresses appreciation, making the communication more pleasant. 6. Clearness- The use of simple, specific words or message or goal at a time. Example: - Unclear: "We need to address the issues we've been having." - Clear: "We need to address the recent delays in our delivery schedule to improve customer satisfaction." - Why: This message is clear because it specifies what issues need to be addressed, eliminating ambiguity. 7. Correctness-The use of correct grammar, rules and conventions of spelling, punctuation, style, and the like increases the sender’s credibility in delivering the message.  Example: - Incorrect: "Their is a meeting scheduled for Monday.“ - Correct: "There is a meeting scheduled for Monday." - Why: This message is correct because it uses proper grammar and spelling, ensuring the communication is professional and accurate. Barriers of Communication -A communication breakdown occurs when there is a failure or interruption in the process of exchanging information or ideas between two or more people. It can happen for a variety of reasons, such as misinterpretation, miscommunication, or even lack of communication. -Communication is successful if the message received by the receiver is understood and interpreted with the same way as the sender. If there is any block that in the communication process, the message will be destroyed. Below are the barriers of communication Communication breakdown Emotional Barrier-This is an emotional factor that impedes the speaker from willingly expressing one’s thoughts and feeling to others or the receiver’s inability to receive the message effectively. Use of jargon-The linguistic differences lead to communication breakdown. Jargon is a specialized language in a certain field. It is sometimes known as lingo or a terminology of a certain group. Lack of confidence-The fear that hinders the speaker to express his/her needs, ideaspinion opinions. Noisy environment-The external factor that blocks the attention of the speaker and the receiver of the message. Communication Barrier 1.Physical Barriers -are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communicating in sending the message to receiver. Example: -People talking too loud -Noise from construction site -Loud sound of a karaoke -Blaring of jeepney horns 2.Psychological Barriers- are called as mental barriers. These refers to social personal issues of a speaker towards communicating with others. Example: -Trauma -Shyness,lack of confidence -Depression -Fear, fright 3.Cultural barriers- communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values,beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. Peoples culture affect the way they communicate and relate to others. Example: -Different belief -Traditional and customs -Manners of dressing -Speaking 4.Linguistic Barriers- Conflict with regard to language and words meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding. Meaning of words and symbols also very depending on culture. 5.Denotation- The direct definition of the words find in the dictionary. 6.Contatation- The emotional suggestions of a word that is not literal. 7.Emotional Barriers -refers to the feeling and emotions that prevent us from communication effectively. 8.Organization Barriers -refers to obstacles that hinders the flow of communication with in an organization. 9.Semantic Barriers -is the study of meaning signs and symbols used for communication. Lesson 4 “TYPE OF SPEECH CONTEXT ’’ Speech Context “Context refers to the setting in which the communication takes place. Context helps to and among people and creates a personal relationship between and among them. Normally, it includes two individuals, and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal. Types of Interpersonal Communication  Dyad Communication – communication that happens between two people. Examples: You consoled your brother who was feeling down. Small Group– This applies to interactions involving at least three but not more than twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired goal. In this type of conversation, all participants can freely express their ideas throughout the discussion. Examples: Kathlyn who came back from the United States called her three brothers and four sisters and announced that she is getting marr 3. Public – This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a message before a crowd. The message can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes. "In public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is larger’’ Examples: Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow graduates. 4. Mass Communication – This refers to communication through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media. Examples: You are watching a televised briefing of IATF on COVID-19. 5 TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE 1.Intimate Style-It is considered the most informal speaking style. Intimate style is used between people who share very close relationship,such as family members or closed friend. 2.Casual Style-In this style,the language used is often informal and conversational. The Casual Style is used in conversation with friends or peers , classmate and stranger. 3.Formal Style -Characterized by the use of standard English, more complex sentences structures,frequent use of personal pronouns,and lack of colloquial or slang terms Example:Sermons 4.Frozen Style-It is the most formal level of speaking,in time and remain unchanged occurs mainly in ceremonies. Example:Preamble,Prayer,Flag ceremonies. 5.Consultative-this style is standard one,it is used in professional or semi-formal where the speaker provides background information and listener actively participates,such as in a doctor’s appointment or Teachers student communication.