Feed Formulation PDF

FEED Chapter 07 FORMULATION The future of animal nutrition FEED FORMULATION Is a process by which different feed ingredients are proportionally combined to give the animals the proper amount of nutrients they need.  FACTORS TO CONSIDER Feeding standard - the amount of nutrients that should be...

FEED Chapter 07 FORMULATION The future of animal nutrition FEED FORMULATION Is a process by which different feed ingredients are proportionally combined to give the animals the proper amount of nutrients they need.  FACTORS TO CONSIDER Feeding standard - the amount of nutrients that should be provided in rations for farm animals to obtain their desired performance. Ration formulation - the ration should be inexpensive, but not to extent of sacrificing the quality in a good ration. Different energy feeds & protein feeds Availability of feedstuff Palatability and toxic substances in the feed ingredients STEPS TO FOLLOW Prepare the listing of the requirements 1 of the nutrients to be considered Be acquainted with the nutrient analysis of the feed ingredients to be used (Tables 2 16-17) Be acquainted with the limitation of use of some feeds (Table 18) 3 Check ration for each nutrient content 4 1 Dry Matter (DM) Protein Energy Minerals Vitamins COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FEEDSTUFF 1. Banana Meal 15. Fish Meal 29. Soybean Oil Meal 2.Barley 16. Full Fat Soybean Meal 30.Spent Grains 3.Blood Meal 17. Hominy Feed 31. Tallow 4.Brown Sugar 18. Hydrolyzed Feather Meal 32. Wheat Grain 5.Canola Meal 19. Ipil-Ipil Leaf Meal 33. Wheat Pollard 6.Cassava Meal 20. Meat and Bone Meal 7.Copra Meal 21. Molasses 8.Corn 22. Oils 9.Corn Bran 23. Peanut Oil Meal 10.Corn Germ Meal 24. Rapeseed Meal 11.Corn Gluten Feed 25. Rice Bran 12.Corn Gluten Meal 26. Rough Rice 13.Corn Grit 27. Shrimp Meal 14.Dried Whey 28. Sorghum FEED SUPPLEMENTS 1. Synthetic Amino Acids 2.Mineral Supplements 3.Calcium phosphates 4.Limestone 5.Oyster shell 6.Sodium chloride 7.Steamed bone meal 8.Trace Mineral Supplements 9.Vitamin Supplements 10.Fat soluble vitamins (vit. A, D, E, & K) 11.Water soluble vitamins VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION Modified Pearson Square A. Non-Ruminants Modified Pearson Square. Method of feed formulation that can balance only one nutrient at a time. Example 1. A concentrate mixture of feed containing 16% crude protein Step 1. Place the percent protein desired in combination of two ingredients in the center of a square and the percent protein of each ingredient at the left corners. Step 2. Subtract diagonally across the square, the smaller number from the larger without regard to the sign. Step 3. The parts of each ingredient can be expressed as a percentage of the total and these can be applied to any quantity. 31.0 parts corn x 100 = 79.49% corn 39.0 total parts 8.0 parts SBM x 100 = 20.51% SBM 39.0 total parts 79.49% x 100kg = 79.48kg corn 20.51% x 100kg = 20.51kg SBM Step 4. Check 79.49kg corn x 8.0% CP = 6.36kg CP 20.51% SBM x 47.0% CP = 9.64kg CP 100kg ration 16.00 CP Precautions in using the Pearson Square It can only be used for two feed ingredients of similar energy value either or both of these can be mixtures. The number in the center of the square must be intermediate to the two numbers at the left corner. Always check this because the Pearson Square will give an incorrect answer if the number in the center is not intermediate to the other two. Example 2. A 100kg ration having 16% and containing 10% fixed ingredients Step 1. Determine the percentage of protein to be used in the center of the square. The non-fixed portion (corn-SBM combination) is 900 kg (1000 kg x 90%) and will have to supply all the protein (1000 x 16% = 160 kg protein) To do this, it is first necessary to calculate what percent protein will be needed in the corn-SBM combination to provide 160 kg of protein per 900 kg as follows: 160x100=17.8%CP 900 Step 2. This figure (17.8% CP) is then used in conjunction with the Pearson Square as follows: 900kg x 74.87% = 673.83kg corn 900kg x 25.13% = 226.17% SBM Step 3. Check 673.83kg corn x 8.0% 5.91kg protein 226.17kg SBM x 47.0% 106.30kg protein 100.0kg fixed x 0% = 0.00kg protein 1000kg ration 160.21kg protein Trial and Error Methods The steps in the trial and error method are summarized as follows: Refer to feeding standards and list down the nutrient requirements. Select suitable feed combinations that could supply the nutrient requirements. Set down an arbitrary value, considering acceptable levels of the various feed ingredients used and making sure that the total is 1000 for easy computation. Compute for the total nutrients contributed by each of the ingredients, using the feed composition table. This is done by multiplying the amount of feed ingredient by the amount of nutrient present in one kilogram of the same feed. Example 1 Broiler fínisher ration using ground yellow corn, soybean meal, fish meal, first class rice bran, ipil-ipil leaf meal, molasses, limestone and vitamin-mineral premix. Step 1. List down the nutrient requirements of broiler finisher. Step 2. List down the nutrient composition of ingredients to be used: Step 3. Make your own proportions on the different ingredients and calculate first for the ME and CP contents of the ration summing up the product of each of the ingredients. Step 4. Calculate the calcium and phosphorus levels. If calcium is deficient and phosphorus is sufficient, add limestone or oyster shell to meet the requirement. If phosphorus is deficient add tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate or bonemeal. VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION Algebraic Methods VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION Linear Programming The amount of nutrients and other consideration are then expressed mathematically. Linear programming is used to find the combination of feedstuffs that could meet the nutrient requirements at the lowest cost. This is called the least-cost feed formulation and it is least- cost only for the specification given. In the Philippines, there are various feed formulation software available. Among the popular ones are Brill, Format, Mix-It and Optima. VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION Modified Pearson Square B. Ruminants 1. Beef Cattle Ration Example 1. Ration for a 200 kg steer gaining 0.75 kg LW/day. Step 1. Write down the nutrient requirements Step 2. List down the available feeds Step 3. Calculate if napier alone satisfies the TDN 5.4kg DM/day x 55.0% TDN = 2.97kg TDN 100 Since the amount of TDN from napier is less than the requirement, a concentrate could replace part of the napier as an energy source. Assuming rice bran is available and cheap, the proportions of napier and rice bran are calculated as follows: This roughage: concentrate ratio (83:17) supplies the following nutrients: 83% napier x 5.4kg DM/day = 4.5kg DM from napier 17% rice bran x 5.4kg DM/day = 0.9kg DM from rice bean 5.4kg DM The balance in CP of 56g/day can be satisfied by replacing part of rice bran with ipil-ipil leaf meal. The combination of rice bran and ipil-ipil leaf meal should supply 21.6% calculated as follows: 622g CP required 422g CP from napier grass 194g CP to come from rice bran and ipil-ipil meal 194g CP/1000g/kg x 100 = 21.6% CP 0.9kg DM 0.9kg DM x 0.30 = 0.3kg DM from rice bran 0.9kg DM x 0.70 = 0.6kg DM from Ipil-Ipil leaf meal As feeding basis, the animal should receive the following feeds per day: Napier = 4.5kg DM =20.5kg 22% DM Rice bran = 0.3kg DM =0.34kg 88% DM Ipil-Ipil leaf meal = 0.6kg DM = 0.66kg 90% DM Salt/Bone meal = free choice VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION Modified Pearson Square B. Ruminants 2. Dairy Cattle Ration As follows is the ration for a mature cow weighing 450kg and producing 8kg milk with 3.5% butter fat. The roughage available is napier grass fed free choice in chopped form approximately 45-55 days maturity. Step 4. Determine the amount of concentrate needed. Divide the required TDN by 70% as estimated energy of the concentrate: 2.57/ (70%/100) = 3.67 kg Step 5. Determine the required CP in the ration. Divide required CP from S3 by the amount of concentrate from S4. (610/1000/kg) / 3.67 kg x 100 = 16.62% or 17% CP Step 6. Determine % Ca needed. Divided required Ca from S3 by the amount of concentrate from S4: (14.5 g/1000/kg) / 3.67 kg x 100 = 0.39 % Ca Step 7. Determine % P needed. Divide required P from S3 by the amount of concentrate from S4: (7.6/1000g/kg) / 3.67 kg x 100 = 0.21% P Step 8. Based from the analysis of forage (cited in Table 17) and locally available ingredients (Table 16) formulate the desired ration. Start by having a fixed amount of the following salt at 1%, urea at 1% as cheap source of CP, molasses at 5% for palatability, and 1% limestone to balance the high level of P of the major ingredients. Copra meal and corn can be used as major ingredients to meet 17% CP. To work with 92kg and 14.04% difference, use the Square Method. To determine the amount of copra meal and yellow corn in the total ration and at the same time meeting the requirement of 17% CP. Divide 14.04% by 92%; 14.04% = 15% 92% VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN FEED FORMULATION Modified Pearson Square B. Ruminants 3. Feeding Specifications for Buffalo a. Energy Maintenance. Energy requirement is 125 kcal/kg BW8/4 for growing and adult nonproducing animals, which is slightly higher than cattle, 100-122 kcal/kg BW3/4 Growth. The value of 10 kcal/kg gain is suggested for 100,150,200, and 250 kg calves;11 kcal/g gain for 300 kg calves,12 kcal/g gain for 350 kg calves, etc. Pregnancy. The value of 10 kcal/kg of body weight change is added to the maintenance requirement of 125 kcal/kg BW3/4. Lactation. The ME requirement per 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) is 1.23-1.25 Mcal, slightly higher than the cattle due to higher fat content of buffalo milk. Work. The value of 2.4 kcal ME/kg BW per hour is added to the requirement of 125 kcal/kg BW3/4. b. Protein An average digestible protein of 2.54 g/kg BWs/4per day which is 11% below the 2.86 g/kg BW3/4 per day for cattle indicates that buffaloes are more efficient in utilizing protein for body maintenance. c. Mineral A good mineral mixture or true mineral will provide adequate amounts of minerals to the dietary requirements of buffaloes. Urea Feeding for Ruminants Fertilizer grade urea (45% N) is toxic. It should be fed in the form which will restrict intake at safe levels. This may be done by dilution with water-molasses solution or by mixing unpalatable substance like salt. For efficient utilization of urea as non-protein nitrogen source, adequate amount of energy and sulfur should be made available to the animal. Furthermore, regular and continuous intake of urea is more efficient than irregular urea supplementation. Practical Feeding Guide for Ruminants The quality of roughage in terms of CP and energy level are of primary importance in feeding and nutrition of ruminants. Generally, the quantity and quality of concentrate supplementation should be based on the quality of basal feeds. Feeding Substitution In feed substitution, identifying an ingredient whether it is a protein or an energy source is necessary. There is no feed ingredient that can substitute 100% with another feed ingredient. Most of the time, deficiency or excess in either energy, amino acid and minerals occur in substitution. In substitution, the limitations of the ingredient and the maximum level it can be incorporated in the ration should be noted. Preparation of Vitamin Mineral Premixes A premix is a uniform mixture of ingredients and a carrier used in the introduction of micronutrients into a larger mixture. The micronutrients commonly included in premixes are the following: A. Vitamins 1. Vitamin A 8. Niacin (Vit. B) 2. Vitamin D 9. Pyridoxine (Vit. B) 3. Vitamin E 10. Folic acid (Vit. B) 4. Vitamin K 11. Biotin (Vit. H) 5. Thiamine (Vit. B) 12. Choline 6. Riboflavin (Vit. B) 13. Cyanocobalamine (Vit. B) 7. Panthothenic Acid (Vit. B) NOTE: All the vitamins should be stored at dehumidified room or at an air-conditioned room to maintain their potency or minimize deterioration. B. Trace Minerals The trace minerals are used in the form of soluble salts and the purity of these trace mineral salts is expressed in percent. The trace elements include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, iodine, selenium and molybdenum. Fortify the premix with antioxidant like butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or santoquin. The specifications or directions in the use of the specific anti-oxidant are indicated in the product.  In preparing premixes, accuracy in weighing microingredients and addition of microingredients in proper sequence should be carefully looked into. For efficient mixing, a 100-kg capacity horizontal-ribbon type micromixer should be used. If mixed feeds to be produced daily is s less than a ton, it is recommended to use commercially available premix considering the cost of each vitamin and mineral source. Appropriate carrier should be of the same density as the active substance. Finely ground rice hull is the common carrier in the premix. Guides to formulation of vitamin and mineral premixes are presented in Tables 22 and 23.  Q&A Open floor for questions and discussion