Oral Agents for Diabetes Part 5.docx

\#\#\# \*\*Slide 31: Sulfonylureas - Mechanism and Use\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a second-generation sulfonylurea used for Type 2 Diabetes management?\*\* \- A. Tolbutamide \- B. Glipizide \- C. Chlorpropamide \- D. Acetohexamide \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Glipizide【99:6†source】 2\. \*\...

\#\#\# \*\*Slide 31: Sulfonylureas - Mechanism and Use\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a second-generation sulfonylurea used for Type 2 Diabetes management?\*\* \- A. Tolbutamide \- B. Glipizide \- C. Chlorpropamide \- D. Acetohexamide \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Glipizide【99:6†source】 2\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of sulfonylureas in controlling blood glucose levels?\*\* \- A. Stimulating insulin secretion from functioning beta cells \- B. Inhibiting hepatic glucose production \- C. Blocking glucose absorption in the intestines \- D. Slowing gastric emptying \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Stimulating insulin secretion from functioning beta cells【99:6†source】 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with sulfonylureas?\*\* \- A. Hypoglycemia \- B. Weight loss \- C. Hypertension \- D. Hyperkalemia \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Hypoglycemia【99:6†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 32: Sulfonylureas - Dosing and Adverse Effects\*\* 1\. \*\*Which sulfonylurea is preferred in patients with renal impairment due to inactive metabolites?\*\* \- A. Glyburide \- B. Glimepiride \- C. Glipizide \- D. Tolbutamide \*\*Answer:\*\* C. Glipizide【99:6†source】 2\. \*\*Why are lower starting doses of sulfonylureas recommended for elderly patients?\*\* \- A. Increased risk of hepatic impairment \- B. Higher sensitivity to insulin \- C. Increased risk of hypoglycemia \- D. Increased weight gain potential \*\*Answer:\*\* C. Increased risk of hypoglycemia【99:6†source】 3\. \*\*What is the initial recommended dose for Glimepiride in the management of Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A. 1-2 mg daily \- B. 5 mg daily \- C. 10 mg twice daily \- D. 2.5 mg three times daily \*\*Answer:\*\* A. 1-2 mg daily【99:6†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 33: Sulfonylureas - Clinical Pearls\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following sulfonylureas carries the highest risk of hypoglycemia?\*\* \- A. Glyburide \- B. Glimepiride \- C. Glipizide \- D. Tolbutamide \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Glyburide【99:6†source】 2\. \*\*How much can sulfonylureas typically reduce HbA1c levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A. 0.5-1.0% \- B. 1.0-1.5% \- C. 0.7-1.3% \- D. 2.0-2.5% \*\*Answer:\*\* C. 0.7-1.3%【99:6†source】 3\. \*\*In which population is glyburide considered safe for use in pregnancy?\*\* \- A. Geriatric patients \- B. Pediatric patients \- C. Pregnant women \- D. Patients with heart failure \*\*Answer:\*\* C. Pregnant women【99:6†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 34: Meglitinides - Mechanism and Use\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the primary difference between meglitinides and sulfonylureas in glucose control?\*\* \- A. Meglitinides are longer-acting \- B. Meglitinides stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner \- C. Meglitinides increase insulin sensitivity \- D. Meglitinides inhibit hepatic glucose production \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Meglitinides stimulate insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner【99:2†source】 2\. \*\*Which meglitinide is considered safe for patients with renal failure?\*\* \- A. Glyburide \- B. Repaglinide \- C. Glimepiride \- D. Nateglinide \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Repaglinide【99:2†source】 3\. \*\*What is the maximum recommended daily dose of repaglinide in the management of Type 2 Diabetes?\*\* \- A. 4 mg/day \- B. 8 mg/day \- C. 12 mg/day \- D. 16 mg/day \*\*Answer:\*\* D. 16 mg/day【99:2†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 35: Meglitinides - Clinical Pearls\*\* 1\. \*\*When should meglitinides be administered to patients?\*\* \- A. 1 hour before meals \- B. 30 minutes after meals \- C. Only with meals containing carbohydrates \- D. At bedtime \*\*Answer:\*\* C. Only with meals containing carbohydrates【99:2†source】 2\. \*\*What is the typical reduction in HbA1c achieved with meglitinides?\*\* \- A. 0.7-1.1% \- B. 1.5-2.0% \- C. 0.5-0.7% \- D. 2.0-2.5% \*\*Answer:\*\* A. 0.7-1.1%【99:2†source】 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with meglitinides?\*\* \- A. Hypoglycemia \- B. Weight loss \- C. GI disturbances \- D. Rash \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Hypoglycemia【99:2†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 36: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - Mechanism and Use\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones (TZDs)?\*\* \- A. Stimulate insulin secretion \- B. Increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and fat tissue \- C. Inhibit hepatic glucose production \- D. Block glucose absorption in the intestines \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Increase insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and fat tissue【99:7†source】 2\. \*\*Which of the following thiazolidinediones has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer?\*\* \- A. Pioglitazone \- B. Rosiglitazone \- C. Metformin \- D. Glimepiride \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Pioglitazone【99:7†source】 3\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for TZD use?\*\* \- A. Chronic kidney disease \- B. Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class III/IV) \- C. Hypertension \- D. Hyperthyroidism \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Congestive heart failure (NYHA Class III/IV)【99:7†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 37: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - Adverse Effects\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a common adverse effect of thiazolidinediones?\*\* \- A. Hypoglycemia \- B. Fluid retention and weight gain \- C. Hyperkalemia \- D. Hypotension \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Fluid retention and weight gain【99:7†source】 2\. \*\*In what patient population do thiazolidinediones increase the risk of fractures?\*\* \- A. Elderly men \- B. Post-menopausal women \- C. Pediatric patients \- D. Patients with heart failure \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Post-menopausal women【99:7†source】 3\. \*\*Which of the following thiazolidinediones has been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction?\*\* \- A. Rosiglitazone \- B. Pioglitazone \- C. Metformin \- D. Glipizide \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Rosiglitazone【99:7†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 38: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Mechanism and Use\*\* 1\. \*\*What is the primary mechanism of action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes management?\*\* \- A. Delays breakdown and absorption of complex carbohydrates \- B. Inhibits insulin secretion \- C. Increases insulin sensitivity \- D. Stimulates glucagon release \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Delays breakdown and absorption of complex carbohydrates【99:10†source】 2\. \*\*Which of the following adverse effects is most commonly associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Constipation \- B. Flatulence and abdominal discomfort \- C. Nausea and vomiting \- D. Rash \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Flatulence and abdominal discomfort【99:10†source】 3\. \*\*Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors should be avoided in patients with which of the following conditions?\*\* \- A. Cirrhosis \- B. Hyperthyroidism \- C. Hypertension \- D. Asthma \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Cirrhosis【99:10†source】 \#\#\# \*\*Slide 39: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Overview and Adverse Effects\*\* 1\. \*\*Which of the following is a common side effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose, miglitol)?\*\* \- A. Hypoglycemia \- B. Flatulence and abdominal discomfort \- C. Weight gain \- D. Constipation \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Flatulence and abdominal discomfort【104:0†source】 2\. \*\*Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors primarily target which type of glucose control?\*\* \- A. Fasting glucose \- B. Postprandial glucose \- C. Basal glucose levels \- D. Insulin-dependent glucose uptake \*\*Answer:\*\* B. Postprandial glucose【104:0†source】 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Cirrhosis \- B. Hypertension \- C. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 1 \- D. Asthma \*\*Answer:\*\* A. Cirrhosis【104:0†source】 \-\-- \#\#\# \*\*Slide 40: Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Clinical Pearls\*\* 1\. \*\*When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors be taken to ensure maximum efficacy in controlling postprandial glucose?\*\* \- A. Before meals \- B. 30 minutes after meals \- C. With the first bite of a meal \- D. Before bedtime \*\*Answer:\*\* C. With the first bite of a meal【104:0†source】 2\. \*\*Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors reduce HbA1c by approximately:\*\* \- A. 0.1-0.3% \- B. 0.7-0.8% \- C. 1-1.5% \- D. 2% \*\*Answer:\*\* B. 0.7-0.8%【104:0†source】 3\. \*\*Which source of sugar should be used to treat hypoglycemia in patients taking alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?\*\* \- A. Fructose \- B. Sucrose \- C. Lactose \- D. Glucose (dextrose) \*\*Answer:\*\* D. Glucose (dextrose)【104:0†source】