Nutrition (Bractical)🍽️ PDF

Sec 1: Technical Terms Feed stuff Nutrition ⁃ Any animal or plant product and by product prepared from them that used i...

Sec 1: Technical Terms Feed stuff Nutrition ⁃ Any animal or plant product and by product prepared from them that used in diet & has nutritive value. ⁃ Chemical & physiological reactions which transform foods into tissues and activities. ⁃ It includes naturally as [Barseem , Corn ] Chemically synthesized as [ Urea , mineral , vitamins] ⁃ It involves ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrient, transport to all body cells, and the Supplement Concenterated source removal of unusable elements and waste products of metabolism. Food ⁃ Feeds that contain 20% or more of protein are considered protein supplement Ex: fish meal, soybean meal. ⁃ Product or by-product which may be synthetic or natural & has a nutritive value. ⁃ Any mineral or vitamin carriers added to the ration are normally referred to as supplements Ex: NaCl ⁃ Any edible material that provide nutrient Ration Nutrient It is a daily supply of food. ⁃ Any feed constituent or group of food constituents which have the same general The amount of food which is given to the animal in 24hr. chemical composition and have a nutritive support to the animal life may be given at once or in portions at different time. Ex: (CHO), protein, fat, mineral, vitamin or water. Maintenance ration Digestible nutrient (DN) Minimum amount of feed which maintain and keep the animal life without gain or loss ⁃ Portion of nutrient which is digested and taken into the body and not excreted in Balanced ration Giving to animals having no work & no production feces (which assumed to digest) and which is assumed to be absorbed by the animal The ration which furnishes the proper amounts nutrients (proteins, CHO, fats, mineral & vitamins) and it is expressed in DM and as % in the needed amounts which properly nourish a given animal for 24 hr ⁃ Digestible nutrients are carbohydrate, fat and protein (because they only excrete via Nutritive ratio (NR) the feces) but water, vitamin and minerals have another sources for excreta. ⁃ The ratio or proportion between the digestible crude protein (DCP) and the digestible CHO and (fats x 2.25) Digestion coefficient (DC) ⁃ Ratio bet. Nitrogenous & Non nitrageous compound This means the percentage of each nutrient which is digested in a feeding stuf or in a ration. Expresses the protein quantity of feed stuff. NR= DCP : [ DCHO+ (Dfat x 2.25) ] (Nutrient intake - Nutrient in feces) x 100 DC = Nutrient intake DN = Nutrient intake - Nutrient in feces DCP : DCHO+ (Dfat x2.25) = 1: DCHO + (Dfat x 2.25) = 1 : TDN - DCP = 1 : TDN _ 1 DCP DCP DCP DCP DCP Total digestible nutrient (TDN) Types of NR 1. Narrow NR→ (1:1 to 1:5) ex: all feedstuff rich in protein ex: fish meal or meat meal. ⁃ The sum of the digestible (protein + CHO + fat mutiplied by 2.25 ) because fat 2. Medium NR → (1:6 to 1:7) ex: Rice Bran (1:6.9) give energy value for animnal equal to 2.25 times as that protein and CHO 3. Wide NR→(1:8 and more)which have a comparatively low % of DCP (digestible protein) ex: Corn (1:10.4) TDN= DCP+ DCHO+ (DFat x 2.25) Biological value (BV) Represents the approximate energy value of the feed -The proportion of the absorbed nitrogen which is retained by the body (retained nitrogen relative to nitrogen intake) ◦ Cereal grains are rich in TDN (80%). - Proportion of absorbed nitrogen to digested nitrogen. ◦ Leguminous hay and grass hay have much smaller amounts of TDN than the grains Expresses the protein quality of feed stuff MEN= metabolic fecal nitrogen Blood meal has 80% protein but BV is 30%. N intake-(fecal N-MEN)-(UN-EUN)*100 concentrates, and straws have too low values. N intake-(fecal N-MFN) EUN= endogenous urinary ntrogen Highest BV in the egg which is 85% and fish is 80%. * Few feedstuff exceed l00% TDN Ex: Linseed (36% fat , 108.3% TDN) Food protein with either deficiency or an excess of any particular amino acids will tend to have low BV Note: Note: because of excess protein, the general amino acids catabolism resulting and animal have little ability to store * The enregy from CHO= the energy from protein amino acids in the free state so it will transfer to energy or excrete. * Energy from Fat = 2.25 x (energy from protein & CHO) Animal protein have a higher BV than plant protein ex: Gelatins have low BV because it is deficiency in several amino acids * 1gm of CHO→4. 15 kcal 1gm of fat →9.45 Kcal 1gm of protein →5.65 Kcal Soybean meal has high BV because it is rich in lysine (essential amino acid).  Sec 2: Evaluation of feed stuff Ash Ether Extract (EE) Princible Ashing of feedstuff at 550 °C / 5-6 hr Portion of the dried feed sample is boiled in ether (organic solvent) for hours. Without using animal With using animal Apparatus Mufle furnace oven Princible Since fats are soluble in Ether , ether extract is 1) Place weighted sample to dry, clean and weighted Petri dish or dried Digistability and weighted aluminium foil pans. equivalent to fat. Chemical analysis Energy Method 2) Place it in Muffle furnace at 550 °C / 5-6 hr Apparatus Soxhlet apparatus 3) Cool in muffle furnace For at least 8 hr, then in Desiccator Proximate chemical analysis 4) Weigh back, and record weight. Method - Weight dry , clean flask and put in it the Ether (organic solvent) Def : Method for the quantitative analysis of the different macronutrients in feed. - Put sample in the Thimble in soxhlet extractor - Apply heat at 16 hr → Evaporation of ether occur Sample ash weight = Pan wt + sample wt ( after ashing ) -Pan wt Sampling for proximate chemical analysis: Calculation - The ether will be condensed in the condenser & descend as drops in the extractor where the Ash weight sample is present. Representeative Ash % = X 100 Dry weight - The ether will extract the fat from the sample, then it increase to level of small tube, so retain Grinding, Chopping or Chaffing again to flask with fat, then evaporation occur again. Good mixing 1) Cost - This process contionue for 16 hr. Indication - Weight the sample after extraction, the loss of weight is the % of EE. Keep in refrigerator or ice bag 2) Nutritive value - Or take the flask and evaporate the ether and dry the in hot air oven at 105 C/3 hr, cool in desiccator and weight , the differnce between 1st and 2nd weighting will give the weight of EE. Moisture Crude Protein (CP) Evaporation of water & determination the loss of weight 1) Digestion Conversion of various nitrogenous compounds of the sample into ammonium sulfate Crude fiber Princible (by the action of con H2SO4) Weende method - Dried by Hot air oven (to remove moisture) Hot air oven 2) Distillation - Fat free by Soxhlet apparatus (to remove fat) Apparatus Concentrate : 100°C/ 8-24 hr , or 105°C/ 3 hr, or 120°C/1hr Princible Decomposition of ammonium sulfate by 50% NaOH and collection of liberated - Sample boiled in weak sulfuric acid (1.25% H2SO4) (to remove NFE) ammonia in a week Boric acid solution - The residue is boiled in a weak alkali (1.25% NaOH) (to remove protein) Forage : Gradually[ 70 °C / 24-48 hr. then 105 °C / 3 hr] 3) Titration The remaining residue is crude fiber and ash. of boric acid with indicator which contained ammonium sulfate against N/10 H2SO4 - Ashing sample in Muffle furnace. 1) Place weighted sample in (dry , clean& weighted) Petri dish or dried aluminium foil pans to determine the NO. of ammonia molecules The difference between the filtered dried sample and ash is crude fiber 2) Then place it in Hot air oven at temp and time acc to type of feedstuf Method 3) Cool in Desiccator, weight back and record weight Apparatus Kjeldahl's apparatus. Disadvantages 1) Determine only the whole crude fiber not partitioning (cellulose- lignin…) 2) The acid and base solubilize some of the true fiber (particularly 4) Repeat this process until obtain 2 constant successive constant weights succeed results. (Limitation) hemicellulose, pectin, and ignin), and some cellulose is partially lost too. 5) The loss of weight is the moisture % ① Digestion : Van Soest system Wet weight = Pan wt + sample wt (before drying) -Pan wt Boiling the dried samples in conc sulfuric acid (H2SO4) until the mixture become transparent. This will convert nitrogen to ammonium sulfate Forage Calculation Dry weight = Pan wt+ sample wt (after drying) -Pan wt Neutral detergant solution ② Distillation (decomposition) step: (Importance) Moisture content = Wet weight - Dry weight (Ammonium sulfate) is then cooled and distilled with 50% (NaOH) then hold ammonia in solution. Neutral detergant soluble Neutral detergant insoluble Method Cell contents Moisture% = Moisture content X 100 Indicator : Methyl red Cell wall + Ash Sample weight Sugar & Starch End point : (Red to Green ) Protein Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin ③ Titration step: Indication 1) Determination the cost The distillate containing the ammonium is titrated with N/10 HCL Organic acids 2) Bulk storage and keep quality 3) Dry matter basis End point : (Green to Gray ) Pectin Neutral detergant fiber (NDF) 4) Classify the feedstuff into: concentrate, forage, roughage Acid detergant sol. Acid detergant soluble (ADS) Acid detergant insoluble Calculate the NO. of ml of N/10 H2S04 Each 1 ml of N/10 H2SO = 0.0014g Ammonia(N) Cellulose & lignin Ash Nitrogen free extract (NFE) Calculation Amount of nitrogen (g)= NO. of N/10 H 2S04 X 0.0014 Hemicellulose Acid detergant fiber (ADF) K pe NFE represents the soluble carbohydrate of the feed(starch and sugar) Amount of nitrogen % = N0. of N/10 H2S04 X 0.0014 X 100 acid Or rmin Note: Protein have average 16% N so if we know the amount of nitrogen lu pho ric gana te Crude fiber represents insoluble carbohydrate. S we can multiply it by 100/16= 6.25 to estimate prote in content. Lignin & Ash Cellulose & Ash Crude protein % = % of N X 6.25 Calculation % NFE = 100 - (% EE + % CP + % ash + % CF + % moisture) NDF = Cellulose + hemicellulose + Lignin Disadvantage Cumulative error ADF = Cellulose + Lignin  Sec 3 : Digestibility ② Indirect method ④ Laboratory method Def: - Portion which is not recovered in the faeces In case of feedstuff which cannot be fed alone Can be Vivo (situ) or Vitro - Portion which has been absorbed by the animal as Concentrate → (Grain corn , Cakes & Bran) - Portion which is not excreted in the faeces Not Bulky 1) Vivo (situ): When the digestibility is expressed in % it is known as Digestibility coefficient Cause digestive disturbance(In Ruminants) Insert nylon bags which have known pore size to allow Digestibility coefficient is not calculated for Ash pass of the bacteria and allow to exit the soluble substance in Because minerals are re-excreted in the gut. Method the Rumen 24-48 hr. For example 1. In the first trial Feed the animal Roughage or forage as hay Then each bag withdraw, wash and dried to determine the If a cow ate 9 kg of hay containing 8 kg of DM and excreted 3 kg of DM in its feces 2. In the second trial hay + cotton seed cake will be fed. quantity of food DM remaining as Undigested material Digestibility of hay DM would be = (8-3)/8* 100= 62.5% In this case the DC of the nutrients in the hay will remain the same Methods of measuring digestibility:- 3. from the total nutrients voided in the faeces the portion belonging to 2) Vitro : 1.) Direct (digestibility trial) 2) Indirect the hay is subtracted. The remaining fecal nutrients are considered to - Temp : Water path → 4O°C have come from the ground cotton seed cake or the feed being tested. 3) Indicator 4) Laboratory - Rumen juice : Sample + rumen juice + rumen buffer ① Direct method : In case of the feedstuff which can be fed alone ③ Indicator method - Anaerobic condition : No O2 Animals are fed as a group individual Incubation for 24- 28 hrs As Forage & Roughage (Hay) Precaution which is used in case measurement digestibility : Lack of equipmnent add (Trypsin or Pepsin) then incubate for 24 hr More than one animal should be used Why? Impracticable to measure directly either Filteration ‫املهضوم هيعدي وغير املهضوم‬ - Individual variation [Feed intake or Feces output] filter paper ‫هيفضل علي‬ - Errors of measurment Indicator must be: N.B: - Indigestible and Unabsorbable - Non toxic The digestibility coefficient determined in vitro is generally 1-2 Selection - Male is prefered than Female percentage units lower than the coefficient measured in vitro) - In a good health - No pharmacological effect - No effect on digestion - Docil - Easy chemical determination - Pass in feces in regular manner Q1 For Females : special casseter which withdraw the urine. Principle An animal ate 20 kg of green corn contain 25% dry matter (DM) and 1.6% For Poultry : Measure it by surgically or chemically - Determine the concentration of the indicator in (Feed & Faeces) CP. The feces was 20 kg contain 10% dry matter (DM) and 0.6% CP. - The ratio between these concentration gives an digestibility. Calculate :- - Small animals → Metabolic cages, which separate feces & urine. Place of kept : - DM intake = 25*20/100= 5 kg -Large animals → Harness & collected in collection bag (Conc of indicator in feces) - (Conc of indicator in feed) - DM output= 20*10/100= 2kg x 100 - (DC) of DM = (5-2/5)* 100= 60% Digestibility % of DM= (made from rubber or a similar material) Conc of indicator/kg DM in feed - CP intake= 20*1.6/100= 0.32 kg - CP output= 20*0.6/100= 0.12 kg The food required for the trial should be mixed before handling Concentration = No. of g indicator / Kg DM in feces - DC of CP= (0.32-0.12/0.32)* 100= 62.5% Periods Q2 [Precollecting / Preparatory / Preliminary] [Expermental / Collecting] Digestibility of nutrient = An animal ate 1 kg of cotton seed cake (C.S.C) with 90% DM and 20 kg of green corn with 25% DM. The animals are fed in 10-14 7 to 10 days Concentration of indicator in feed % of nutrient in feces x The feces was 22 kg with 10% DM and the digestibility of green corn is 60%. or it may reach to 21 days - Daily Record of : Concentration of indicator in feces % of nutrient in feed Calculate :- During this period- (Residue left - Faeces voided - Feed offered) - DM intake of C.S.C= 90/100 *1 =0.9kg ‫يتعود‬ - DM intake of green corn= 25/100 *20 = 5kg - Accustom the animals to the diet - During this period Representative samples of feed Types of indicator - Total DM out put 22*10/100= 2.2 kg - Clear the tract from residue Natural→ (Lignin) - DM output of green corn =5- 3=2 kg 60*5/100= 3kg ‫اللى اتهضم‬ - Determine amount of feed intake. Synthetic (chemical) →(Chromic Oxide) - DM output of C.S.C= 2.2-2--0.2 kg - DC of C.S.C= (0.9-0.2/0.9)*100= 77.77%  Questions Sec 4 : Factors affecting Digestibility Physical treatment Q1 ① Feed composition Feed has the following composition on fresh Basis : - Heat treatment : most effective in improving digestibility Ash = 2.21% CF = 6.7% EE = 0.92% 1) Lignin : Increase lignification of cell wall → Reduce digestibility by encrustation lignin when used for inactivating enzyme inhibitors that are present in some feedstuffs CP = 4.57% NFE = 10% 2) Lipid : Excess dietary lipid → inhibit rumen Microorganism ① % DM on fresh basis Ex Raw soybean which has Anti trypsin & Anti chymotrypsin. 3) High silica content (rice straw) : Reduce digestibility % of DM = % of ( Ash + CF + EE + CP + NFE ) Chemical treatment = ( 2.21 + 6.7 + 0.92 + 4.57 + 10 ) = 24.4 4) Protein and Cobalt : increase digestion because protein increase the NaoH or KoH (2%) → Improve the digestibility from 40% to 60% 90% Dm ② % CF on air dry basis 10% ‫هم‬ ‫م‬ growth and reproduction of bacteria and Cobalt require for vitamin B12 Water (Break the connection between lignin and cellulose) CF → DM 6.7 → 24.4So % CF = 90X 6.7 = 24.7 NH40H → Increase the digestibility from 40% to 70% ? → 90 24.4 ② Ration composition ‫م‬ (Ammonium increase the protein from 3% to 9%) ③ % CF of oven dry basis 100 % Dm ‫مه‬ 0 % Water Roughage as Hay has DM digestibility 60% ④ Enzyme supplementation CF → DM Concentrate as Corn or Cotton seed cake has DM digestibility 80% 6.7 → 24.4 So % CF = 100X 6.7 = 27.4 Non ruminants are ill-equipped to break down to many constituents of feed ? → 100 24.4 The expected value of digestibility is 70% 1) B- glucanas to barely in diets for poultry. Q2 A stear consume 20 kg of feed daily and excrete 40 kg of Feces * Negative associative effect If it escapes from digestion → Gel excreta "sticky dropping" ① % DM in the Feed Ash Feed 8% Feces 1.33 % (the digestibility of less than expected) because concentrate has fermentable 8 + 28.6 + 1.9+ 36.7 + 15.3 = 90.5 28.6 % The break down of B- glucans → improve feed digestibility CF EE 1.9 % 9.91 % 0.1 % CHO (Starch) and give VFA which depress the rumen PH to 5 or less ② % water in Feces NFE 36.7 % 6.2 % 2) Phytase enzyme in diets for Non-ruminants 100 - ( 1.33 +9.91 + 0.1 + 6.2 +2 )= 80. 46 CP 15.3 % 2% The less PH inhibit cellulolytic MO and fiber digestibility is depressed - Digestibility of phytic acid ③ % DC of DM in feed DM intake= (90.5 X 20 ) = 18.1 N.B DM in feces = (19.54 X 40) = 7.82 - Reducing the need for supplementary phosphorus The depression can be prevented by addition of buffering agent such as % DC = DM intake - DM in feces X100 = 18.1 - 7.82 X100 Na bicarbonate → So this is bad indication in indirect method. ⑤ Animal factors DM intake 18.1 1) Species 10.82 X100 = 56. 8 % ③ Preparation of feeds Low fibrous feeds are equally digested by ruminants and non- ruminant = 18.1 Intake Feces Digestable nutrient Chemical More fibrous feeds are better digested by ruminants. ④ TDN CP 15.3100X 20 = 3. 06 2x40 Mechanical Physical 2) Age = DCP+ DCHO+ (DFat x 2.25) 100 = 0.8 3. 06 - 0.8 = 2.26 -Choppin -Chaffing (NaoH, KoH, NH40H) 2.26 +6.68 + (0.34 X 2.25) CF 5.72 3.9 1.82 CHO = Cooking In non ruminants : has little effect NFE 7.34 2.48 4.86 6.68 -Crushing -Grinding = 9.7 EE 0.34 Mechanical Treatment In ruminants : well developed ruminant digest better than young 0.38 0.04 3) Individual variation 4) Rumen environment ⑤ DC of NFE 7.34 - 2.48 Cereal grains Roughage = = 0.66 pH: 6-7 Temp : 40°C 7.34 Cattle → Crushing Chaffing or Chopping → has little direct effect Continous influx & Outflux on the digestibility ⑥ DC of CF = 3.06 - 0.8 = 0.74 (Obtain max digestibility because intact one pass rapidly and is not digested because the inter May reduce it indirectly by preventing the selection ⑥ Level of feeding 3.06 surface is not exposed to MO Has no waste or residue Increase in quantity of food → faster rate of passage of digesta. ⑦ % of organic matter (OM)=82.5 organic ‫ عشان هو مش‬Ash ‫هنجمع كله ماعدا‬ Sheep → Intact Wafering → Blocks of roughage So little effect The food is exposed to the action of digestive enzyme for shorter period and there may be a ⑧ % NR & The type (Obtain max digestibility because sheep can Fine grinding → Reduce digestion because ground reduction in its digestibility chew and make it crush roughage pass through the rumen faster than long 1 : DCHO + (Dfat x 2.25) = 1 : 6.68 + ( 0.34 x 2.25) Poultry → Grinded * As in Ruminants the food pass rapidly so is not present in rumen 48-72 hr for digestion. DCP 2.26 or chopped materials = 1: 3.29 Between ( 1:1 ) and (1:5) so it is Narrow NR  Sec 5 : Energy ② Digestible energy (DE) 4) Manner Def : Capacity to do work Apparant DE = GE - Fecal Energy Grinding & Pelleting of roughage lead to ⁃ The topic of energy and its metabolism is known as Bioenergetics Increase fecal losses So decrease ME ⁃ Energy is quantitatively True DE = GE - Fecal Energy (From feed origin) Offset by a reduction in methane production ⁃ The only source of energy is provided by the chemical energy stored in the feed. Fecal Energy from Units of energy 5) Increase level of feed ①Calorie : Feed Body Theory Amount of heat required to raise temp of 1gm of water one 1°C Digestive Abraded Bacterial To prevent production of methane in Rumen and avoid lose of GE ② Kilocalorie : fluids cells cells Amount of heat required to raise temp of 1 kg of water 1°C ③ Metabolizable energy (ME) Chloroform Monensin ③ Therm = 1000 cal ME = DE - ( Energy lost in Urine) → Non ruminants (Antimicrobial drugs) (suppress methanogenc bacteria) ④ Megacalorie (Mcal) = 1000 KCal ME = DE - ( Energy lost in Urine + methane gas) → Ruminants not favorable because it is toxic Demand for energy Production ME = GE - Energy lost in [Urine + Feces + Methane (Ruminant)] Heat increment (HI) ‫الضريبة التي يدفعها الحيوان حتي يستفيد من الطاقة‬ Maintanance 1) Chemical work Excess energy Tax → heat after ingestion Young → Growing The energy of urine result from the excretion of incompletey oxidized Active transport - Nitrogenous products {Urea, Uric acid, Hippuric acid, Creatinine} Expressed in (movement of the substances against gradients) Adult → Fat Absolute terms (Kcal/g feed dry matter) ‫رقم صحيح‬ - Non-nitrogenous compounds {Glucuronates & Citric acid} 2) Mechanical work Lactating À → Milk Relatively (Proportion ) ‫نسبة‬ Muscular Activity Methane not oxidized in rumen because its Anaerobic (loss of 02) Causes Sheep → Wool 3) Synthesis of expand material : Enzymes Poultry → Egg Methane 7-9% of GE or 11-13% of DE → Maintenance level Metabolism ⁃ Need energy : Fermintation ⁃ Hormones Working À → Muscular activity 6-7% of GE → Higher level 1) Act of feeding ⁃ Specific Protein ‫عند حرمان الحيوان‬ 2) Metabolism of nutrients Need 5-10% GE In Deprived À →Body reserves : Factor affecting the ME values : Glucose → ATP 1- Glycogen in liver 2- Fat 1) Digestability and its factors … ‫نذكرهم كلهم من السكشن املاضي‬ 44% → Body 56% → HI 3- Protein (Lethal degree) 2) Animal Species 3) Synthesis of body constituents Supply for energy ‫كيف تتوزع داخل الجسم ؟‬ Ex Protein from (aa) 2.5MJ Fowl : 16.2 MJ In (Non ruminant ) > Ruminant ① Gross Energy (GE) Protein metabolism is estimated about Quantity of heat resulting from complete oxidation of unit weight of feed in pure O2 Pig : 16.9 MJ because ruminant has loss of energy in methane gas 10% of heat production Measured By : Bomb Calorimeter Cattle : 14 MJ 4) Ion pumping → Active Transport 1) Inner water jacket 2) outer water jacket 3) Whether the (aa) retained by the Animal for 3) Stirrer 4) Bomb 10% of Body Heat or Deaminated and Excreted 5) Crucible → sample 6) Electric heat wire Net energy NE = ME - HI 7) Thermometre 8) 02 inlet Urea (mammals) → 23 KJ/g N2 Disadvantage of (GE) Unic acid (poultry) → 28 KJ/g N2 NE Most common feed contain 4.4 Mcal/kg DM or 18.5 kj acc to protein quality e.g Poor quality feed as Wheat straw has the same gross energy of high digestible feed High quality → retained → increase energy ME as Corn so it is of little practical value in evaluation Low quality → excreted → decrease energy DE HI It is an inaccurate estimate of the energy ; because it fails to take into account the losses of energy occurring during digestion and metabolism. GE Loss in urine & gas (ruminant) The first loss to be considered is that of the energy contained in the faeces Loss in feces  Classification of feedstuff Acc to moisture content Forage Moisture: 85% Concentrate Moisture: ↓15 % CF: ↑18% Roughage Moisture: 15 % CF: ↑18% CF: ↓ 18% Nitrogenous → Protein supplement Carbonaceous Barseem ↑ChO,↑ TDN (energy) , ↓ CP ↑ CP (↑ 20%) High quality Low quality Plant Animal Marine NPNC Cereal grains Hay Straw Leguimous Meat meal Urea Oil bearing seed Bone meal Fish meal Biuret Fava Beans SBM Feather meal CSM Blood meal Milk LSM Moisture Dry matter (DM) ‫هم‬ ‫م‬ Organic matter (OM) Inorganic matter Ash (Mineral) Protein Fat CHO Vitamin Soluble Insoluble Nitrogen free extract (NFE) Crode fiber (CF) Cellulose Sugar Hemicellulose Starch Lignin Sec 6 : Carbonaceous Concentrate Forms in which corn is feed Feeding of live stock Wet Brewer's grains Cereal grains - Intact → Sheep - Should be ground or crushed Watery nature so fed near the Brewery General nutritional characters ‫م‬: ‫مه‬ - Crush → Cattle 4 lb of wet grains = 1 lb dried grain. High in Energy (TDN) High in CHO Starch (80 - 90%) - Old À → can be boiled or socked. - Ground → Poutry - Barley is Fed to dairy cows at the amount of 20-30 lb/head Low in CP (8-12%) - Corn & Cob meal→ Ruminants High palatable for Ruminants & horses Fed after milking to avoid tainting of mik Of low quality due to def. in essential (aa) High Palatabelity (Animals being fed for high production) (to increase fiber to prevent doughy mass) Low palatable for Monogastrics Not be stored in the stable low in Ca & P ( present in form of phytate (phytic acid) Judgment of corn - Barley should be fed in combination with other grains which low availability for monogastric animals) but ruminants 1) Moisture (11 - 12 %) because of rough and abrasive hull-awn portion making Dried Brewer's grains: can utilize it due to presence of phytase enzyme. 2) Good colour and odour grain unpalatable and awn wound the mouth and cause 27.6% protein 6.5% fat 14.3% fiber 40.9% NEE Vitamens : Wheat bran high in P(1.29%) Not palatable so should be mixed with a better liked feed. - Fair of vit E 3) Free from foreign bodies & Weevils painful mastication. own : ‫شوك‬ 4) Dirt not exceed 1% Brewer's should be quite fresh as they rapidly get sour. - Rich in thiamin - Niacin (B3)& Riboflavin (B2) 5) To reserve corn 1 kg of salt / 100 kg of corn Judgment As bulky as wheat bran Low in :- Bright, Clean & yellow color without awns. Fed to ruminants, and produce good results when forming not over - vit A & D except. yellow corn High in A precursor Corn by product 1/3 of a conc which consists mostly of well-liked feeds. Dry , free from odor , any foreign bodies & weevils ① Corn grain - Dry milling → Flour and Bran ‫ردة‬ ‫انقعه‬ Dirts not more than 1 % Maltsprouts - Wet miling → Soaking for 16 hrs Bitter & unpalatable Yellow corn (Yellow endosperm) White corn (white endosperm) Not excessivly wrinkled ↓ Light brown in colour, have aromatic odour - Carotene : precursor of vit. A - No carotene so Germination ‫ينبت‬ (this is because of harvesting before maturation) -Xanthophyl pigment. No vit. A value It is fed mainly for dairy cows. Corn Germ Barley by product It swells in the stomach thus large quantities should not - On storage for 2 or more 1) Bran 1) oil years, the vit. A decrease without 2) Starch 2) Corn germ meal be given by unless the amount given in one meal is small. change in colour 3) Corn gluten meal CP : 18% Barley Soaked for hours before feeding. CP : 60- 70% + Bran CF : 10% Soaking in water Nutritional value One of the best feeds for all classes of stock Corn gluten feed Germination Brewer's yeast The high content of total digestible nutrient is due to : CP : 22-29% 1) Rich in NFE CF : 10% Used for ruminants and poultry 2) High in fat ② Barley ‫الشعير‬ Germ ( Malt sprouts ) Rich in protein (45 % CP) 3) Low in fiber & highly digestible Squeezing A substantial amount is used in brewing industry in the High in : B T L ‫ بطل‬: ‫تحشيشة‬ On chewing the kernels breaks into nutty particles which are more palatable form of malt, most of it is used in animal feeding NR : 1:10. 4 (Wide) Nutritional value B-complex vit Tryptophan Lysine CP : 8-10%→ low CF : 2.2%→ low Wort Brewer's wet grain NR : 1: 8 EE : 2% → Corn ‫أقل من‬ + Note: NFE : 69.2% →high TDN : 83%→high EE : 4.4%→high CP : 11-13% → Corn ‫أعلى من‬ CF : 5-7% → Corn ‫أعلى من‬ Yeast Drying P : 0.26% Ca : 0.02% Fermintation ⁃ Brewer's grain → 1/3 conc NFE : 75.7% → Corn ‫أعلى من‬ TDN : 70% Brewer's dried grain Moisture : 13% Ash : 1.4% ⁃ Have protein called P : 0.5 - 0.37% Ca : 0.2- 0.8% Brewer's yeast - Rich in starch, corn (Rumen inert protein ) - Low in protein (Poor quality) Less TDN than corn High fiber - Low in [tryptophan and lysine] Beta-glucans : - Low in Ca having about 0.02 % CO2 Alcohol - Rum & Horse → Palatable - Less P than other common grains (0.26 %) - Both yellow and white corn lack vit. D - Mono gastric →Unpalataple - Rich in thiamin It has an average 12.7% of protein of low quality ③ Wheat Bran ④ Sorghum one of the most important feed? Nutritional value High palatable CP : 10-12% EE : 3.2% CF : 2.7% Bulky (twice as bulky as barely) NFE : 70% Ca : 0.07% P : 0.29% Mild laxative effect Feeding of livestock (Swelling & water holding capacities It is like corn but small size ( Prevent constipation during gestation and lactation) Wheat itself is not usually fed to farm animals, Require processing because sorghum is extremely dense, hard , resist to water the wheat bran is the most important by-product penetration & digestion Nutritional value CP : 15 % EE : 4.2 % CF : 12 % Coat is very thick → Irritation of the GIT → Diarrhea. TDN : 67 % Ca : 0.13 % P : 1.29% In case of poultry if used instead of yellow corn vit A must be added Feeding of livestock Not more than 3 lbs should be used Types Wet Bran mash : If a large quantity is eaten → - Gastric tympany More palatable to animal than dry feed. - Rupture of the stomach Sweat corn Broom corn Ingredients: Has substance called Tannin Raised for the heads, or brushes - 2 to 3 lbs of bran + one table spoonful of salt - Boiling water to moisten it (but not to make a soap) - Reduction of protein availability Must not given while still immature - Well covered over and left to stand until cooling enough to eat. (It complex with protein) (Poisoning may occur) from Hydrocyanic acid (toxic) Feeding of animal - Reduces the digestibility Used for fattening steers : In dairy cattle forming 1/4 to 1/3 the conc. (Reacts with enzymes) - The max amount between 2-4 kg Cow eat it before and after parturition due to its laxative effect to prevent uterine prolapse - Reduces palatability - Starting with 1 kg Breeding ewe : Excellent as it is laxative and fairly rich in P (Bitter in taste) - Increasing by 0.5 kg every 2weeks Horses & Rabbits : Most suitable because of low energy content, bulky, & laxative proporties Poultry ⑤ Rice & its by product - Laying hens → 5-15 % Hull Rice polich Rice meal ‫القشرة‬ Bran (Brewer’s rice) - Broiler chickens → 5-8 % Hard hulls → ginding CP : 12.5% - Rich in thiamin Small pieces of broken kernels that are Judgment Cf : 12% - High in niacini removed from the whole kernels in the milling P : 1.36% →Low quality It is less palatable so it should be mixed with Pleasant odor Low N.V ? - Low in riboflavin other grains. Fat : 13.5% →Rancidity Yellowish golden color Sharp edge - CP & Fat as Bran Ca : 0.08% Free from dust, dirts, foreign bodies & weevils (Irritate the GIT of animals) - TDN as Corn Low in TDN (woody nature) NFE : 39.4% ‫الكشف عنه مغشوش ام ال‬ High content of silica May be {Adulterated} with sand or saw dust - It is good palatable when fresh, but it turns rancid when No digestible protein stored because of its relatively high content of unsaturated fats. Put sample of the bran in pot filled with water for 10 minutes, if directly sink to bottom so it is - Causes soft butter adulterated by sand. Sec 7 : Protein supplement of plant origin Oil bearing seed meals or cake ① Soybean meal (SBM) Leguminous seed Def : The residues remaining after removal oil from oilseeds Nutritional value Cp → 20% - 30% Examples of oilseed cake: Highly Favored Feed ? 1)SBM 2)CSM 3)LSM High in DM CHO → 50-70% Processing (methods to remove oil) : Palatable Excellent performance Fiber → 8%. 1) Hydraulic process Highly digestible High Energy value Mineral → 3 % ( Rich in Phosphorus). - Seeds crushed , dried & cooked EE → not more than cereal grains. -Exposure to temp to inactivate anti-nutritional factors which Nutritional value Vitamins → low in vitamin A , D ٣ ‫ عالي في‬، ٢ ‫قليل في‬ present in oil CP : 44-48% (low in methionine, cystine, and high in lysine). → Rich in B1, B2 and Niacin (B3) - If excessive levels of heat (Browning reaction)(Millard) which result in formation of Linkages bet glucose and some CF : 4 %. TDN : 77% (high energy) Ex: Horse beans (Fava beans) CP : 20- 25 % (Low in Methionine & Tryptophan) (aa) which can‘t be hydrolyzed completely in the intestinal tract. EE : 1-5% (acc to method of extraction) CF : 5 % (highly digestible) Oil remain → 5% Ca : 0.29% P : 0.66% NFE : 29-30% P : 0.54 % Ca : 0.13 % EE : 1.5-2% 2) Screw press (Expeller) Whole soybeans contain 15-21 % oil, which is removed by solvent extraction Have →{ Constipating effect } -Seed crushed, dried & cooked Poor in starch → Insufficient for work - Pressure in a screw press. Raw soybeans → lower nutritional value than heated treated Useful only as a protein supplement Oil remain → 2-4 % Chicks : Greater depression on a ration with raw soybeans for 1st (8-12 weeks) Feeding to livestock 3) Solvent method Sheep & Swine & Calves : affected by inhibitors in raw beans. Calf → 15 % of Conc. Dairy cattle → 15-20 % of Conc. Extracted with solvent Hexane in (Extracting Tower). Hens : Fertile eggs have blood spots in the yolk Horse → 5 Lb /day When low temp are used, meal will be heated or Toasted Inhibitory factors Antinutritional factors ◦ Legume hulls : Ca > P after the solvent is removed. Oil remain → less than 1 % Protease inhibitors (Antitrypsin, Antichymotrypsin) : ◦ Dehull seeds : P > Ca Reduction in protein digestibility & loss of enzyme protein (Ca is removed from legume seed prepared for Nutritional value : Lectins : Cause damage to the brush border of the intestine human consunption and large amount of P remains) ① CP : 40 % or more High % of N is present as true protein (90%) highly digestible & good BV Genistein : Has Oestrogenic properties which cause abnormal estrus cycle. Fresh beans should be given with care to livestock? Contain more moisture & easily Fermented leading to Tympany and Colic Low in Cystine , Methionine , lysine (‫ )سمايل‬CML ‫كلمة‬: ‫تحشيشة‬ Goitrogenic : Long term use at high level may result in Goiter Judgments Except soybean meal which high in lysine Not Wrinkled Particularly if iodine content of the ration low. ② Energy : Acc to methods of extracting. Not Smell or Moulds& Weevils Saponins :Cause agglutination of RBCs in the laboratories. Crushed before storing ③ Minerals : Low in Ca, high in P but Unavailable ‫مواد تمنع الحيوان من االستفادة‬ (half or more present as phytate P). Phytic acid : Reduce Ca, P, and Zn absorption. Antinutritional factors (Favism) feed stuff‫بهذا ال‬ Def : Hemolysis of RBCs that cause Anemia ④ CF : 5-20 % → Hulls easily digested Feeding to live stock Cause : Except CSC due to increase lignin. Poultry : 20-30 % of SBM as excellent protein supplementation Genetically low activity of Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase in RBCs ⑤ Nitrogen free extract(NFE) : 20-50 % & mostty Pentosane Laying hens : produce eggs of low hatchability and susceptible to hemorrhage (def. of vit K) (Involved in the detoxificat ion of the toxic glycosides in fava beans) ⑥ Vitamins : Low to moderate in B-complex vitamins Beef & Dairy : 10-20 % Low in vit E and Carotene  ② Cottonseed meal (CSM) ③ Linseed or flaxseed meal (LSM) Thick coat or hull Rich in CF & low digestibility It has 36 % oil (fat ) so TDN may reach more than 100 % (108 %) ‫ازالة القشرة‬ Used to:- 1) Sick animal Decortication:- Lower the CF content and has important effect in Improving the apparent digestibility. 2) Delicate ani