Medical Terminology 1 PDF

L 15: Medical Terms related to some body systems Dr Rehab Ahmed Abdel-Moneim Associate professor of histology and cell biology Faculty of medicine IS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY IMPORTANT??? Dear students &  Objectives Identify some medical te...

L 15: Medical Terms related to some body systems Dr Rehab Ahmed Abdel-Moneim Associate professor of histology and cell biology Faculty of medicine IS MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY IMPORTANT??? Dear students &  Objectives Identify some medical terms related to the heart & blood vessels. Differentiate medical terms related to some pathological conditions in the heart and blood vessels. Identify some medical terms related to abnormalities in number of blood cells. Identify medical terms to express pathological conditions related to the urinary system. Discuss some terms related to surgical interventions. Cardiology & Haematology  Cardi/o (card/o) = Heart Cardi/o/logy: The study of the heart Cardi/o/megaly: Enlarged heart Cardi/o/logist: A specialist in the study of diseases of the heart  Cardi/o (card/o) = Heart Layers of the heart Endo/carditis= inflammation of the inner lining of the heart Myo/carditis= inflammation of the muscle coat of the heart  Investigations related to the heart Electr/o/cardi/o/gram (EKG or ECG): Record of electrical waves given off by the heart Electr/o/cardi/o/graphy: The process of making a recording of EKG/ECG using electricity Echo/cardiogram: An Ultrasound that provides information About structure and movements of the heart.  Terms related to blood vessels Angi/o= vessel Angio/graphy, angio/gram. angio/genesis (formation) Heart Brain  Athero/sclerosis Athero: fatty substances Sclerosis: hardening  What is the medical term describing accumulation of fatty material in the wall of a blood vessel causing a swelling? ✔ Atheroma Q: Replace the words in red with a suitable medical term Malignant tumors are associated with formation of blood vessels. (angionesis) The physician asked the patient to make a radiological assessment for blood vessels of the leg. (angiography)  Blood Cells and Platelets Haemat/ology= study of blood Haemat/ologist: a physician specializing in diseases of blood Haemo/poeisis; formation of blood cells Haemo/rrahge; blood loss Haematoma Haema/toma; collection of blood outside the blood vessel  Blood Cells and Platelets Red Blood Cells (RBC): Erythrocytes White Blood Cells (WBC): Leukocytes Thrombocytes (Platelets): Thromb/o = blood clot  Decrease; penia = , Not Enough Means poverty Leuk/o/cyt/o/penia (leukopenia): Decrease in or not enough white blood cells Thromb/o/cyt/o/penia: Abnormal decrease in the number of clot-forming cells (thrombocytes) Erythr/o/cyt/o/penia: Decrease in red blood cells  -osis = Condition of increased number -osis may be used to indicate an increase in numbers of blood cells. Leuk/o/cytosis: Increase in white blood cells Erythr/o/cyt/osis: Increase in red blood cells Thromb/o/cyt/osis: Increase in number of platelets  Lymph/o = Lymphatic System Lympha = Water or liquid (Latin) Lymph/o/cyte: A type of WBC produced by the lymphatic system Hist/o = Tissue Hist/o/logy: The study of tissues Hist/o/logist: One who studies tissues Hist/o/cyte: A tissue cell  Terms related to the urinary system Nephr/o = Kidney Science of studying kid; Nephr/ology Nephr/o/ptosis: Prolapsed (fallen) kidney Nephr/itis: Inflammation of the kidney Nephro/pathy: disease of the kidney; diabetic nephropathy  -uria = (Condition of) Urine Poly/uria Too much urination Olig/uria Abnormally low amount of urine Dys/uria Pain during urination Haemat/uria Blood in the urine  Endo- = Inside Endo/crine: To secrete inside. Glands that secrete hormones into blood circulation. Endo/crin/ology: The medical specialty studying the endocrine system Bone Tissue  Oste/o = Bone Oste/itis: inflammation of the bone Oste/o/malac/ia: softening of the bones Oste/oma: bone tumor  Osteo/porosis ( decreased bone density) Arthr/o = Joint Arthr/itis: inflammation of a joint Oste/o/arthr/itis: inflammation and destruction of bone and joint tissue  Ten/o, Tend/o, Tendin/o = Tendon Tendin/it is: Inflammation of the tendons; acute (sudden, short-term) injuries with inflammation. Is it common? Tennis elbow Medical Interventions  Suffix for “Cutting” Tomos = Cutting (Greek) Tom = word root for cut -tome = cutting instrument (microtome; instrument for cutting tissue into slices) -tomy = is a noun suffix -ectomy = Ect/o = outside to cut out (excise) -ostomy = Os = mouth, opening form a new opening (surgical)  Excision of the Tonsile/ectomy tonsils Incision into the Gastr/o/tomy stomach Make a surgical opening in the Gastr/ostomy stomach (i.e. to insert a feeding tube) Gastrostomy versus gastrotomy Ren/o = Kidney Ren/al: Pertaining to the kidney EX: renal colic renal stones MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 1 Presented by Dr/ Hoda Khalifa Professor of Histology and cell biology Vice dean of students’ affairs Dear students & Objectives Identify the medical words’ building system Identify the commonly used medical prefixes and suffixes Differentiate compound medical words and terms List prefixes of position, color, directions, numerical....... Discuss different body planes  The Word-Building System Word Roots Suffixes Prefixes  Word roots of major organs in the human body Stomato Mouth Dento Teeth Gingiva Gums Glosso/linguo Tongue Nephro/reno Kidney  Word roots of major organs in the human body Encephalo Brain hepato Liver Gastro Stomach Entero Intestine  Compound Word Word root + word root = Compound word Chicken + Pox = Chickenpox Examples: underage, shorthand, download, brainstem  Compound Term: Word root/combining vowel/word root Gastr /o + scope Gastroscope Neur/o + surgery Neurosurgery Micr/o + meter Micrometer Hydr/o + phobia Hydrophobia Hydr/o + therapy Hydrotherapy  Prefixes and Suffixes A Prefix: comes at the beginning of a word A Suffix: comes at the end of a word  Suffixes Word root + Suffix = Noun dent -ist dentist Word root + Suffix = Adjective Anem -ic Anemic  Suffix: Singular vs. Plural Singular: Plural: Sarcoma Sarcomata Diagnosis Diagnoses Phalanx Phalanges Coccus Cocci Vertex Vertices Cervix Cervices PREFIXES of position circum-=around Peri-=around Meta-= beyond, after Retro-=behind Ultra-=beyond, in excess Meso-=middle Body planes  Body planes Coron/al Cut plain running from up downwards and divides the body into anterior and posterior halves Sagitt/al: a vertical cut made in an anteroposterior direction, divides the body into equal right and left halves  Towards the middle….medial medi/o o n s re cti D i Towards the side………lateral later/o Medial  Front: anterior………..anter/o o n s re cti Back posterior………..poster/o D i anterior posterior  Directional terms-combined Front and side anter/o/lateral Front and middle anter/o/medial Front and top anter/o/superior Back and side poster/o/lateral Back and outside of the body poster/o/external Back and inside of the body Poster/o/internal  Distance and directions Elbow is ….. to the hand (proximal) Ankle is ….to the hip (distal) Middle and side medi/o/lateral Above and to the side super/o/lateral  Numerical Prefixes GREEK LATIN hemi- semi- o Half mono- uni- o One prot- prim- o First di(plo)- bi- o Two tri- tri- o Three tetra- quadr- o Four penta- quint- o Five  Prefixes of colors Leuko = leukocyte Erythro = erythrocyte Cyano = cyanosis Melano = melanoma Xantho = xanthoma Chloro = chloroplast Chromo = chromocyte  Anti- = Against ❑ Anti/pyretic: An agent that works against fever ❑ Anti/toxin: An agent that works against a toxin ❑ Anti/depressant. ❑ Anti/coagulant ❑ Anti/convulsant  Contra- = Against ❑ Contra/indication 🡪 Against indication ❑ Contra/ceptive 🡪 Against conception ❑ Contra/lateral 🡪 Opposite side  Dys- = Painful, Faulty Prefix for painful, faulty, diseased, bad, difficult, abnormal ❑Dys/phag/ia: difficult swallowing ❑Dys/pepsia: indigestion ❑Dys/pnea: difficult breathing ❑Dys/uria: difficult urination  Pseudo- = False Pseud/o/cyesis, Pseud/o/pregnancy: A false pregnancy Pseud/o/cyst: A false cyst  Auto = Self ❑Auto/lysis: Self-destroying ❑Auto/immunity: Reaction of immune response to one’s own tissues  Word parts: roots related to disease Alg, algi: pain, myalgia, analgesia Carcin: cancer, carcinogen Onc/o: tumor, oncogene Lith: stone, lithiasis  Word parts: roots related to disease Path/o: disease, pathogen Py/o: pus, pyogenic Pyr/o: fever, fire, pyretic Scler/o: hard, sclerosis Tox/o: poison, exotoxin  Prefixes & Suffixes related to disease Mal-: bad: malabsorption Xero-: dry, xerosis Pachy-: thick, pachyemia -oma: tumor, blastoma -rhage: flow, hemorrhage -rhea: flow, rhinorrhea  Roots used as suffixes related to disease Edema: swelling, lymphedema Lysis: dissolving, destruction, hemolysis Malacia: softening, tracheomalacia Necrosis: death of, osteonecrosis  Roots used as suffixes related to disease Spasm: cramp, sudden contraction, bronchospasm Stasis: stoppage, hemostasis Stenosis: narrowing, arteriostenosis  PPT of prof. Basma ElSabah. Faculty of Medicine. Alexandria University Medical terminology, https://globalrph.com/medterm/a/ https://openmd.com/guide/medical-terminology Introduction to healthcare system Dr/ Hoda Khalifa Professor of Histology and cell biology Vice dean of students’ affairs  Transfer Goal ► Be oriented with the healthcare system and his future role as a physician. ► What do you want to know about health& the healthcare system in Egypt?  Health- disease Governmental - private Outpatient- inpatient Hospitals of Ministry Of Health& High Education 1ry, 2ry & 3ry healthcare Hospitals of Health Insurance- Military Hospitals Ambulatory- stationary MS or MD Egyptian Fellowship, Arab Board Of Doctors& others  Students’ learning outcomes At the end of this lecture the student will be able to: Discuss health dimensions Classify the health care services according to level, site, patients’ stay, rapidity and finance Identify his road to be specialist  Outline What is health and its dimensions? What are the levels of health care What are the elements of primary health care? How to be a specialist? What is inpatient and outpatient medical services? How can the patient choose a hospital?  Do you know such terms? ► Health promotion: The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. ► Health education: One of the measure of health promotion directed towards personal hygiene, nutrition, life style adopted by individual/ group of people by him self or themselves ► Health counselling: Any assistance to an individual seeking to solve any health problem Dimensions of Health  2ry 1ry 3ry Level Governmental Inpatient payment private stay Health Financial Ministry Outpatient care Fund of Health Interior High education Emergency Urgent services and Defense Rapid Rapidity Site Medical Semi- elective center Clinic Hospital Elective Polyclinic Center of Excellence  Levels of Healthcare ► Primary care General practitioner ► Secondary care is the care of a specialist. ► Tertiary care is a higher level of specialized care within a hospital.  Primary Healthcare: The primary focus is on the basic healthcare services that address the health issues faced by an individual. The care is mostly provided by a general physician, and they do not require a specialist Needs: Illness: When you notice a new symptom or infection. Injury: acute medical problem. Referral: to specialists and other levels of care. Who can offer this service? Doctors. Nurse practitioners Physician assistants  Nutrition vaccination Elements of Maternal & child health Primary Infectious disease prevention & treatment health care Endemic disease treatment Drug availability Health education & counselling Providers  Secondary Healthcare: Specialists ► The providers act as a channel of communication for a better advanced medical care. ► Specialists focus either on a specific system of the body or a particular disease as: Cardiologists focus on the heart and blood vessels. Endocrinologists focus on hormone systems, including diseases like diabetes and thyroid disease. Oncologists specialize in treating cancers, and many focus on a specific type of cancer.  Tertiary Care and Hospitalization ► It requires highly specialized equipment and expertise as advanced diagnostic centers, specialized intensive care units and modern medical. ► It is the site for specialized procedures such as: Coronary artery bypass surgery Plastic & Neurosurgeries Severe burn treatments Complex treatments or procedures  Who can provide the service?  Earning Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery , MBBCH (GP: General Practitioner) How to Completing training & earning Licensing Become a specialist in Egypt? Residency& advances studies Earning advanced certification (Specialist) Arab Board of MS& MD Medical Egyptian Specializations Fellowship USMLE PLAB MCCQE. Patients’ stay  What is outpatient care? ► The patient don’t have to stay in a hospital. ► Outpatient care may be provided in a hospital, as well as a walk-in clinic, an outpatient surgery center, and even the doctor’s office.  What are the types of outpatient care? Medical screenings such as mammogram, colonoscopy, and endoscopy Minor surgeries and procedures that don’t require advanced medical care, such as laser surgery, hand or foot surgery, mole removal, and Lasik eye surgery Certain types of treatment used for ongoing or long-term illnesses, such as dialysis and chemotherapy  What is inpatient care? ► provided in a hospital or other type of inpatient facility, where the patient is admitted, and spend at least one night—or more—depending on his condition. ► The patient is under the care of doctors, nurses, and other types of health care professionals within a hospital. ► Inpatient stay may be planned or unplanned.  What are the examples of inpatient care? Serious illness, such as stroke, heart attack Traumatic injury Severe burns Serious mental health issues, and overdoses Chronic diseases, such as cancer requiring specialized treatment and ongoing care  Site of health care delivery Clinic Mono disciplinary Polyclinic Could be integrated with different specialties Could be integrated with different specialties Medical Center Inpatient& Short term Integrated with different specialties Hospital Inpatient & Long term Highly specialized , integrated with different Center of specialties excellence Inpatient & Long term  Hospitals& Governance ► University hospitals, Research institutes ► Hospitals of Ministry of health ► Health Insurance hospitals ► Military hospitals ► Private hospitals  Hospitals& Governance ► University hospitals, Research institutes Ministry of Higher Education Patients have the liberty of choosing their doctor based on their financial ► Hospitals of Ministry of health abilities Ministry of Health and Population ► Health insurance hospitals Health Insurance Organization ► Military hospitals Ministries of Interior and Defense  Private Healthcare ► Private insurance options and a network of private healthcare providers. ► Profit clinics, hospitals, and pharmacies ► The private medical sector is believed to be superior to the public services, in terms of quality.  Other special hospitals Saudi Arabia to provide 3 Mobile Hospitals for Egypt 2013  Other special hospitals The Floating Hospital “Cruise 4 Good" December 2019 Other special hospitals Disaster hospital (Covid isolation hospital) Other special hospitals Disaster camp hospital  Urgent & Rapidity of providing Emergency (now) treatment Rapid (hours or days) Semi elective (weeks) Elective (months) ► Health dimensions are emotional, intellectual, social, physical and spiritual ► Healthcare’ levels could be primary, secondary or tertiary ► Many ways are available to become a specialist ► The (inpatient-outpatient) decision depends on the needed service and the patient’s condition ► There are many available facilities to offer medical care ► Medical services are variable in term of rapidity and patient’s needs Elden NM, Rizk HI, Wahby G. Improving health system in Egypt: perspectives of physicians. Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine. 2016 Jan;34(1):45-58. Health Care Systems and Policies pp 1-18| Cite as Health System in Egypt; https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-64 19-8_7-1 Key Elements of Primary Health Care (PHC) June 11, 2016 by Maria Mona http://nursingexercise.com/primary-health-care-elements-principles/ https://www.cigna.com/individuals-families/understanding-insurance/w hat-is-inpatient-vs-outpatient-care https://www.verywellhealth.com/primary-secondary-tertiary-and-quatern ary-care-2615354 https://www.astronhealthcare.com/blog/key-ways-to-differentiate-betwee n-primary-secondary-and-tertiary-healthcare/ Assessment in medical school Dr/ Hoda Khalifa Professor of Histology and cell biology Vice dean of students’ affairs  Transfer Goal Understand the Academy College of Medicine’s assessment system.  Students’ learning outcomes At the end of this lecture the student will be able to: Discuss types of assessment Correlate assessment methods with different ILO’s  Outline What is assessment? Why? When (exam schedule)? How (types of exams)? Grading & Regulation  What is assessment? ► The process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs.  Why? For the students: ► Achieving the learning objectives ► Measuring performance ► Diagnosing students ’ problems ► Measuring improvement ► Selecting (ranking) individuals  When? Types of Exams: 1- Formative Assessment 2- Summative Assessment  Formative Summative with no summative Results evaluation results Foster focus on the development outcome &improvement Formative Assessment Assessment of efforts prior to their completion for improvement. Formative evaluation is not an end in itself.  How to do formative assessment? ► Pre-reading quiz ► The one-minute paper ► Think-pair-share ► Practical quiz ► Multiple choice question ► Problem-based learning (PBL) When? Summative Exams Continuous assessment: Represents 30% Assignment: Represents 10% Practical exam: Represents 20% Final written exams: Represents 40% At the end of each course  What do we assess? We assess students to find out if they have acquired the expected knowledge, skills, and attitudes. ?? Competencies  Competency includes: ► Knowledge and Understanding ► Intellectual Skills ► Clinical, Procedural, Practical and Technical Skills ► Professional Attitude and Behavioral Skills ► Communication Skills ► General and Transferable Skills Institutional Mission  How? Alignment with the ILO’s Course Contents Course Teaching/ SLOs Learning Methods Assessment methods Intended learning outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding Written Intellectual (Application, Problem Solving and Decision Making) Skills OSPE Practical (Clinical, Procedural & OSCE and Technical) skills Professional Ethics/Attitudes Assignment and Behavioral Skills Communication Skills Portfolio General and Transferable Skills Summative Assessment Summative Assessment Written Practical/ clinical projects& Assignment  Knowledge levels Problem solving  Objective written exams ► Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) ► Extended Matching Questions How MCQ items are constructed? Lead-in (question) Alternatives (options or choices): One correct answer, and several wrong distractors. Did you use it before?  Extended Matching Questions How it EMQ must follow Matching Questions) are a theme: (Extended constructed? Built upon a theme: 1- An option list (Generally more than 5, usually 8) 2- A lead-in statement 3- Three or four stems or clinical scenarios. 4- For each stem, the candidate should choose the most appropriate option from A–H. 5- If an option will be correct for more than one question, there must be a written instruction. Exten ded Match ing Q Lead in Scenarios or Q Integrated questions At the end of each course Is there Essay Questions? Not in the pre- clerkship phase But short answer questions will be used  In clerkship phase Modified essay questions MEQ ❖ Constructed around a patient scenario. ❖ The questions are revealed in a sequential manner ❖ Resembles real-life. ❖ Designed to test problem solving and decision making ability of students. How do professional skills be examined? 32 What is in the stations?  Stationary Station... : Dynamic Station... : Show the Ulnar Nerve Examine the provided urine in the anatomical sample for proteins specimen Check list will be prepared for dynamic stations ? Station...: Measure the ? Station...: Interpret weight of ( yourself / the effect of continuous colleague etc … stimulation on the muscle twitch curve 37 Characteristics of the OSCE ► In most stations students are observed (by one or more examiners) ► Scored as they carry out the task or interpret clinical materials (e.g. laboratory data, X-rays), write notes or answer question Exam Venue How does stations’ exchange occur?  Assessment of NMD1000 Introduction to medical profession What How When Date Marks Responsible Participation on discussion forum Share a End of the Thursday 10 nd What do you expect in Academy college comment and 2 week 12/10 of Medicine? reply to others EKB activity & Email good medical Start of the Saturday 10 2 LINKs One video and pdf on practice second week 14/10 Reflective sheet why medical Start of the Monday 15 school? second week 16/10 Questionnaire respond End of course Tuesday 24/10 10 Evaluation of the PBL participation Evaluation After this 7, 14- 17/10 10 sessions sheet course sessions  Assessment of NMD1000 Introduction to medical School What How When Date Marks Responsible 2 Written MCQ using bubble Written MCQ on Start of Saturday 14/10 20 (10 sheets bubble sheets 3rd week & each) Included lectures Saturday21/10 PPT and PDF 4th week Exam 1: L7 Assessment L8 health care system Each exam will be 10 Q at the start of the day for all L10 Terminology1 students L11 Terminology 2 Exam 2 L13- L16, L19-L22 Graduation Requirements ►To be qualified for the Bachelor Degree in Medicine and Surgery, the candidate must successfully pass : ∙ All program core-courses with a minimum CGPA 2.00. ∙ All program required elective courses. ∙ The Portfolio evaluation. ► Elective courses marks for are not counted in the graduation cumulative marks  ‫‪Honours‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧﺢ ﻣرﺗﺑﺔ اﻟﺷرف‬ ‫► ﺗﻣﻧﺢ ﻣرﺗﺑﺔ اﻟﺷرف ﻟﻠطﺎﻟب اﻟذي ﻻ ﯾﻘل ﻣﻌدﻟﮫ اﻟﺗراﻛﻣﻲ ﻋن ‪ 3.00‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺣﻘﯾق‬ ‫ﻣﺛل ھذا اﻟﻣﻌدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗل ﺧﻼل ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻓﺻول اﻟدراﺳﺔ وأن ﻻ ﯾﻛون ﺣﺻل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﻘدﯾر ‪ F‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻘرر ﺧﻼل درا ﺳﺗﮫ‬  Violations of exams regulations and academic integrity Disobeying Disrupting the discipline or quietness of the oral warning for the examination exam hall. For example: first time only, instructions - Repeated talking. then student is - Repeated showing a switched off mobile dismissed from the during the exam. exam and allocated - Repeated ringing of a mobile phone. “zero”. Refusing to Repetition of any of the offenses mentioned in The student is carry out item number (1) in any other subject during dismissed from the instructions the exam period. examination hall and the grade allocated to the subject is “F”.  Violations of exams regulations and academic integrity Cheating Using any cheating methods. For - The student fails example: the subject in - A switched-on mobile phone that question. contains course information. - The grades - An unauthorized paper slip, table, notes allocated to the or any other means or tools with course two subsequent information. subjects (or the - Exchanging answer or questions sheet two previous with a colleague during the exam. ones) should be - Exchanging tools with information about “W”. the subject with a colleague during the exam. - Failing to observe the required regulations for academic integrity.  Violations of exams regulations and academic integrity Offending the Offending the - The student fails all courses invigilator or the invigilator or the exam registered for this semester (all exam supervision supervision authority subjects “F”). authority verbally whether verbally or - The student’s registration for the or physically. physically. following semester will be suspended. The case is then forwarded to the Student Affairs Committee to determine whether the student is to continue his/her studies at the Academy or not. Impersonation of another student to sit for Final expulsion from the Academy. the exam instead of him/her.  ary mm Formative S u Marks& Time summative Assessment Knowledge MCQ,SAQ Domain Psychomotor OSPE&OSCE Assignment& Attitude Potfolio  Resources: ► Morrison J. ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: Evaluation. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2003 Feb 15;326(7385):385. ► ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN EDUCATION. Tomás de Aquino Caluyua Yambi 2018 ► Amin Z, Chong YS, Khoo HE. Practical guide to medical student assessment. World Scientific; 2006.