Introduction to Organic Chemistry PDF

Introduction to Organic Chemistry What is Organic Chemistry? The Unique Nature of Carbon Classification of Organic Compounds Factors Affecting the Physical Properties of Organic Compounds 1 1 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  What is...

Introduction to Organic Chemistry What is Organic Chemistry? The Unique Nature of Carbon Classification of Organic Compounds Factors Affecting the Physical Properties of Organic Compounds 1 1 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  What is Organic Chemistry? 2 2 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Organic Chemistry Chemistry of the compounds present in living organisms. They all contain carbon. Organic Chemistry is the Chemistry of Carbon. 3 3 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Natural Sources of Organic Compounds Living Carbohydrates / Proteins things / Fats / Vitamins / Antibiotics A variety of organic products obtained from living things 4 4 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Natural Sources of Organic Compounds Fractional distillation / Alkanes / Alkenes / destructive distillation Alkynes / Aromatic Crude oil or hydrocarbons coal A variety of useful products derived from crude oil and coal 5 5 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Development of Organic Chemistry as a Science In the past …, Chemistry Chemistry Organic Organic Inorganic Inorganic compounds compounds compounds compounds obtained from living obtained from organisms non-living sources 6 6 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Development of Organic Chemistry as a Science In 1828, Wohler (a German chemist) (Inorganic (Organic compound) compound) 7 7 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Development of Organic Chemistry as a Science Redefining …... Organicchemistry Organic chemistryisisthe thestudy studyof ofcarbon carboncompounds compounds (exceptCO, (except CO,CO CO22,,carbonates, carbonates,hydrogencarbonates, hydrogencarbonates,carbides carbides andcyanides) and cyanides)obtained obtainedfrom fromnatural naturalsources sourcesoror synthesizedininthe synthesized thelaboratories. laboratories. 8 8 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  The Unique Nature of Carbon 9 9 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A 10 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to form four strong covalent bonds Electronic configuration of carbon (ground state) : 1s22s22p2 Carbon (ground state) 11 11 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to form four strong covalent bonds Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons when excited Tend to form four strong covalent bonds Carbon (excited state) 12 12 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to Catenate Carbon atoms link together to form chains of varying length, branched chains and rings of different sizes Catenation:  Ability of atoms in forming stable bonds with itself, hence joining up into chains or rings 13 13 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to Catenate C – C > Si – Si > Ge – Ge > Sn – Sn Bond strength  as bond length  14 14 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to Catenate C–C>N–N>O–O Bond strength  as the number of lone pairs  15 15 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to Catenate CnH2n+2 n = 1,2,3,…(no limit for n) SinH2n+2 n = 1 to 6 only silanes GenH2n+2 n = 1 to 3 only germanes SnnH2n+2 Only SnH4 (stannane) exists 16 16 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Ability to Form Multiple Bonds sp3 4 bonds sp2 1 bond, 3 bonds sp 2 bonds, 2 bonds Carbon (excited state) 17 17 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Single bond Double bond Triple bond * X = halogens 18 18 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Classification of Organic Compounds 19 19 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Functional Groups Organic compounds are classified by the the presence of characteristic functional groups. 20 20 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Functional Groups AAfunctional functionalgroup groupisisdefined definedas asan anatom atomororaagroup group ofatoms of atomsthat thateffectively effectivelydetermines determinesthe thechemical chemical propertiesof properties ofan anorganic organiccompound. compound. 21 21 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Functional Groups 22 22 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Functional Groups Propane does not react with sodium Ethanol and propan-1-ol react with sodium to give hydrogen gas 23 23 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Functional Groups and have similar chemical properties  they contain the same functional group –OH  they are classified into the same homologous series — alcohols 24 24 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Homologous Series AAhomologous homologousseries seriesisisaaseries seriesof ofcompounds compoundsthat thathave have thesame the samefunctional functionalgroup, group,and andeach eachmember memberdiffers differs fromthe from thenext nextmember memberby byaa––CHCH22––unit unitinintheir their formulae. formulae. CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 CH2 CH2 CH2 25 25 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A Number of IUPAC Molecular Condensed Structural carbon name formula structural formula atom(s) formula 1 Methane CH4 CH4 2 Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3 3 Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 4 Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3 26 26 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A The first four members of straight-chain alkanes Number of IUPAC Molecular Condensed Structural carbon name formula structural formula atom(s) formula 1 Methanol CH3OH CH3OH 2 Ethanol C2H5OH CH3CH2OH 3 Propan-1- C3H7OH CH3CH2CH2OH ol 4 Butan-1- C4H9OH CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ol 27 27 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A The first four members of straight-chain alcohols  Homologous Series Members in the same series can be represented by a general formula. e.g. alkanes: CnH2n+2 alkenes: CnH2n alkynes: CnH2n-2 28 28 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Homologous Series Members in the same series can be represented by a general formula. e.g. alkanols: CnH2n+1OH alkanals: CnH2n+1CHO alkanoic acids: CnH2n+1COOH 29 29 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Homologous Series Functional group of Chemical an organic compound properties Members of a homologous series have similar chemical properties 30 30 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A  Homologous Series The physical properties change gradually along the homologous series e.g. the longer the carbon chain in the molecule ( or the greater the molecular mass)  the greater the attractive force between molecules  the higher the melting point, boiling point and density 31 31 New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-Level Book 3A