Communication Models & Strategies PDF

Week 1 Lesson 1: Nature, Process and Functions of Communication   What is Communication? - - -     1. -   2. -   3. -   4. - -   5.   6. -   7. -     **Five Commonalities for successful communication**   1. 2. 3. 4. 5.  ...

Week 1 Lesson 1: Nature, Process and Functions of Communication   What is Communication? - - -     1. -   2. -   3. -   4. - -   5.   6. -   7. -     **Five Commonalities for successful communication**   1. 2. 3. 4. 5.     **Process of Communication**   1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.     **Functions of Communication**   **Regulation/Control** \- control behavior **Motivation** \- motivates or encourages people to live better   **Social Interaction** \- allows individual to interact with each other   **Information** \- convey information   **Emotional Expression** \- expression of their feelings and emotions Week 2 Lesson 2: Models of Communication     \- Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in understanding how communication works. \- describe what is necessary for an act of communication     **Functions of Communication Models**   **-** to illuminate the scope of human interaction \- to opine on conditions \- demonstrate the variables in human communication     **Aristotle\'s Model of Communication** \- (384-322 B.C) \- Greek philosopher and writer \- developed a linear model of communication   **Linear** - no feedback from receiver   \- proposes before 300 B.C \- first model of communication \- has **five** elements:   a\. **speaker** - sender b\. **speech** - message c\. **occasion** - event or the context where the communication takes place d\. **audience** - receivers e\. **effect** - effect of speech to the audience     **Critical Elements of a Good Communicator**   ***Ethos*** - there is no credibility   ***Pathos*** - what you say matters to them and they can connect with it   ***Logos*** - people believe you only if they understand what you are trying to say     **Harold Laswell**   \- (1902-1978) \- American political scientist   **Laswell\'s Model** \- developed in 1948 \- known as action model or the way model of communication \- has **five** components which is used as an analysis tool for educating communication     Components Meaning Analysis ---------------------- ------------------------------- ------------------- **Who** Communicator or sender Control Analysis **Says What** Content of the message Content Analysis **In which channel** medium Media analysis **To whom** receiver Audience Analysis **With what effect** Effect of content to audience Effect Analysis       **Claude Elwood Shannon** \- 1916 - 2001 \- American Mathematician   **Warren Weaver** \- 1894 - 1978 \- was an American Scientist     **Shannon-Weaver\'s Model** \- created in 1948 \- known as \"mother of all models\" \- technological than other linear models \- did not have feedback   **Norbert Wiener** - created the feedback which turned the communication process from linear to cyclical   **Concepts:**   **Sender (Information source)** is the person who makes the message, chooses the channel and sends the message.   **Encoder (Transmitter)** is the sender who uses machine, which converts message into signals or binary data.   **Channel** is the medium used to send message.   **Decoder (Receiver)** is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the receiver who translates the message from signals.   **Receiver (Destination)** is the person who gets the message or the place where the message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message.   **Noise** is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.     **Wilbur Schramm** \- 1907-1987 \- communication theorist \- suggested that communication is a two-way process where receiver take turns to send and receive message.   **Schramm\'s Model** \- postulated in 1954 \- shows that communication always require **three** element; **source, message and destination**   **Elements of Schramm\'s Model**   **a. Encoder (Sender)** - source of the message **b. Decoder (receiver)** - whom the sender\'s messages are sent **c. Message** - core content **d. Interpreter** - present to ensure that the receiver understand the message **e. Feedback** - originates one side **f. Semantic Noise** - interruption     **Julia T. Wood** \- 1950 \- professor of Communication Studies and Humanities     **Wood\'s Transactional Model** \- 2004 \- \"Symbolic Interaction Model\" \- defined communication as \"a systematic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings\" Week 3 Lesson 3: Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown     **Effective Communication** combines set of skills, including non-verbal communication, managing stress in the moment and the ability to communicate properly.     **What is Communication Breakdown?** \- result of communication barriers \- failure to exchange information   **What is Communication Barrier?** \- gaps/hindrances to a successful communication process     **Language Barrier** \- terminology used may act as a barrier if it\'s not fully understand by a receiver   **Psychological Barrier** \- influence how the message is sent, received and perceived   **Physiological Barrier** \- receiver\'s physical state   **Physical Barrier** \- geographic distance between sender and receiver   **Systematic Barrier** ~~-~~ inappropriate systems and communication channels   **Attitudinal Barrier** \- personality conflicts     **Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown**   - - - -   **7 C\'s of Effective Communication**   ***Clarity*** - be clear with your message ***Concise*** ~~-~~ least possible words ***Correct*** - accurate facts and figures ***Complete*** - convey all the facts required by the receiver ***Concrete*** - supported with specific facts ***Courteous*** - use terms that show respect ***Considerate*** - take the audience consideration Week 4 Lesson 4: Oral Communication Activities     **Oral Communication** \- According to Ur (1996), "of all the four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing), speaking seems intuitively the most important." \- Speaker must consider his or her vocal pitch, rate, volume and avoid monotony.   **Advantages of Oral Communication** - - - - - - - -     **Oral Communication Activities**   ***Role Play*** - is any speaking activity when you either put yourself into somebody else\'s shoes, or when you stay in your own shoes but put yourself into an imaginary situation.   **Tips on Successful Classroom Role Play**   1\. Prepare for success 2\. Bring situations to life 3\. Keep it real and relevant   ***Small Talk*** - is light, informal conversation.   **How to make Small Talk**   First, ask open ended questions Second, practice active listening Third, put away distractions Fourth, show your enthusiasm   **Small Talk Topics** - - - - - - - - - -   ***Group Discussions*** - activity in which a small number of persons meet face to face and exchange and share ideas freely or attempt to reach a decision on a common issue.   **Purpose of Group Discussions** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.   ***Meeting*** - three or more people to exchange information in a planned manner and discuss issues set out before them to arrive at decisions, solve problems, etc.   **Types of Meeting**   Informative - where the purpose is to give information to the participants about a new scheme   Consultative - in which the members are consulted to solve a problem.   Executive - in which decisions are taken by those empowered to do so.   ***Presentation*** - communication that can be adapted to various speaking situations   **Key Elements of Presentation**   - - - - -   ***Telephone Call*** - is a conversation or a request for a connection by telephone.   ***Interview*** - someone is asked questions about themselves or a subject they know about for a newspaper article, television show, etc.   **Types of Interview**   - - - -   **[Verbal Communication]** refers to the use of words to convey a message.   **Aspects to consider in Verbal Communication** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.   **Formal Communication** \- the type of communication used in formal, ceremonial, or dignified gatherings.   **Types of Formal Communication**   - - - - - -   **Informal Communication** \- characterized by free, casual and spontaneous exchange between two or more persons.   **Types of Informal Communication** - - - - - -   **[Non Verbal Communication]** refers to a collaboration of movements that does not require any spoken words to convey a message.   1\. **Bodily Kinesthic** - - - - - - -   2\. **Attitude and/or Behavior to specific situations**   3\. **Manner of Dressing** 4\. **Tone of Voice**   **Importance of nonverbal communication:**   - - - - - - - - - Week 5 Lesson 5: Speech Context   **Speech Context** \- refers to the situation or environment and the circumstances in which communication occurs.   **Intrapersonal Communication** \- It takes place within an individual where in the speaker acts as both sender and receiver of the message. The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings.   **Dimension of Self**   **Physical** - material body with its internal functions and outward appearance.   **Emotional** - affective side of people.   **Intellectual** - cognitive part of a human being.   **Moral** - ethical beliefs and values being observed by people.   **Self-concept** is very important in interpersonal communication; it influences one's strength or weakness.   **Interpersonal Communication** \- Humans are naturally social beings; they are made to interact with others at any given chance according to a number of tourists, Filipinos are hospitable and friendly perhaps because they are good in interpersonal communication. **Dyad** - consists of two persons who are formally or informally interacting with each other verbally and non-verbally.   **Advantages and Disadvantages of Dyad communication**   +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Advantages** | **Disadvantages** | +===================================+===================================+ | More intimate | Prone to subjectivity | | | | | Noticeable nonverbal cues | Unable to end a conversation | | | immediately | | Direct and vocal | | | | Unorganized thoughts | | Necessary to give immediate | | | response | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+   **Small Group** - consists of three to twelve people exchanging views on a common topic or aiming at a common goal face to face.   Advantages and Disadvantages of Small group communication +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Advantages** | **Disadvantages** | +===================================+===================================+ | More sources of ideas and | Domination | | suggestions | | | | Unreconciled individual | | Good for doing a task | differences | | | | | Easy to arrive at consensus | Vested interest | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+   **Effects of Interpersonal Communication**   Learning - It allows people to gather information Helping - It provides people advice, emotional support, or assistance that can help them personally or others with a problem. Influencing - It allows people to persuade another person to provide help Relating - It allows people to experience closeness or distance Playing - It allows people to experience humor, camaraderie   **Public Communication** \- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. \- Public speaking is not just a one-way communication of ideas from speaker to audience; an effective public speaker is one who engages and interacts with his or her audience.   **Mass Communication** \- communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media in order to reach larger audience. Week 6 Lesson 6: Speech Styles and Type of Speeches   **Speech Styles** \- These are patterns of speaking characterized by distinct pronunciation, vocabulary, intent, participants and grammatical structures.   ***Intimate*** - used in conversation between people who are very close and know each because they have the maximum of shared background information.   ***Casual*** - informal communication between groups and peers.   ***Consultative*** ~~-~~ used in semi-formal communication, sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous.   ***Formal*** - Straightforward speeches.   ***Frozen*** - most formal communicative style that is usually used during respectful events and ceremonies.     ***Types of Speeches***   1\. **Informative** - aim of this speech type is to teach the audience something new   **Types of Informative Speech**   Demonstration/Explanation - referred to as the "how to" speech.   Definition - aims to give the meaning of words or phrases, or issues which may be considered controversial or difficult to understand.   Description - aims to make the audience imagine how a person or object looks like by the use of descriptive words that appeal to the senses like the smell, taste, looks, touch, and sound.   2\. **Inspirational** - aims to motivate or inspire an audience, to help them be positive and optimistic about things.   3\. **Argumentative** - convert the audience to agree on the speaker's point or side.   **Types of Appeal used in Argumentative Speech**   a\. **Appeal to Reason (Logo)** - rhetorical strategy used to lead the audience in making a conclusion based on facts presented by the speaker.   b\. **Appeal to Emotions (Pathos)** - used to persuade the audience by targeting their feelings.   c\. **Appeal to Character (Ethos)** - an appeal to ethics.   4\. **Entertainment** - intended to make the audience smile and relax **Types of Speeches according to Delivery**   1\. **Impromptu** \- speaker delivers without any prior presentation on the topic.   2\. **Reading from a Manuscript** \- speaker reads a pre-written speech word by word to the audience.   3\. **Memorized** \- memorizing the information in a speech and presenting it without using notes.   4\. **Extemporaneous** \- planned and prepared speech.   Week 7 **Lesson 7: Speech Act**   **Speech Act** - utterance (intention) that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect     **Three Types of Speech According to J.L. Austin**   1\. **Locutionary** - actual act of uttering 2\. **Illocutionary** - social functions of what is said 3\. **Perlocutionary** - consequent effect of what is said   **Searle\'s Classification of Speech Acts**     ***Assertive -*** speaker express beliefs about the truth of a proposition   ***Directive*** - speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action   ***Commissive*** - commits the speaker to do something in the future   ***Expressive*** - speaker expresses his/her feelings   ***Declaration*** - an act which brings a change in the external situations