open questions medical chemistry - abo wasel_035051.docx

**open questions medical chemistry** **How many atoms in 5 moles silver** Answer: 5 moles \* 6.022 \* 10\^23 atoms = 3.01 \* 10\^25 atoms **Why are metals good electricity conductors** Answer: Free electrons conduct electricity. **Definition of open, closed, isolated systems** Answer: Systems...

**open questions medical chemistry** **How many atoms in 5 moles silver** Answer: 5 moles \* 6.022 \* 10\^23 atoms = 3.01 \* 10\^25 atoms **Why are metals good electricity conductors** Answer: Free electrons conduct electricity. **Definition of open, closed, isolated systems** Answer: Systems with exchange, no exchange, no exchange. **How many moles of Ca(NO3)2 in 75 mL, 0.25 M solution** Answer: 75 mL \* 0.25 M = 0.01875 moles. **How is covalent polar bond formed** Answer: Different electronegativity forms partial charges. **What is buffer capacity definition** Answer: Ability of solution to resist change. **What is alkene hydrogenation product?** Answer: Alkane, single bond replaced with double. **Write benzene halogenation reaction equation.** Answer: C6H6 + X2 -\> C6H5X + HX **Why do alcohols boil at higher temperature** Answer: Hydrogen bonding increases boiling point. **Why does acidity of compounds increase** Answer: Electronegativity of atoms increases. **Compare basicity of alkylamines vs amides.** Answer: Alkylamines have basic nitrogen, amides have not. **What do N-terminus, C-terminus mean** Answer: Protein end, respectively. **Describe ATP cycle steps.** Answer: Energy release, energy storage,. **How many grams of Fe in 2.71 x 10\^24 atoms** Answer: 2.71 x 10\^24 atoms \* 55.8 g/mol = 152 g. **Nitrogen electronic configuration, ground state.** Answer: 1s22s22p3 **How many lone pairs in HBr, H2S, CH4** Answer: HBr=3,H2S=2,CH4=0 **What is the second law of thermodynamics** Answer: Energy moves from hot to cold. **Definition of functional group** Answer: Specific atom arrangement determines properties. **What is the Markovnikov orientation rule** Answer: H addition to C with fewer H first. **Write sulfonation of benzene equation.** Answer: C6H6 + SO3 -\> C6H5SO3H **What does priority list of functional groups mean** Answer: Order of substitution preference in reactions. **Definition of resonance structure?** Answer: Same molecule, different electron distribution. **Structural difference between D-aldoses, L-ketoses.** Answer: Stereochemistry, orientation of functional group. **What is replication of DNA** Answer: Duplication of genetic information. **What is anabolism definition** Answer: Building up of molecules. **How many moles of sulfur in 53.7 g sulfur** Answer: 53.7 g / 32 g/mol = 1.68 moles. **Properties of metallic bonds, how formed** Answer: Free electrons, strong electrostatic attraction. **Definition of conjugate acid-base pairs.** Answer: Acid-base pairs with one proton transfer. **Definition of entropy** Answer: Disorder, randomness, in the universe **What are Lewis acid and Lewis base** Electrophilic and nucleophilic species **How many delocalised electron are there for each benzene molecule** Six delocalised electrons **Write structural formula of aniline** C6H5NH2 **The boiling points of ethers are very close to those of alkanes with similar molecular weights. Why**? Lack intermolecular hydrogen bonding **Carboxylic acids can act as a Lewis base. Why** Electron-rich oxygen atom **Classification of monosaccharides according to the number of carbon atoms** Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses **Describe the role and composition of nucleotides** DNA building blocks, sugar-phosphate-nitrogenous base **What does the term catabolism mean** Cellular energy breakdown **How many moles of oxygen are in 2.71 x 10\^25 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)?** 8.13 moles of oxygen **Why do lithium, potassium, and sodium exhibit similar chemical properties** Same electron configuration in valence shell **Explain how a catalyst works relative to activation energy** Lowers energy needed for reaction **What metals are called transition** d-block elements **Write physical properties of alkanes** no color, hydrophobic, low boiling **What is product of alkene hydrogenation reaction** Alkane, with double bond saturation **Alcohols from alkenes preparation process** Hydration, addition of H and OH **Explain increase of acidity for compounds** Presence of acidic hydrogen **Classification of carbohydrates according to number of sugar units** Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, monosaccharides **Meaning of aerobic and anaerobic respiration** Oxygen and without oxygen respiration **Explain the meaning of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.** Cellular respiration that proceeds in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic respiration. Cellular respiration that proceeds in the presence of oxygen is aerobic respiration. **Which metals are called transition** The period 4 transition metals are scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti) iron (Fe)nickel (Ni) zinc (Zn).**Definition of open, closed and isolated systems** Isolated: this is a system in which no matter or energy is being. Closed: this is a system in which only energy. Open: this is a system in which both matter and energy **Write structural formula of aniline**. C6H5NH2 **Define the term semiconservative replication** The mode by which DNA replicates **My exam** **How many moles of oxygen (O) are in 1 mole of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)** Three moles of oxygen **Define the term ionization energy** Energy to remove an electron **Why do most atoms form chemical bonds** To increase their stability **What means oxidizing agent** Accepts electrons from others **What are isomers** Same formula, different structure **What is Markovnikov orientation rule** Predicts addition Regio chemistry **Write sulfonation of benzene equation**. Answer: C6H6 + SO3 -\> C6H5SO3H **Explain the meaning of the nucleophilic addition reaction** Nucleophile adds to carbon-carbon double bond **Explain the meaning of the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction** Nucleophile replaces acyl group **Explain the term a primary α-amino acid** Amino acid with NH2-C(alpha)-COOH **What is the importance of metabolic pathway that is known as β-oxidation** Fatty acid breakdown for energy **How many atoms of hydrogen are in 1 mole of water (H20)** Two moles of hydrogen **What mean cis- trans- isomers** Different side chain orientation **Write structural formula of o-chlorotoluene** C6H4ClCH3 **What is the importance of the metabolic reaction that is known as transamination** Amino acid synthesis and metabolism **How does one isotope differ from the other** have the same number of protons in the nucleus **How does temperature affect the reaction rate** Raising the temperature of a chemical reaction **Define buffer solution** resist the change in pH **Explain, in terms of carbon-carbon bonds, why this hydrocarbon is saturated** arbon atom is bonded to maximum number of atoms **Define electronegativity** the tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond **Explain why phenols are usually more acidic than alcohols** the negative charge in the phenoxide ion **Explain hybridization of nitrogen in amines** Three of the sp3 hybrid orbitals **Describe the chemical bonding in primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins** ondensation of amino acids forming peptide bonds **Describe some anabolic and catabolic processes** This is when produce glucose **Why metals are good conductors of electricity** at least one electron per atom is free **What means reducing agent** loses electrons to other substances in a redox reaction **Write nitration reaction of Benzene** 323-333 in the presence **Describe the phenoxide ion and the alkoxide ion** The phenoxide ion is a weaker base than alkoxide ion **Explain the keto-enol-tautomerie** chemical equilibrium between a keto