Oral Communication Notes PDF

Communication John Adair - communication is essential the ability of one person to make contact with another and make himself or herself understood William Newman and Charles Summer - communication is an exchange of ideas, facts, opinions, or emotions of two or more person Louis Allen - Communica...

Communication John Adair - communication is essential the ability of one person to make contact with another and make himself or herself understood William Newman and Charles Summer - communication is an exchange of ideas, facts, opinions, or emotions of two or more person Louis Allen - Communication is a bridge of meaning. Maria Del Socorro Fonseca - To communicate is to come to share something of ourselves. It is a specific rational and emotional quality of man that arises from the need to get in touch with others. Fernando Gonzales Rey - Communication is a process of social interaction through signs and sign systems, product of human activities. Men in the communication process express their needs, aspirations, criteria, emotions, etc. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION - Sender - Encoding - Message - Channel - Receive - Decoding - Feedback  - Channel Communication - Derived from the latin word “communis” meaning “common” typically refers to the process of transmitting knowledge, ideas, information, attitudes, and feelings. Generally, it is the exchange or the transmission of messages. Communication is what distinguishes us as human beings, not religion, race, politics, culture, education, or gender. Nature of Communication 1. Communication is a process 2. It occurs between two or more people. 3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words. Importance of Communication We communicate to meet needs - we are by nature social animals, we need other people just as we need food, water, and shelter We communicate to enhance and maintain our sense of self - where are good at and how people react to how we behave. We communicate to fulfill obligations - We acknowledge a person we recognize by not speaking we risk being perceived as arrogant or insensitive. We communicate to develop relationships - Relationships grow and deepen or wither away because of communication. We communicate to exchange information - some information we get through observation, reading, watching and a great deal through direct communication. We communicate to influence others - It is doubtful whether a day goes by in which you do not engage in such behavior as trying to convince others. Types of Communication - People communicate with each other in several ways. Verbal Communication - It refers to the form of communication in which a message is transmitting verbally. - Communication is done by mouth and physical - It is done by words / spoken - Oral and written communication  Oral Communication - spoken words, it is all about public speaking, is influenced by pitch, volume speed, and clarify of speaking. Written Communication - Written signs or symbols involved, message can be transmitted via email, and other written platform or stuff. Oral Communication Advantages: - Quick Feedback - Face-to-face conversation, by reading facial expression and body language, one can gives whether he/she should trust what’s being said or not. Disadvantage - In face - to - face discussion is unable to express what we are saying (mental blocks) Written Communication Advantage - Messages can be revised - You can take down notes and it takes more time studying or learning the letter. Disadvantage - The feedback is slow Non - verbal Communication - It is sending or receiving of wordless messages. Types of Non Verbal Communication Kinesics - Gestures and body language Facial Expression and Silence Oculesics - Eye Contact / Behavior Vocalics - Paralanguage (tempo, Volume, Pitch) Chronemics - Time Olfactics - Smell Haptics - Touch Proxemics - Social Distance Physical environment / appearance Models of communication According to Denis Mcquail, a model is a selective Linear or Transmission Model (by Laswell, Shannon-weaver, Berlo) Interactive Model (by Schramm) Sender - Encoder - channel - decoder - Receiver (Noise) Transactional Model (by wood, barlund) Transmission Interactive Transactional Diagram of Model S, M, R, C S-M-R-C (S-R)-M-C-(RiS) Feedback Symbol → → ← Metaphor for archery tennis juggling model Sign Language is considered a form of (non vocal) Verbal Communication Function of Communication - Human activity serves a function. It has a different types of languages. Regulation / Control - Used to control the behavior of the human beings It can be used to regulate the nature and amount of activities humans engage in Social Interaction - Used to produce social interaction. In their daily course of living, human being develop and maintain bonds. Motivation - Function of communication that motivates and encourage people to live better, motivation is either internal or external/ Information - Used to giving and getting information. Giving information usually comes in the form. Emotional Expression - Express their emotions verbally and nonverbally. Emotions are central part of who we are. We express feelings. Intercultural Communication - Intercultural communication is the sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures. Ting - Toomey (1999) - Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bridging in their varied cultural backgrounds. GudyKunst (2003) - Intercultural communication takes place when people draw from their cultural identity to understand values, prejudices, language, attitudes, and relationships. The Development model of Intercultural Sensitivity - The Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) offers a structure that explores how people experience cultural differences. According to Bennett (2004), it has 6 stages Stage 1: Denial - The individual does not recognise cultural differences. Stage 2: Defense - The individual starts to recognise cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for the new one. Stage 3: Minimization - Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the university of ideas rather than on cultural differences. Stage 4: Acceptance - The individuals begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values. Stage 5: Adaptation - The individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspective. Stage 6: Integration - Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints. Once you understand the stages, you may it to: 1. Recognise communications behavior which differ from your own (All woods, 1985) 2. Take into account what can influence these types of behaviors (Allwood, 1985) 3. Try to analyze how to linguistic and cultural communities differ in terms of communication behaviors and influencing factors (Allwood, 1985) Levels of Communication Intrapersonal Communication - The prefix “intra” means within or inside. Communicating with oneself Interpersonal Communication - Type of Communication that involves two persons or a relatively small number of people. Benefits from having Interpersonal Communication 1. People came to know each other 2. Misunderstandings are settle 3. Conflicts are resolved 4. Problems are given solutions Small Group Communication - In small group communication every person can participate actively with the other members. Small groups are a common fixture of everyday life. Public Communication - In this level of communication, the person is involved with several people. The communicator transmits messages to a large group of people. Things to consider in Public Communication 1. Much more detailed and careful preparation 2. Problem on how to hold the attention of the audience 3. Consider the audience’s background 4. Noise: physical or psychological Mass Communication - Consists of messages that are transmitted to large audiences via broadcast, print, and electronics media. Example of Mass Media - Newspapers - Magazine - Television - Radio - Computers - Social Media like facebook, Instagram, twitter, etc Speech Styles Intimate Style - Completely private language used within family of every close friends or group - Uses personal language codes - Grammar is unnecessary - Does not need complete language - Certain terms of endearment, slangs or expressions whose meaning is shared with a small subset or persons to person. Example: Lovers, Married Couples Casual Style - Language used between friends - Often very relaxed and focused on just getting the information out - Slangs are quite often used in these instances - This style is used in informal situations and language - Relationship between speaker and hearer is closed. Example: Casual convo with friends and family members, chats Consultative Style - Opposite of intimate style - People who do not share information experience or meaning - Used in semi-formal communication - Happens in two-way participation - Speakers does not usually plan what he wants to say - Sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous Example: Doctor-Patient, Teacher-Student Formal Style - Used for imparting information - Weel-organised and correct grammar and diction - Speech or utterance are planned in advance - Avoids using slang terminologies Example: Meeting, Interview, Court Frozen Style - A very formal style not really intended to give message but to allow a reader to find many meaning for oneself - Does not require any feedback from the audience - A very formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and even be archaic. - Usually uses long sentences with good grammar and vocabulary.  Example: Prayers, Pledges, Oath, The Preamble Three Types of Speech Act John Langshaw (J.L) Austin (1962) - a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context. These are: Locutionary Act - Is the actual of uttering or saying something. This act happens with the utterances of a sound, a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of speech. For the utterance to be a Locutionary Act, consider the following: - It has sense, and mostly importantly, for communication to take place. - It has the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener. Utterance give rise to shared meaning when it adjusted by the speaker for the listener. Illocutionary Act - linguistic acts in which one can be said to do something - like stating, denying or asking - Is the social function of what is said. In an illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying something itself but of saying something with the intention of: - Stating an opinion, conforming, or denying something - Making a prediction, a promise, a request - Issuing an order or a decision or - Giving advice or permission This Speech Act uses illocutionary force of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a prediction, a promise, a request, etc Perlocutionary Act - Refers to the consequence effect of what was said. This is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned. This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the speaker or the listener or both. The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and is elicited by: - Inspiring or insulting - Persuading / convincing - Deterring / scaring The aim of perlocutionary act speech act is to change feelings, thoughts, or actions Searle’s Classification of Speech Act John Searle (1976) a professor from the university of california, Berkeley, Classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories. Assertive - A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting and concluding. Directive - A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging. Commissive - A type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Example: - Promising - Planning - Vowing - Betting Expressive - A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.