Oral Communication (Midterms) PDF

TAGAPAMAGITAN ORAL COMMUNICATION We use a mediator when addressing Culture and Communication sensit...

TAGAPAMAGITAN ORAL COMMUNICATION We use a mediator when addressing Culture and Communication sensitive issues or negative emotions Culture Pagsasabi, pagpapaabot and pagbibilin the system of knowledge that is shared REVEALING INFORMATION by a particular group composed of a When we feel that it is about time to reveal relatively large number of individuals it, it becomes a big deal. When you identify yourself as being Concept of pagbubunyag ng katotohanan part of a particular culture, you should Serious confrontation not only share certain characteristics PAKITANG TAO with members of that group, but you should also be able to observe yourself We interpret sometimes the actions of other people as an act or a performance for he and others like you who possess these sake of validation. features and distinguish others who do Pagbabalat-bunga not have them as members of a different culture. BIDAHAN People’s way of life Excessive showing off as something Clifford Geertz – “a system of inherited negative conceptions expressed in symbolic Pabibo or bida-bida forms by means of which men HIGH AND LOW CONTEXT COMMUNICATION communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about the CONTEXT (HALL 1977) attitudes toward life” Any info surrounding the event, which allows participants to produce meaning. Through communication with others, culture is created, learned, and shared. HIGH-CONTEXT COMMUNICATION Without communication, there is no way of The participants have already established preserving and transmitting cultural characteristics relationships and bcs of these from one person, place, and time to another. relationships, they already know a lot about each other. In turn, our culture influences the way we It is no longer necessary to explain communicate with others. everything Collectivist – they focus on group Edward Hall (1977) – Communication with a cultural membership and forming communities context mindset is deeper than merely Cultures in Asia understanding spoke and written messages. LOW-CONTEXT COMMUNICATION BEHAVIORS THAT ARE TRULY FILIPINO (MAGGAY 2002) Relies heavily on explicit messages during PAGPAPAHIWATIG interaction. Tend to avoid saying messages directly. People compartmentalize their lives, their They resort to the following behaviors: professional engagements, and the other parinig, pahaging, paramdam, papansin, relationships that they have and etc. We also express these through a Only shared info that is relevant to the goals combi of verbal and non-verbal cues : Provide background information when it is tampo, dabog, lambing, or maktol. necessary Shared desires by joking about them. Individualist – they see themselves ass separate and unique entities  Western cultures SIGN (Ferdinand de Saussure) – sum of the signifier and the signified. Intercultural Communication – exists a dynamic relationship between culture and SIGNIFIER – the physical form of the object communication. SIGNIFIED – mental concept that is associated with the object Interaction between people with different cultures SIGNIFICATION – process of assigning to a SELF-AWARENESS – concept that signified or vice versa to create a sign that carries participants should understand to meaning engage in intercultural communication LANGUAGE – system of representation linking Self-awareness concepts and signs essential for better communication Gender and Age with others, especially with those who Gender are different from you. Knowing who you are and in which In general, men and women differ in cultural and social group you belong terms of their communication style. will enable you to relate better to others Men-only conversations – some tend to and to show sensitivity to them. Also, dominate the conversation, and they the way you communicate with others seldom talk about their private lives. W is largely influenced by your view of Women-only conversations – they allow them. everyone to participate, and they often talk about their personal relationships. Multicultural Communication The acknowledgement that people come from different backgrounds and cultures WAYS OF COMMUNICATION WITH EACH OTHER Cross-Cultural Communication People who migrate to a place where the culture is different from their own Intercultural Communication Instead of accommodating only one culture and making others adjust , all participants in communication attempt to understand each other. WAYS TO IMPROVE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS Research Observe Be Open Avoid Colloquial Language Ask Age Enjoy People of different ages or generations SEMIOTICS – STUDY OF SIGNS may have difficulty communicating  with one another. A person’s age or the impose one’s religious views on others who may not share those views. Being generation to which he or she belongs aware of religious differences and being influences the way he or she open to the religious views of others communicates with others. foster understanding and mutual Age-related communication also respect. reflects culture. In the Filipino culture, for example, pagmamano and Filipino expressions such as po and opo are taught to children at an early age as a sign of politeness and respect to the elders. In Turkish culture, kissing the right hand is a common way of greeting the elders. Social Status and Religion Social Status can influence the way that person chooses his or her peers Individuals are more likely to interact with others of the same social standing as them. The foundation of Intercultural Communication There is likely to be a communication in terms of social status and religion lies in gap between a person of higher status respect for each others’ differences. and that of lower status since they Always be mindful of what differ in background, education, another person will feel when income, and social habits, among speaking about their position in others society or religious beliefs. Elements of Social Class Stregthening Effective Communication Skills Ascribed social class To be an effective communicator you must have determined at birth through an open mind and aware of the ff considerations in any communication situations: characteristics such as age, sex, race, and family background Participants in the communication process have different goals Achieved social class Should be able to address these goals acquired through a person’s ability, talent, skill, and perseverance; can be Participants in the communication process have seen in one’s educational attainment or different backgrounds occupation They might decode or encode messages Religion differently Able to foresee that there are many possible Communication between persons interpretations from the message belonging to different religions may be The medium is the message (McLuhan 1964) a common source of intercultural conflict. A source’s choice of medium would This usually arises when the contribute to how the message would be participants engaged in a conversation interpreted. The participants should expect that the decoding and Competent communicators are optimistic yet realistic about success. encoding processes can happen simultaneously. Be positive that goals will be met while also Able to also assume the roles of source or being practical about possible outcomes. speaker and receiver or listener at the same Can adjust, salvage relationship, or meet time with the other participants The communication process is always informed by Competent communicators possess an anticipatory context. mindset Through the context that roles , power Can anticipate possible outcomes of the dynamics, behaviors and expectations are interactions. determined. Can plan actions accordingly to still achieve Should be able to discern these things and multiple goals act accordingly to achieve communication Competent communicators implement action programs goals skillfully and gracefully COMMUNICATION AS SKILLED PERFORMANCE Can access previous knowledge, organize such knowledge to make it fit the current Communication can also be viewed as a situation and execute a plan properly to social skill. achieve the goals Owen Hargie (2006) Competent communicators are sensitive to the demands and possibilities of contradiction Communication skill is an ability that a person may possess to a greater or lesser Have the ability to discern possible extent, means that there has to be contradictions in the engagement observable actions and behaviors based on COMMUNICATION APPPREHENSION AND BREAKDOWN events happening in the communicative environment. Communication Apprehension (define by Jennifer Priem and Denise Solomon 2009) – the fear and Communication skills are learned anxiety that an individual experiences in interpersonal or public speaking. Applied based on appropriateness of response, can be controlled and are again Fear of being judged influenced by context WAYS TO REDUCE IT AND MITIGATE ITS EFFECTS COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE Face the Anxiety head on. Linked to skilled performance bcs they both Take deep breaths when the anxiety kicks highlight the appropriateness and in. effectiveness of communication. Prepare for your engagement “the knowledge of effective and appropriate Practice communication patterns and the ability to Transform the negative feeling of use and adapt such knowledge in various nervousness and fear into positive energy context” Communication apprehension is only one of the many Five Perspectives in Understanding Communicative reasons why communication ends in a breakdown. Competence (Steven Wilson & Christina Sabee 2003) Communication Breakdown – happens when the Competent communicators are responsive to expectations process of sharing information fails due to a number of reasons. Can respond, organize message, and adjust to expectations  REASONS WHY COMMUNICATION FAILS When people interpret the language differently If participants are exposed to too much information that may not necessarily be relevant to the interaction, thus making the information hard to retain. If participants are not attentive in listening and understanding the messages that they receive If there is time pressure in expressing ideas, leading to unclear messages. When there is physical noise in the communication environment If the emotional state of the participants is not in good shape to communicate effectively, as in the case of communication breakdown. Understanding Sources and Negotiation of Meaning WAYS OF BOWING ARE PERFORMED : a) A person bows on stage after a performance b) Men and women in the olden times, would bow before each other to signal respectful greeting of the opposite gender c) You also tend to bow or nod when you are introduced by someone to another person d) A nod and sometimes even a bow can signal affirmation to a question e) Beckoning someone to approach you can also be expressed through an action close to a nod f) The action of bowing or nodding can also mean that you are being apologetic g) Some cultures use bowing for greetings and paying respect