Naked Psych 2 Objectives PDF

### **Mind-Brain/Body Problem** [The **Mind-Brain/Body Problem**] examines the connection between **mental states** (consciousness, thoughts, emotions) and the **brain/body** (physical processes). It raises the question of whether the mind is distinct from the physical brain or if both are part of...

### **Mind-Brain/Body Problem** [The **Mind-Brain/Body Problem**] examines the connection between **mental states** (consciousness, thoughts, emotions) and the **brain/body** (physical processes). It raises the question of whether the mind is distinct from the physical brain or if both are part of a unified system. 1. - - 2. - - - - - ### **Historical Context for Body Area Controlling Behavior** The understanding of how the brain controls behavior has evolved over time, from ancient beliefs to modern scientific findings. 1. - - - 2. - 3. - - 4. - - - - - - ### **Summary:** - - - ### **[Week 2: Psychology 2 Lecture 3: Anatomy of a Neuron]** ### **Today's Primary Objectives** - - - - ### **Cellular Structure of the Brain:** The brain is made up of **neurons** (nerve cells) and **glial cells**. Neurons transmit electrical signals and are the primary functional units, while glial cells support, nourish, and protect neurons. - - ### **Molecular Structure of the Brain:** At the molecular level, the brain consists of various **proteins**, **lipids**, **nucleic acids**, and small molecules involved in cellular communication and function. - - - - - - - - - - - - - **[The four characteristics of a neuron]** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ### **Summary:** - - **[Contin Lecture 3]** - - - - Q: How does material get transported to and from the terminal button? **Axoplasmic/Axonal transport:** is the process by which materials are moved along the **axon** to and from the cell body in a neuron. - - - Q: Why do I want substances to go from the Axon terminals to the Soma? Lots of organelles. When excess neurotransmitters or chemicals accumulate in the axon terminals, they are transported back to the soma and are typically processed by **lysosomes**. **Lysosomes** are cellular organelles that contain enzymes to break down and \"eat\" (digest) waste products, old organelles, and unwanted chemicals, ensuring the neuron stays clean and functional. **[Classification of neurons]** 1. - - - 2. - - - 3. - - - These structural classifications are tied to the neuron\'s role in transmitting information in the nervous system. [**Neurons Main Characteristics**] - - - - **[Anaxonic Neurons:]** are a type of neuron that lacks a distinct axon. Instead, they have multiple dendrites, but no clear separation between dendrites and axon. - - - Anaxonic neurons are mainly **interneurons**, helping to process or modulate sensory and motor signals within neural circuits. **[Interneurons]- are neurons that connect other neurons within the central nervous system (CNS), facilitating communication between sensory neurons and motor neurons[.]** - - - Interneurons act as intermediaries, enabling complex behaviors by transmitting signals between sensory inputs and motor outputs. **Multipolar neuron**: a type of neuron that has one axon and multiple dendrites extending from the cell body. - - - Multipolar neurons are the [most common type of neuron] and are essential for integrating and transmitting signals across long distances in the nervous system - - - - - **Bipolar Neuron:** is a type of neuron with two distinct processes: one dendrite and one axon, extending from opposite ends of the cell body. - - - Bipolar neurons are specialized fo[r transmitting sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.] - - - Q: What is the Multipolar neuron cable that a neuron isn't? - - **[Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron:]** is a type of neuron where the axon and dendrite are fused into a single process that splits into two branches. - - - Pseudounipolar neurons are [**sensory neurons**, mainly responsible for relaying sensory data from the body to the CNS.] - - **[Functional classifications:]** Based on type of information & direction of information transmission ### **[Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)]** - - - ### **[2. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)]** - - - ### **[3. Interneurons]** - - - [These classifications describe how neurons contribute to the overall function of] the nervous system. **Association neurons**, also known as **interneurons**, are neurons that **connect** sensory neurons to motor neurons within the **central nervous system (CNS)**. They play a critical role in processing and integrating information, allowing for complex behaviors, reflexes, and cognitive functions. ### **Key Characteristics:** - - - - - - - - ### **Examples of Function:** - - Q: Which neurons get the information up to your brain? - - In summary: - - Q: What do you think would happen if just your sensory neurons were to die? Or does it not work correctly?How would it be different if just your interneurons were to generate? **Sensory neurons**: If they die, you lose sensory perception (e.g., touch, pain). **Interneurons**: If they die or malfunction, sensory info can\'t be processed properly, disrupting reflexes, coordination, and higher brain functions. **Abnormal interneuron activity**: Can cause issues like seizures or impaired decision-making and motor control. - - - - **Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)**, also known as **Lou Gehrig\'s disease**, is a neurodegenerative disorder that [affects **motor neurons** in the brain and spinal cord.] A neurodegenerative disease that destroys **motor neurons**, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis. It affects voluntary movements but not sensory functions. The cause is mostly unknown, though genetic factors play a role. There is no cure, but treatments can slow progression and manage symptoms. **[Glia(or glial cells)]**: are non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support, protect, and nourish neurons. They outnumber neurons and play crucial roles in maintaining neural function. ### **Key Types of Glial Cells:** 1. 2. 3. 4. Glial cells are essential for the health and function of the nervous system. **[Glia ]** - **[Astrocytes]**- radial glia= having lots of processes - - - - - Astrocytes are crucial for [ **neural health**, **supporting neuronal function**, and maintaining the brain\'s overall stability. ] - - - - **[Scaffolding:]** When an injury occurs, **scaffolding** (like the extracellular matrix or glial cells) [forms a framework that helps support and organize the healing process.] This structure guides cell migration, ensuring that the tissue can repair and regenerate properly. - - **[Radical Glia]** are a type of glial cell that play a key role during neurodevelopment in the brain. ### **Key Functions:** 1. 2. 3. Radial glia are especially important [in **brain development** but also maintain some functions in adult brains, particularly in **neurogenesis** in areas like the hippocampus.] - - Q: if you didn't have radial Glia while you were a baby then? - - **[Microglia]** a[re the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS).] They play a critical role in maintaining brain health and responding to injury or infection. 1. 2. 3. 4. In summary, [microglia are vital for **brain maintenance**, **immune surveillance**, and **repair**.] They help protect the brain from damage and infection. - - - - **[Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells ]** ### **1. Oligodendrocytes:** - - - ### **2. Schwann Cells:** - - - ### **Summary:** - - - - - - [**Satellite cells**] are a [type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS),] specifically surrounding the cell bodies of neurons in sensory, autonomic, and motor ganglia. ### **Key Functions:** 1. 2. 3. In summary, satellite cells act as **supportive glial cells** in the PNS, providing physical and metabolic support to the neurons in ganglia. **Myelin- Makes communication faster, makes that action potential travel down the axon** - - - Q: What cell do we not have underneath myelin? [Protein channels] **Saltatory conduction: Action potential leaps from node of ranvier to node of ranvier** - **Propagation of the action potential** - - **Q: Is an axon without Myelin the same as an axon that has lost myelin?** **[Myelin:] No. The axon that has lost myelin acts as an insulator so creates the nodes of Rover and therefore is required in order for that leaping to accrue.** **[Lost Myelin:] The axon without myelin does still work but takes longer. There are no proteins in myelin so the one without it wouldn't work at all because the neuron that lost the myelin cannot use the action potential.** **[Never:] has had it always worked bc it has all its ion channels along its length of action potential. It keeps on regenerating** - **Without Myelin causes Multiple Sclerosis: taking away control over your own muscles** **Multiple Sclerosis** - - - - - - - - **Lecture 5: Synaptic Communication** - - - **Chemical Synapses** - - - - - **Synthesis** - - - - - - - **Packaging** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Release** - - - - - - - - **Action potential opens Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels** - - - - - - **Exocytosis(cell)(on the outside)** - - - - - - - - - - **Q: What happens to the neurotransmitters once it is released into the synaptic cleft?** **Receptor Activation - [ ]**Neurotransmitters binds to the receptor like a key lock - **[Ion channels ]** Receptors - - - - - - - - **Ionotropic Receptors** - - - - - [Excitatory:] glutamate, Acetylcholine (ACh) [Inhibitory:] GABA **Neuronal Communication** - - - - - - - - - - - - **EPSPs Vs Action Potentials** **ESPS(Excitatory Postsynaptic potential)** - - - **Action Potentials** - - - **Temporal(over time) Summation** - - - - - - - **Spatial Summation** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Q: How can Activation of an ionotropic receptor lead to EPSPs and IPSPs?** **EPSP** - - - **IPSP** - - - **Metabotropic Receptors(ionic receptors)** - - - - - - - - - - **What are the advantages of Metabotropic Receptors?** - - - - - - **Q: which one of your senses do you think is most likely to use ionotropic receptors?** - **Q: which one of you senses do you want long-term changes and would use metaprotropic receptors?** - **Q: what would happen if the postsynaptic receptor was blocked?** - - **Myasthenia Gravis- muscle fatigue** - - - **Presynaptic Receptors** - - - - - **Inactivation of Neurotransmitters** 1. - - - - - Q: If the reuptake pump no longer works what happens to the neurotransmitter serotonin? - - - - 2. - - **Myasthenia Gravis** - - Q: If you were to wipe that out what would happen to acetylcholine? - - - Lecture 6: Neuronal conduction **[Review of chemical transmission]** - - - - - **[Objective]** - - - - Drugs modulate all aspects of neural communication: Neuronal conduction - - - - - - **Synaptic neurotransmission** - - - - - - - **Drugs and the synapse** - - - **Drugs affect synthesis** - - - - - - - - **Drugs affect packaging in synaptic vesicles** - - - - - - **Drugs affect neurotransmitters release** - - - - - - - - - **Drug affect receptors** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Drugs affect neurotransmitters inactivation** - - - - - - - - - **Drug addiction** - - - - - - **Mesolimbic Dopaminergic reward System** - - - - - - - - Drugs of abuse activate the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, with directly, or indirectly - - - **Stimulant Drugs** - - - - **Nicotine** - - Q: the genetic influence of drug abuse? What has to happen before addiction - **Drug Use-\> Addiction** - - - - **Fewer DA Receptors** - - - **Learn about cues associated with the drug** - - - - - -