Oral Comm Q1 Reviewer PDF

COMMUNICATION: Information exchanged between individuals - Communication is an intricate process of sharing ideas, thoughts, and information (Flores 2016) Idea- opinion Thoughts- Product of thinking Information- Knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction Opinion-...

COMMUNICATION: Information exchanged between individuals - Communication is an intricate process of sharing ideas, thoughts, and information (Flores 2016) Idea- opinion Thoughts- Product of thinking Information- Knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction Opinion- a view or judgement - Monroe et al. (1982) as cited in (Flores) described communication as the sharing of experiences publicly for the common good. ( Communication Process 16 above is public ) Communications is a continuous process which mainly involves three elements viz. Shared understanding - a state where all sender, message, and receiver. The elements members of a group, team, or organization involved in the communication process are have a common and clear comprehension of explained below in detail: certain information, objectives, process, or 1. Sender goals The sender or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to the receiver. COMMUNICATION PROCESS He is the source and the one who starts the communication Dynamic process-( changing) 2. Message communication is a dynamic process that It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by etc. that is generated by the sender and is the sender who then transmits the message then intended to be communicated further through a channel to the receiver, who in 3. Encoding turn gives the feedback in the form of some The message generated by the sender is message or signal within the given time encoded symbolically such as in the form of frame. words, pictures, gestures, etc. before it is Common System- shared and understand by being conveyed. a group ( verbal or non-verbal) 4. Media miscommunication It is the manner in which the encoded message is transmitted. The message may be Two-way process- process of sharing transmitted orally or in writing. The medium information back and fourth between two of communication includes telephone, parties internet, post, fax, e-mail, etc. The choice of One-way process- information transfer from medium is decided by the sender. the sender to the receiver without any 5. Decoding opportunity for the receiver to give feedback It is the process of converting the symbols to the sender. encoded by the sender. After decoding the message is received by the receiver. Symbols- words, images, or even objects 6. Receiver Signs- more direct indicators, traffic light, He is the person who is last in the chain and stop signs for whom the message was sent by the Behavior- the actions and reactions sender. Once the receiver receives the message and The Ceremonial Setting mean the understands it in proper perspective and acts celebrations held when they won war, according to the message, only then the when they lost a leader or had a new one, purpose of communication is successful. and when they welcomed a visiting 7. Feedback leader from another kingdom or country. Once the receiver confirms to the sender that Such occasions call for speeches of he has received the message and understood welcome, poems of tributes or eulogies, it, the process of communication is and poems of lament complete. Ethos (Speaker) focuses on the credibility 8. Noise and trustworthiness of the speaker, logos It refers to any obstruction that is caused by (message) emphasizes the use of logic the sender, message or receiver during the and reasoning in the message, and process of communication. For example, bad pathos (receiver) is the emotional appeal telephone connection, faulty encoding, faulty that creates a connection with the decoding, inattentive receiver, poor audience. understanding of message due to prejudice or inappropriate gestures, etc. 2. CLAUDE SHANNON AND WARREN WEAVER’S MODEL (TELEPHONE Models of Communication MODEL) OF 1948) 1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL (5BC) Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver which gave us the concept of ‘noise’. Their model is also called Telephone Model as it is based on the experience of having Although Aristotle focused on the the message interfered by “noise” from Speaker and the Message, the most the telephone switchboard back in the important in his model is the Setting 1940s. where the Listener is situated. It is the Setting that dictates the message. The Shannon and Weaver asserts in the three settings were legal, deliberative, model that the Message sent by the and ceremonial. Source (Speaker) is not necessarily the message received by the Destination The Legal Setting refers to the courts (listener) due to intervention of noise where the ordinary people defended themselves. The model holds that a sender initiates The Deliberative Setting meant the the communication and is the source of political assemblies, the highest of which information. Information is then relayed was the Roman senate. from the brain and through the lips in the emphasizes the importance of form of a signal. This signal is mixed with understanding the audience and crafting other distractions and other sounds and a persuasive message finally received by the recipient. 3. WILBUR SCHRAMM’S MODEL (1955) Eugene White’s Model tells us that communication goes in circular and continuous path, without a beginning or an end. He pinpoints that although we can assume that communication begins with thinking, communication can be observed from any point in the circle. Schramm is considered the Father of He also contributed the concept of Mass Communication. With his model of feedback. Communication, communication breakdown is explained. It is possible for the receiver to monitor and influence the communication Schramm asserts that communication process can take place if and only if there is an overlap between field of experience of The receiver can monitor the setting or the Speaker and the field of experience of the situation. Example ni Sir noon ay the Listener. 'yung naglalakad 'yung tao sa pathway Field of experience- everything that papuntang room then late sha for quiz, makes a person unique everything that tapos habang naglalakad, papasok si he/she has ever learned, watched, seen, monitoring para makita kung ano 'yung heard, read, and studied ( everything that angkop na sasabihin nung tao once he/she has experienced or not ) This field nasa room na it's not the receiver's job of experience has to overlap between the to monitor the message. two through commalities. The sender would be the primary For successful communication, the person responsible for that job; they will message has to be located in the overlap observe if the receiver interpreted the of the fields of experience of both message correctly. The receiver on the participants. If the message is outside the other hand, can monitor the receiver's field of experience, they are surroundings or the setting where the unable to connect it to the original idea. communication occurs. 4. EUGENE WHITE’S MODEL (1960) Examples: talk-show program, debating, bargaining between buyer and seller, small group discussion, and interview session discussion. Functions Of Communication The tone used is friendly, and even teasing, and the bodily action is relaxed.- Social interaction uses the most verbal Flores (2016) and nonverbal cues with the most adaptation for the simple reason that it occurs everyday, nearly 24 hours a day. 1. Regulation/Control 3.Motivation Being able to use the language, gestures, and emotions to manage individual or The function of communication that is the group activities. most purposive (to convince, persuade, or It is observed when: a parent is telling a encourage listener to do something) since child not to misbehave or a policeman when people communicate they always directing pedestrians not to jaywalk. Also have a purpose or reason. observed when a student asks his parents Examples: When a class requests a teacher not to tease him about his crush in school. to extend deadlines or when vendor (Controlling actions) convinces a customer buy his/her Verbal cues (specific words chosen and products. used): Verbal cues: specific words chosen and Words are usually directives, orders, used requests, etc. meaning to regulate and Direct and purposeful words are used control other people’s behavior. considering gender and other factors. Nonverbal cues: direct (hand gestures, (chosen to have a specific impact) bodily action (including posture: Nonverbal cues (hand gestures, bodily confidence), vocal tone (paralanguage), action (including posture), vocal tone and eye contact): (paralanguage), and eye contact): Bodily action is authoritative and firm. Strong words are accompanied by Eye contact is direct. emphatic gestures and a forceful tone(how you utilize words to create 2. Social Interaction impact) of the voice. Direct eye contact is necessary to underscore the speaker’s It is the most obvious: build relationships, sincerity and conviction. (to convey connecting , the most often used, and the sincerity and determination) most popular. (seen in situations such as when one talks to another, laugh with 4. Information another, and just enjoy each other’s (understanding) to inform audience company) Whether talking to friends or Verbal cues (specific words chosen and acquaintances, to convince or to used): Words usually used are mostly informal, motivate them, what is usually and casually delivered, although necessary is to provide information. Philippine society dictates certain Example: decorum when addressing elderly or A Filipino scientist provides information authority. to a low-income community on how to Nonverbal cues (hand gestures, bodily light up their homes by using a bottle action (including posture), vocal tone filled with water and a teaspoon of (paralanguage), and eye contact): bleach.  Other examples: When we appeal to someone by using The dentist tells a kindergarten class emotions, we accompany this appeal with how to brush one’s teeth properly. touching, hand holding, hugging, or even A weather forecaster on TV tracks the putting an arm around one’s shoulder. path of a low-pressure area (LPA), which (these actions convey sincerity, support, might turn into a typhoon. making emotional appeal more effective) Verbal cues (specific words chosen and used): Information in regulation/ control: Use of simple words (to avoid confusion) is used to guide or manage behavior. The and avoiding technical jargons to be goal is to convey clear and precise understood by listeners or viewers. instructions or directives to ensure that the Nonverbal cues (hand gestures, bodily listener understands what actions are action (including posture), vocal tone expected or prohibited. (paralanguage), and eye contact): Actual demonstration, pictures or Information in social interaction: videos, soothing tone (to keep audience information is used to build connections, calm and focus) of voice to avoid share experiences, and enhance alarming the audience. relationships. Information in motivation: 5.Emotional Expression used to inspire or encourage someone to take action or achieve a specific goal. inspire action or evoke empathy Appealing to listener’s feelings is the Information in emotional expression: function called emotional expression used to share feelings and evoke (powerful since it taps listeners feeling). emotional responses from others. It is used by Speaker for the purpose of moving another person to act, to move in the particular direction the Speaker wants the person to move. Filipinos can be moved to tears by a movie, a TV drama, or a song. (shows how emotional content can evoke strong feelings) Verbal cues: specific words chosen and used It should be considered that there might be words which are appealing to men but not to women and that children use words that elderly might find insulting. Nonverbal cues (hand gestures, bodily action (including posture), vocal tone (paralanguage), and eye contact):  Barriers In Communication LOW SELF-ESTEEM More generally people with low self- That May Cause esteem may be less assertive and therefore may not feel comfortable Communication Breakdown communicating they may feel shy about saying how they feel or read negative sub-texts into messages they hear. Communication Breakdown Lack of communication; a failure to exchange information. Guide questions: - 3. Physiological Barriers Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state. Two Facets of Communication Breakdown For example, a receiver with reduced a) What is lack of communication? hearing may not grasp to entirety of a b) What is failure to communicate? spoken conversation especially if there is significant background noise. 1. Language Barrier Language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to communication. 4. Physical Barriers An example of a physical barrier to However, even when communicating in communication is the geographic the same language, the terminology used distance between the sender and in a message may act as a barrier if it is not receiver(s). fully understood by the receiver Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more Jargons: the language used for a particular communication channels are available activity or a particular group of people. and less technology is required. Highfalutin/hifalutin words: seeming or Although modern technology often trying to seem great or important. serves to reduce the impact of physical Twang: the characteristic speech of a barriers, the advantages and region, locality, or group of people. disadvantages of each communication Slang: words that are not considered part channel should be understood so that the standard vocabulary of a language. and an appropriate channel can be used to that are used very informally. overcome the physical barriers. 2. Psychological Barriers Psychology (relating to the mind or the 5. Systematic Barriers Systematic barriers to communication study of mind) may exist in structures and The psychological state of the organizations where there are inefficient communicators will influence how the or inappropriate information systems message is sent, received, and perceived. and communication channels, or where Example: there is a lack of understanding of the STRESS roles and responsibilities for If someone is stressed, they may be communication. In such organizations, preoccupied by personal concerns and not individuals may be unclear of their role as receptive to the message as if they were in the communication process and not stressed. therefore not know what is expected of ANGER them. When we are angry it is easy to say things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what others are saying. 6. Attitudinal Barriers Oral Communication Attitudinal barriers are behaviors or perceptions that prevent people from communicating effectively. Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from personality conflicts, poor management, resistance to change, or a lack of motivation. Effective receivers of messages should attempt to overcome their attitudinal barriers to facilitate effective communication. How To Avoid Communication Breakdown Never Assume Avoid Unexplained Silence Avoid Talking out of Negative Emotions – avoid talking out of negative emotions like hurt, anger, frustration, sadness, resentment etc. Avoid Confusing Instruction Avoid Holding Back Your Energy Stop Neglecting Eye Contact Handle Wrong Tones