O Level IT Tools & Network Basics (M1-R5) notes in hindi PDF

UPCISS O-Level (M1-R5) IT Tools & Basics of Networks Video Tutorial O-Level M1-R5 Full Video Playlist Available on YouTube Channel UPCISS Free Online Computer Classes on YouTube Channel UPCISS www.youtube.com/upciss www.upcissy...

UPCISS O-Level (M1-R5) IT Tools & Basics of Networks Video Tutorial O-Level M1-R5 Full Video Playlist Available on YouTube Channel UPCISS Free Online Computer Classes on YouTube Channel UPCISS www.youtube.com/upciss www.upcissyoutube.com Copyright © 2021 UPCISS Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer ----------------------------------------------- 2 Chapter 2- Introduction to Operating System ------------------------------------55 Chapter 3- Word Processing ----------------------------------------------------------71 Chapter 4- Spreadsheet ----------------------------------------------------------------79 Chapter 5- Presentation----------------------------------------------------------------85 Chapter 6- Introduction to Internet and WWW ----------------------------------89 Chapter 7- E-mail, Social Networking and e- Governance Services -------- 119 Chapter 8-Digital Financial Tools and Applications ---------------------------- 138 Chapter 9- Overview of Futureskills and Cyber Security --------------------- 148 1 Chapter 1- Introduction to Computer Computer ,d Electronic machine gS] tks gekjs fn, x, funsZ’kksa ij dk;Z djrh gSA Computer Hardware vkSj Software ls feydj cuk gS] ;g ,d lkoZHkkSfed e’khu gSA Computer ‘kCn dh mRifÙk dEI;wV (Compute) ‘kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS x.kuk djukA Computer dks fgUnh esa lax.kd dgrs gSa] tks rst xfr ls Arithmetic and Logical operation djrk gSA Computer fofHkUu dk;ksZa dks djrk gS&  ;g Input ds :i esa Data ;k Instructions dks Accept djrk gSA  ;g Data vkSj Instructions dks Store djrk gSA  ;g Instructions ds vuqlkj Data dks Processed djrk gSA  ;g Computer ds vUnj gksus okys lHkh operations dks Control djrk gSA  ;g Output ds :i esa Result nsrk gSA Computer Terms Data Row Facts and Figure ftUgsa Processed djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA Information Meaningful Data tks Processed vkSj Organized gksrk gS] ftls ik tk ldrk gSA Instruction Command tks Computer dks crkrk gS] fd D;k djuk gSA Processing Data ij Order esa fd, x, Works dks Processing dgrs gSaA tks fd Data dks Information’s esa Convert djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA Hardware 2  Computer ds Physical Component dks Hardware dgrs gSaA Program Program ,d izdkj dk funsZ’kksa dk lewg gksrk gS] tks Computer dks Sequential ;k Non Sequential order esa crkrk gS fd mls D;k djuk gS Software Program ds lewg dks Software dgrs gSa] ftlds }kjk Computer fdlh fo’ks”k izdkj ds dk;Z dks djrk gSA Computer ds izeq[k ?kVd  Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Memory Unit  Input Device  Output Device CPU Memory Unit Control Unit Output Unit Input Unit ALU Secondary Storage Block Diagram of Computer 3  Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU dk iwjk uke Central Processing Unit gSA ;g Computer dk fnekx gksrk gSA lhih;w dk dke funsZ’kksa vFkok izksxzkeksa dks Execute djuk gksrk gSA lhih;w fuEu ;wfuV ls feydj cuk gksrk gS&  CU  ALU  General Purpose Registers (MU) 1. CU bldk iwjk uke Control Unit gSA CU iwjs dEI;wVj flLVe ds lHkh dk;ksZa dks fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g ;wfuV lhih;w dh egRoiw.kZ ;wfuV gksrh gSA 2. ALU bldk iwjk uke Arithmetic Logical Unit gSA ;g Computer dh izeq[k ;qfuV gksrh gSA blds }kjk Computer esa lHkh Arithmetic ,oa Logical dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g Processor ds vUnj gksrh gSA 3. General Purpose Registers (MU) ;g CPU dk gh ,d fgLlk gksrk gS] tks izkslsflax ds le; MsVk dks LVksj djus dk dke djrh gSA ;g Computer dh lcls Fast Memory gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;g CPU ds lcls utnhd gksrh gSA Microprocessor (CPU) 4 Classification of Computer Computer dks nks rjhds ls Classified fd;k x;k gS& 1. dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of work). 2. vkdkj ds vk/kkj ijA (On the basis of size). Type of Computer Basis on Work dk;Z djus ds vk/kkj ij Computer rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa& 1. Analog Computer 2. Digital Computer 3. Hybrid Computer 1. Analog Computer ,ukykWx dEI;wVj os Computer gksrs gSa] tks HkkSfrd ek=kvksa dks ukius dk dk;Z djrs gSaA tSls rki] nkc] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn eki dj muds ifj.kke vadksa esa O;Dr djrs gSaA ;g Computer nks ifjekiksa ds chp rqyuk Hkh dj ldrs gSaA Analog Computer dk iz;ksx foKku ,oa Engineering ds {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Computer Analog Signal ij dke djrs gSaA 2. Digital Computer ;g dEI;wVj Calculations and Logical Operations djrs gSaA Digital Computer Data ,oa Program dks 0]1esa ifjofrZr djds mudks Electronic :i esa ysrk gSA ;g dEI;wVj Digital Signal ij dke djrs gSa] vf/kdka’kr% Computer Digital Computer gh gksrs gSaA tSls& IBM PC, Apple, Macintosh, vk/kqfud Smartphone vkfnA 5  3. Hybrid Computer os dEI;wVj tks Analog ,oa Digital Computer nksuksa dk dk;Z djrs gSa] Hybrid Computer dgykrs gSaA mnkgj.k& Petrol Pump ;g Petrol vkfn dks ukirk gS vkSj mlds ewY; dh x.kuk Hkh djrk gSA Type of Computer Base on Size vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij Computer fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gSa& 1. Micro Computer 2. Mini Computer 3. Mainframe Computer 4. Super Computer 1. Micro Computer ;g Computer vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs gSaA bu Computer esa Microprocessor dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] blfy, bUgsa Micro Computer dgk tkrk gSA ;g otu esa gYds ,oa lLrs Computer gksrs 6  gSaA bu Computer dk iz;ksx ?kjksa ,oa NksVs O;olk;ksa esa fd;k tk jgk gSA bu Computers dks PC Hkh dgk tkrk gSA PC dks fuEu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS& a. Desktop Computer b. Laptop Computer c. Palmtop Computer d. Notebook Computer e. Tablet Computer  Desktop Computer MsLdVkWi dEI;wVj os Computer gksrs gSa] ftudks Table ij j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g Size esa FkksM+s cM+s gksrs gSaA blesa CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse vkfn gksrs gSaA  Laptop Computer ySiVkWi dEI;wVj os Computer gksrs gSa] ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lkbt esa cgqr NksVs gksrs gSaA ;g Desktop Computer ls eagxs Computer gksrs gSaA blesa CPU, Keyboard, Mouse ,d lkFk gksrs gSaA buesa Power ds fy, cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA 7  Palmtop Computer ;g dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ls NksVs gksrs gSa] ftudks gFksyh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa CPU, Keyboard, Mouse ,d lkFk gksrs gSaA buesa ikoj ds fy, cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk Laptop Computer ls FkksM+h de gksrh gSA  Notebook Computer uksVcqd dEI;wVj Laptop Computer ds leku gh gksrs gSa] ftudks xksnh esa j[kdj pyk;k tkrk gSA blesa CPU, Keyboard, Mouse ,d lkFk gksrs gSaA buesa ikoj ds fy, cSVjh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA  Tablet Computer ;g dEI;wVj cgqr gh NksVs Computer gksrs gSaA ;g Mobile ls FkksM+s cM+s gksrs gSaA ;g Touch Screen gksrs gSaA 8 2. Mini Computer ;g oks Computer gksrs gSa] tks dEifu;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vWkfQl esa Server Computer ds dk;Z ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA budh dk;Z {kerk Micro Computer ls vf/kd gksrh gSaA bl Computer ij ,d lkFk dbZ User Login dj ldrs gSaA budh Memory {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA budk Hardware lkekU; Computer ls cM+k gksrk gSA ;g Computer ?kjksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys Computer ugh gksrs gSaA ;g eagxs Computer gksrs gSaA bl Computer dk iz;ksx Company ds Database dks j[kus ds fy, ,oa Company ds vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA PDP-8 First Mini Computer gS] ftldk fodkl 1965 esa fd;k x;k FkkA bldk vkdkj fÝt ds cjkcj FkkA bldh dher 18000 MkWyj FkhA ftls DEC Company usa cuk;k FkkA DEC dk iwjk uke Digital Equipment Corporation gSA 3. Mainframe Computer ;g oks Computer gSa tks cM+h&cM+h dEifu;ksa ,oa ljdkjh vWkfQl esa Server Computer ds dk;Z ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA bl Computer ij ,d lkFk dbZ User Login dj ldrs gSaA 9  budh Memory {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA ;g eagxs Computer gksrs gSaA bu Computers esa Micro Computer dk iz;ksx Client ds rkSj ij fd;k tkrk gSA 4. Super Computer lqij dEI;wVj fo’ks”k izdkj ds Computer gksrs gSA budk fuekZ.k fo’ks”k dk;Z ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls rst vkSj cMs Computer gksrs gSA bu Computer esa vusd CPU ,d lekUrj Øe esa yxs jgrs gSA ftlds dkj.k budh dk;Z djus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA fo'o dk igyk Super Computer CDC 6600 gSA vkSj Hkkjr dk igyk Super Computer PARAM 8000 gSA lqij dEI;wVj ds dk;Z&  varfj{k ;k=k ds fy,A  ;q) ds fy,A  ekSle foKku dh tkudkjh Kkr djus ds fy,A  High resolution and action Movies cukus ds fy,A dEI;wVj dh fo’ks”krk,¡& 10   Speed ¼xfr½ Computer cgqr rhoz xfr ls dk;Z djrk gSA Computer ds Processor dh Speed dks gV~Zt (Hertz) esa ekik tkrk gSA  Accuracy ¼’kq)rk½ Computer vius dk;Z dks cgqr ‘kq)rk ds lkFk djrk gSA ;fn ogh dk;Z ekuo ds }kjk fd;k tk;s rks mlesa error gks ldrh gSA ysfdu ogh dk;Z Computer ds }kjk fd;k tk, rks cgqr rhozxfr ls ‘kq) dSydqys’ku djds nsxkA  Multitalented ¼lkoZHkkSfedrk½ Computer ,d Multifunctional Machine gSA ftlls nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dj ldrs gSaA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d lkoZHkkSfed e’khu gSA  Memory dEI;wVj dh ;kn j[kus dh {kerk cgqr T;knk gSA Computer dh Memory dks vko’;drk ds vuqlkj de ;k T;knk dj ldrs gSA tcfd ekuo dh Memory esa ;g fo’ks”krk ugh gSA ekuo dsoy egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks gh ;kn j[krk gSA vuko’;d ckrksa dks ;kn ugh j[krk gSA  Diligence ¼ifjJe’khyrk½ Computer fcuk Fkds dbZ fnuksa rd dk;Z djus dh {kerk j[krk gS] tksfd ekuo ds vUnj ugh gSA ;g dHkh Fkdrk ugh gS] tcfd ekuo dqN le; dk;Z djus ds ckn Fkd tkrk gS vkSj mldks vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA  Honest ¼bZekunkjh½ Computer vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ds lkFk djrk gS] tcfd ekuo vius dk;Z dks bZekunkjh ls ugh djrk gSA  User-Friendly dEI;wVj User-Friendly gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ bls pykuk ljy gksrk gSA Weakness ¼dfe;¡k½&  No IQ dEI;wVj ds vUnj lkspus le>us dh {kerk ugh gksrh gS] tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA ;gh otg gS fd Computer ekuo dk xqyke gSA 11   No Feeling dEI;wVj ds vUnj Feeling ugh gksrh gS] tksfd ekuo ds vUnj gksrh gSA History of Computer ¼dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl½ vk/kqfud Computer dks vkfLrRo esa vk, gq, eqf’dy ls 50 o”kZ gh gq, gSa] blds fodkl dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA Computer dk tks Lo:i vkt ge ns[k jgsa gSa og vpkud gh fodflr ugh gqvk] cfYd ;gk¡ gtkjksa o”kksZa dh oSKkfud [kkstsa vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds vfo”dkjksa ls laHko gqvk gSA  Abacus ¼vcsdl½ Abacus dk vfc”dkj phu esa 16oh ‘krkCnh esa Lee Kai- Chen ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA bldk iz;ksx tksM+ (Addition) ?kVkus (Subtraction) ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA Abacus  Pascal’s Calculator ¼ikLdy dk x.kuk ;a=½ Pascal’s Calculator dk vfo”dkj Ýkal (France) esa 1642 esa Blaise Pascal ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g x.kuk,a djus okyk igyk okLrfod ;a= FkkA bldk iz;ksx ,fM’ku (Addition), lCVªSD’ku (Subtraction), eYVhfIyds’ku (Multiplication) vkSj fMohtu (Division) ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA 12  Pascal’s Calculator Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine bl dk vfc”dkj fczfV’k esa 1822 esa pkYlZ cScst ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ftudks vk/kqfud Computer dk tud dgk tkrk gSA blds }kjk fofHkUu chtxf.krh; Qyuksa dk eku n’keyo ds 20 LFkkuksa rd ‘kq+ )rk iwoZd Kkr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl e’khu esa ‘kk¶V vkSj fx;j yxs gksrs Fks] rFkk ;g e’khu Hkki ls pyrh FkhA bl e’khu dk mi;ksx mu fnuksa Mkd] jsy] chek rFkk O;kolkf;d {ks=ksa esa O;kid :i ls fd;k tkrk FkkA Difference Engine Analytical Engine (1833) 13 Difference Engine dh lQyrk ls iszfjr gksdj pkYlZ cScst us ,d ,sls ;a= dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dh ftls Input, Storage, Process] vkSj Output tSls eq[; pkj Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k Fkk] ftldk izk:i vkt ds Computer ls dkQh gn rd feyrk gSA bl e’khu dh lajpuk vius vki esas laiw.kZ FkhA blesa u dsoy vad xf.krh; fØ;kvksa dks djus dh {kerk Fkh] cfYd Output dks Store djus dk fopkj Hkh blh e’khu esa igyh ckj izLrqr fd;k x;k FkkA Analytical Engine Tabulating Machine bldk vfo”dkj 1880 esa Herman Hollerith ¼gjeu gksysfjFk½ ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA blesa Information dks Punched Cards esa LVksj fd;k tkrk FkkA 1896 esa gksysfjFk us VscqysfVax e’khu daiuh dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh] ftldks 1924 esa International Business Machines (IBM) dj fn;k x;kA Mark-1 ¼ekdZ&1½ bldk vfo”dkj 1930 esa gkoMZ vkbdkWu ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fo’o dh igyh Electromechanical Calculator machine FkhA ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) bldk vfo”dkj 1946 esa J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g fo’o dk igyk bysDVªkWfud dEI;wVj FkkA 14 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) bldk vfo”dkj 1949 esa Maurice Wilkes ¼ekSfjl foYdsl½ ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA Generations of Computer Computer dk fodkl 16oha ‘krkCnh ls ‘kq: gqvk] orZeku Computer esa fiNys 50 o”kksZa ds nkSjku rsth ls cnyko vk;k gSA ftl vof/k esa Computer dk fodkl gqvk mls ik¡p pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] tks fd izeq[k rduhdh fodkl ij vk/kkfjr gSA tks ewy :i ls Computer ds dke djus ds rjhds dks cny nsrk gSA Computer ds bfrgkl dh ;g ;k=k Vacuum tube ds lkFk 1940 esa ‘kq: gqbZ Fkh] vkSj rc ls pyh vk jgh gSA orZeku esa ;g Ñf=e cqf) (Artificial Intelligence) dk iz;ksx dj rjDdh dj jgh gSA fodkl ds ifj.kke Lo:i rsth ls NksVs lLrs vkSj vf/kd ‘kfDr’kkyh dq’ky Computing dk vfo”dkj gks ik;k gSA Computer dks rduhdh (Technology) ds vk/kkj ij ik¡p ihf