Nursing Leadership - Finals PDF

Nursing Leadership - Finals Continuing Professional Development to higher job responsibilities, making a career change within the same Philippine Qualification Framework (PQF) organ...

Nursing Leadership - Finals Continuing Professional Development to higher job responsibilities, making a career change within the same Philippine Qualification Framework (PQF) organization, moving to a different organization or starting one’s own Describes the levels of educational qualifications business. and sets the standards for qualification outcomes. It is a quality assured national system 1. Self Assessment for the development, recognition and award of qualifications based on standards of knowledge, The first step in career development is the self skills and values acquired in different ways and assessment which means that the individual has methods by learners and workers of the country. to assess oneself on the kind of career and growth one wants and what kind Quick Facts on PQF 2. Career Awareness 1. WHAT - It is a reference system of national This stage is when an individual explores various standards of qualifications earned by individuals career paths which align with the self assessment educated and trained in the Philippines. done in the first step. Career awareness can be how a person can explore various 2. WHO - The governed by the PQF National Coordinating Council (PQF NCC) composed of 3. Goal Setting the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), This is the most important step in career Technical Education and Skills Development development because this is where one defines Authority (TESDA), Professional Regulations clear short term and long term goals to meet the Commission (PRC), and Department of Labor career one aspires. Both short term and long and Employment (DOLE) term goals need to be 3. FOR - It is for employers, workers, teachers Short team goals would be more actionable but and learners, parents and governments who wish long term goals can be changed or tweaked as to understand Philippine qualifications and per the growth. compare them with others. 4. Skill Training 4. WHY - Its objective is to establish national standards and levels of qualifications to assist Once the career and goals are set, one needs to and support academic and worker mobility and to acquire the right skills to achieve the growth. Skill address job skills mismatch. training can be done through self training or joining a structured training program online or 5. HOW - It outlines what an individual has offline. learned and can do based on qualification type, levels and degrees of competency. Once the right skills are acquired, one can start the final stage. 5. Performing Career Development With all the right knowledge and skills, the Is the series of activities in an important part is to perform the tasks and jobs in on-going/lifelong process of developing the career successfully to grow in the career one's career which includes defining new path. goals regularly and acquiring skills to achieve them. Refers to managing one's career in an intra-organizational or inter-organizational scenario. It involves training on new skills, moving 1 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals The 5 steps are part of an ongoing process. 2. Career Exploration Many times in a career, the person would need to revisit the cycle to get the right career Career information gathering is an integral step in growth. the process of career planning. Initially, you will need to generate a list of careers which you may Importance of Career Development want to consider. 1. It provides the framework with skills, goals, There are generally four ways of gathering career awareness, assessment and performance which information: helps an individual to move in the right direction (1) reading everything you can about careers, and achieve the goals one has in one's career. (2) talking to people, (3) participating in field experiences, 2.Career path taken by an employee determines and (4) enrolling in key courses. the growth. Career should be planned in a way that it moves forward. Job Search 3. Careful career planning is always useful for individuals to succeed professionally and also The process of trying to find a job helps to boost employee motivation in the organization. Source of Jobs 1. Personal Contacts Career Planning 2. School career planning and placement is the process of making decisions about offices what you want to do with your life and how you'll accomplish it. 3. Classified ads. National and Local It isn't just a "one-and-done" activity, It newspapers, professional journals, and trade should be an ongoing process that you magazines revisit, especially when you, or the world, 4. Internet networks and resources have changed. 5. State employment service offices Career Planning Process 6. Federal Government 1. Self Assessment 7. Professional associations 2. Career Exploration 8. Labor Unions 3. Targeting 4. Career Preparation Resume / Portfolio Development 5. Marketing Yourself Is a document that lists and describes in 6. Career Management detail your work experience, accomplishments, volunteer experience, extracurricular activities, etc. 1. Self Assessment this is the place to record everything you think might be valuable to share in your It is a way to enhance self-understanding. It is more tailored resume, on a job being able to describe your unique characteristics application, or in an interview. clearly and accurately regarding what you do well (skills), what is important to you (values), and what you like to do (interests). 2 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals Developing a Resume plans for individuals to assume those positions. Make a list of your experiences - include Succession planning strengthens the overall everything you have done or earned in college capability of the organization by: relating to jobs, campus activities, class projects, identifying critical positions and volunteer activities, awards, honors, foreign highlighting potential vacancies; languages, computer skills, and so on. Selecting key competencies and skills necessary for business continuity; Make a list of your skills - Including languages, Focusing development of individuals to technical skills, transferable functignal skills, meet future business needs. self-mahagement skills, , competencies Determine section headings - Place the Membership in Professional Education heading after the contact information, Nursing Organization then select headings that apply to you. Examples: Relevant Professional memberships aim to support Experience Additional experience, Leadership individuals professionally and aid them in (should only be a separate section if you have progressing within their career/ profession. several leadership roles), Undergraduate Research, Campus Involvement, Community Involvement, Awards/Honors In - Service Training Program Write bullet points - describe accomplishments Professional memberships aim to support and not just duties. Employers want to know how individuals professionally and aid them in you performed, as opposed to what you were progressing within their career/ profession. asked to do. Tailor Information - Organize your sections Formal Education according to relevance to the target job. If you have relevant experience, list that above refers to the structured education system that experience that is not directly relevant. runs from primary (and in some countries from nursery) school to university, and includes specialized programs for vocational, technical Tracking Job Leads and professional training. Rationale monitoring and checking of the jobs - Bachelor of Science in Nursing you applied - Master of Arts in Nursing - Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing Job Interview - Doctor in Nursing Management Is a conversation which occurs between a Non - Formal Education potential employer and a job applicant. is framed in accordance with specific Resignation requirements of a certain skill or job. The act of resigning, quitting one's job Or giving up one's position Emerging Opportunities in Nursing 1.Travel Nurse Succession Planning 2. Nurse Educator 3.Holistic Nursing Is the process of identifying the critical positions 4.Medical - Surgical Nursing within your organization and developing action 5. Care Coordinator 3 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals 6.Informatics Specialist Nursing expertise in a specialized area of 7. Health Coach practice (medical-surgical nursing, psychiatric 8. Nurse and family cooperative facilitator and mental health nursing, pediatric nursing, 9. Primary Care Provider community health nursing, gerontogic nursing). 3. Generalist Nurse, Anesthetist Nurse, Fields of Specialization Midwife Nurse Practitioner The nursing profession has evolved considerably Role of the nurse practitioner is an extension of over the last century, including the introduction of the nurses basic care giving role. (Acute Care specializations for nurses, with specific Practitioner, Adult Nurse Practitioner, Pediatric knowledge and experience to practice in certain Nurse Practitioner, Family Nurse Practitioner, fields. There are now many possible areas that a Women's Health Practitioner, Geriatric Nurse nurse may choose to specialize in, and these Practitioner) continue to grow. 4. Nursing Administrator 1. Gastroenterology Nursing 2.Holistic Nursing Manages client care and the delivery of specific 3.Medical-surgical Nursing nursing services within a health care agency. 4.Midwifery Nursing Begins with positions such as the charge nurse 5.Neuroscience Nursing or assistant nurse manager, then nurse manager 6. Obstetrical Nursing of a specific patient care area 7.Occupational health Nursing 8.Orthopedic Nursing 5. Nurse Researcher 9. Cardiac Nursing Investigates problems to improve nursing care 10. Ambulatory Care Nursing and to further define and expand the scope of 11. Case Management Nurse nursing practice. 12.Critical Care Nursing May be employed in an academic setting, 13.Dialysis Nursing hospital, or independent professional or 14.Genetics Nursing community service agency. 15. Geriatric Nursing 16.Mental Health Nursing 6. School Health Nurse 17.Neonatal Nursing 18.Oncology Nursing Goal - Superior educational success by 19. Pediatric Nursing enhancing health. Functions: Direct caregiver, Case finder, Consultant, Expanded Roles of Nurses Counselor, Health Educator, Researcher. - means engagement of nurse role within the 7. Occupational Health boundaries of nurse. Nurse - it is the responsibility assumed by the nurse within field of practice autonomy. Specialty practice that provides for and delivery of health and safety programs and services to 1. Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) workers, worker population and community groups. Generally the most independent functioning Function: nurse. 1. Promotion and restoration of health Has a master's degree in nursing, advanced 2. Prevention of illness and injury and education in pharmacology and physical 3. Protection from work related and assessment, and certification and expertise in environmental hazards specialized area of practice. 8. Parish Nurse 2. Clinical Nurse Specialist 4 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals The role that gathers in churches, cathedrals, life style. temples, mosques, and acknowledge common faith traditions. 14. Nurse Epidemiologist (Infection Control Respond to health an wellness needs within the Nurse) context of populations of faith community. Functions: Provider of spiritual care, Health Monitors standards and procedures for the Counselor, Health Advocate, Health Educator, control and prevention of infectious diseases and Facilitator of Support Groups, Trainer or other conditions of public health significance Votunteers, Liaison to community resources and including nosocomial infections. referral agent. Function: Conducts epidemiologic investigations, Provides education 9. Public Health Nurse (communicable diseases), Provides ongoing in-service training, Recommendations on isolated A registered nurse with special training. infection, Conducts tudy to getermine riators community health. teauing to infecton, conducts surveillance of Function: Health Advocate, Care Manager, infecion outbreaks. Referral Resource, Health Educator, Direct Primary Caregivers, Communicable Disease 15. Military Nurse Control, Disaster Preparedness One who provides care to military personnel 10. Private Duty Nurse and their families. A registered nurse of a licensed practical nurse 16. Aerospace Nurse who provide nursing services to patients at home or any other setting in accordance with physician A nurse who provides comprehensive nursing orders. care for all types patients during aero medical evacuation and airlift flight. 11. Home Care Nurse 17. Tele Nurse A nurse who provides periodic care to patients within their home environment as ordered by the One who carries out telephonic communications physician. with the patient. Function: Health Maintenance, Education, Illness Prevention, Diagnosis and treatment of 18. Disaster Nursing disease, Palliation and rehabilitation Defined as the adaptation of professional 12. Hospice Nurse nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing, physical, emotional, and social needs Is one who provides a family centered care and resulting from a disaster. allows clients to live and remain at homes with comfort, independence and dignity, while 19. Forensic Nurse alleviating the strains caused by terminal phase One who is suspected to be acquainted with the i.e. at the time of death. basics of forensic medicine so as to handle and preserve the evidentiary materials. Function: Pain & symptom control, Spiritual Care, Home Care and impatient Care, Family 20. Peace Nurse Corps Conferences, Co-ordination of Care, ane Bereavement Care Performs variety of nursing activities, including immunization, periodic health evaluation and 13. Rehabilitation Nurse preventive treatments. Functions: A nurse who specializes in assisting persons Prevention and health education with disabilities and chronic illness to attain Plan, coordinate and provide health education optimal function, health and adapt to an altered to volunteers 5 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals Provide preventive health services including strong hierarchy. immunization, periodic health evaluations and preventive treatments. Much time can be wasted trying to influence people lower down the chain who are not really 21. Prison Nurse good decision-makers. Championing such concepts as delegation may Registered nurse who works in a prison. Can be viewed with suspicion. either be employed directly by prison service or can work in the other areas and spend part of It is important that senior level contacts are not their working week in the prison health care. insulted by being asked to receive lower-ranking representatives. Filipino Management Style It is important, however, to develop contacts at all levels of an organization – at the top for The Philippines Represents a Cultural Puzzle decision making purposes, and lower down for when programs/projects begin. The Filipino management style is deeply rooted in the nation's unique cultural heritage, which blends Asian and Western influences. This Filipino Management Style cultural puzzle shapes how organizations and managers operate, emphasizing relationships, 1. Familism adaptability, and respect for hierarchy. The needs of the family as a group is more Cultural Diversity and Historical Influences important than the needs of any individual family member. Situated in the heart of South East Asia, but heavily influenced by such non-Asian forces as 2. Personalism Spain (and Mexico), the United States, and the Catholic Church. It is the emphasis Filipinos give to interpersonal relation or face-to-face encounters. Ethnic and Religious Background 3. Emotionalism While the majority of the population is of ethnic Malay descent, the influence of Islam, prominent The tendency to display emotion freely or to rely in neighboring countries like Malaysia and on, or place too much value on emotion Indonesia, is minimal. Instead, Christianity, particularly Catholicism, dominates, deeply The concept of “pakikisama” is so strongly shaping the cultural and ethical framework of programmed into the Filipino consciousness. Filipino society, including its approach to leadership and decision-making. Filipino Management Style Asian-Western Fusion in Business It is extremely important to be aware of the The Philippines is the result of a unique cultural sense of “face” of every member of a group mix of Asian and Western influences and because an insult to one could be construed as presents the overseas (regional) business visitor an insult to all. with a host of seemingly conflicting characteristics. Teams expect to be clearly led by the Manager, and the manager is expected to act as the champion of the group in all situations. Filipino Organizational Structures Communicating in the Philippines is extremely Most organizations are hierarchically structured easy for many Western people. and local employees would always look to a 6 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals Filipinos would rather say “yes” even if they 4. Manager by OIDO mean “no” and smiles at you the whole time. “OIDO” comes from Spanish word “oir” or “to It is dangerous to take everything you hear at listen” face value. Look for the coded messages behind the words that are spoken. This manager acquires his managerial skills by playing it by ear. In addition to the use of coded language, Filipino body language can also be misleading. He has a vast field of practical experiences that compensates for his lack of formal education. Five Types of Filipino Managers He is the opposite of the “LIBRO” manager 1. The Realist He is a HYBRID of all types of managers “KAYOD” is a Filipino term that means to sweat 5. Reconciler Manager it out or to give oneself to hard work - He cuts down problems into manageable size; a fast Believes in contingency management; shares decision- maker, impatient, and shrewd his knowledge and has excellent behavioral skills He is a “SIGURISTA”; he has GUT FEEL, and Has balance and chooses well he knows how to USE PEOPLE “Ugnayan” managers exemplify highly resilient, Does firsts things first; he has a talent of highly adaptable men of the first order Manager “KAYOD NG KAYOD” Manager by KAYOD by UGNAYAN 2. The Opportunist; availing on a Loophole Understanding Filipino Values An EXTROVERT; he deals with people informally The people of the Philippines are generally friendly and Harmony-seeking. For them, family This manager will always find loopholes to is the most important of all. Other Filipino values avoid hard work or utilize an excuse for failure. would be honor, group harmony, diplomacy, good behavior, public esteem, courtesy, tolerance and Loves to get by; avoid headaches and believes good manners. NO-MONEY-NO-WORK philosophy - Likes to resort to shaky deals to achieve easy settlement Utang na Loob Manager by LUSOT. The people of the Philippines are generally 3. The Idealist friendly and Harmony-seeking. For them, family is the most important of all. Other Filipino values “LIBRO” is a Spanish word for book. This would be honor, group harmony, diplomacy, good manager literally goes by the book. behavior, public esteem, courtesy, tolerance and good manners. Thinker, Cautious, Planning-Oriented, Strives for Mano po Professional Performance, Stubborn, Seeks Quality Results and has High Ideals. It is understood as a sign of respect for the elderly (especially for the lolos and lolas). I also He usually has adequate formal training in experience this value from the filipino children management when I visited a Filipino family in the Philipiines. Mano po is considered as tradition and passed “MATAAS ANG TINGIN SA SARILI” Manager by generation in the Philippines. by LIBRO 7 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals Lolo and lola = grandfather and grandmother size of the market you want to serve, prices consumers are willing to pay, and revenue Pakikipagkapwa-tao projections, as well as qualitative data such as consumers’ values, desires, and buying motives This is the shared sense of identity and consciousness of the ‘other’. It is treating others with the respect and dignity as an equal rather Steps In Doing Market Analysis than someone below the individual. 1. Research your industry Opportunities For Entrepreneurial Nursing 2. Investigate the competitive landscape Practice 3. Identify market gaps Business Plan 4. Define target market It is a document that defines a company’s objectives in detail and how it plans to achieve its 5. Identify barriers to entry goals. 6. Create a sales forecast It lays out a written road map for the firm from marketing, financial, and operational standpoints. Both startups and established companies use 4. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, business plans. Threats (SWOT) 1. Executive Summary SWOT provides a tool to explore both internal and external factors that may influence your It is designed to capture the reader's attention work. and briefly explain your business, the problem you are solving, the target audience, and key Change is an inevitable part of community financial information organizing. If you know how to take stock of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and It is a brief overview at the beginning of your threats, you are more likely to plan and act business plan. effectively. It provide a short, concise summary of your The SWOT method was originally developed for business that captures the reader's attention and business and industry, but it is equally useful in gives them an interest in learning more about it. the work of community health and development, education, and even for personal growth 2. Business Description Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, It summarizes what a company does and what Threats (SWOT) makes it unique. A SWOT analysis can offer helpful perspectives It helps leaders understand business concepts, at any stage of an how business will make a profit, and its position effort. You might use it to: in the market. 1. Explore possibilities for new efforts or solutions 3. Market Analysis to problems. 2. Make decisions about the best path for your It is a detailed assessment of a business’s initiative. Identifying your opportunities for target market and competitive landscape within a success in context of threats to success can specific industry. clarify directions and choices. 3. Determine where change is possible. If you are It includes quantitative data such as the actual at a juncture or turning point, an inventory of your 8 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals strengths and weaknesses can reveal priorities as well as possibilities. Essential Features Of Organization 4. Adjust and refine plans mid-course. A new Management opportunity might open wider avenues, while a new threat could close a path that once existed. 1. Planning Prepare an effective business plan. It is essential to decide on the future course of action to avoid confusions later on. Plan out how you intend to do things. 2. Organizing Organizing refers to the judicious use of resources to achieve the best out of the employees. Prepare a monthly budget for smooth cash flow. 3. Staffing 5. Organization Management Poor organization management leads to unhappy employees who eventually create It refers to the art of getting people together on problems for themselves as well as the a common platform to make them work towards a organization. common predefined goal. Recruit the right talent for the organization. It gives a sense of direction to the employees. 4. Leading The individuals are well aware of their roles and responsibilities and know what they are The managers or superiors must set clear supposed to do in the organization. targets for the team members. A leader must make sure his team members It enables the optimum use of resources work in unison towards a common objective. He through meticulous planning and control at the is the one who decides what would be right in a workplace. particular situation. 5. Control Need For Organization Management The superiors must be aware of what is happening around them. Organization management gives a sense of Hierarchies should be well defined for an security and oneness to the employees. effective management. The reporting bosses must review the Employees accomplish tasks within the performance and progress of their subordinates stipulated time frame as a result of effective and guide them whenever required. organization management. 6. Time Management An effective management is required for better coordination among various departments. An effective time management helps the employees to do the right thing at the right time. Employees stay loyal towards their job and do Managing time effectively always pays in the not treat work as a burden. long run. Effective organization management leads to a 7. Motivation peaceful and positive ambience at the workplace. 9 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals Motivation goes a long way in binding the 2. Identification of the people at risk of a health employees together. and/or nutrition problem Appreciating the employees for their good work or lucrative incentive schemes go a long way in 3. Identification of community needs and problem motivating the employees and make them work for a longer span of time. 4. Determination of available resources 5. Setting of priorities in planning 6. Sales Strategies It is defined as a documented plan for Importance of Community Diagnosis positioning and selling your product or service to qualified buyers in a way that differentiates your 1. It provides baseline information about the solution from your competitors. health status of the community residents 2. It ensures that the decisions are based on Used to provide clear objectives and guidance solid information and evidence to your sales organization. 3. It helps in the setting of priorities 7. Funding Requirement 4. It helps the regional health authorities to It is defined as the cost that is identified in the assess outcomes and results in the longer term cost baseline. It also includes the management reserves. The period funding requirement is 5. It gets community members, stakeholders and defined as the annual and quarterly payments. a wide variety of partners Both of these funding requirements are derived from the cost baseline. 6. It helps the community members understand the difficult choices that need to be made and 8. Financial Projection build support and commitment for addressing health needs on a community-wide basis as they It shows forecasts and predictions on the are involved in the decision making process financial estimates and numbers that range from revenues and expenses pertaining to financial statements and takes external market factors and internal data into account. B. Health Problems and Nursing Problems The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a "health problem" as any disease, medical Leadership In Community Development condition, or environmental factor that poses a risk to health. This includes not only diseases THE COMMUNITY AS A CLIENT and ailments but also risks related to A. Community diagnosis environmental factors, such as animal control, rabies management, vector control (insects and According to WHO definition, it is a quantitative rodents), waste disposal, and monitoring air and qualitative description of the health of quality. citizens and the factors which influence their health. It identifies problems, proposes areas for. A health problem is a state that necessitates improvement and stimulates action. intervention in preventing or resolving disease or illness to promote coping and wellness. Following the diagnosis, the nurse monitors the health Purpose of community diagnosis response and promotes optimum health through time-lapsed assessment, appropriate treatment, 1. Identification and quantification of health and evaluation. problems 10 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals C. Priority Setting DOH MISSION AND VISION Priority setting in healthcare is the process of MISSION determining which aspects should be considered more or less important, essentially ranking them To lead the country in the development of a in order of significance. It is a theoretical productive, resilient, equitable and people approach that helps prepare for decision-making centered health system but does not replace the actual decision-making process itself VISION Filipinos are among the healthiest people in Southeast Asia by 2022, and Asia by 2040. D. Strategies in People Participation This is the process by which community mobilizes its resources, initiates and takes Maternal and Child responsibility for its own development activities and share in decision making for and To improve the survival, health and well-being of implementation of all other development mothers and unborn child programs for the overall improvement of its health status. Components of Pregnancy Care It is also defined as the involvement of people in community projects to solve their own problems. 1. Antenatal registration People cannot be forced to ‘participate’ in projects which affect their lives but should be 2. Tetanus toxoid immunization given the opportunity where possible. This is held 3. Macronutrient and micronutrient to be a basic human right and fundamental supplementation principle of democracy. Community participation is especially important in emergency sanitation 4. Treatment of diseases and other conditions programs where people may be accustomed to their surroundings and new sanitation facilities 5. Early detection and management of complications of pregnancy DOH PROGRAMS FOR BASIC HEALTH 6. Clean and safe delivery SERVICE 7. Support to breastfeeding A. Department of Health 8. Family planning counseling The Department of Health (DOH) holds the over-all technical authority on health as it is a 9.STD/HIV/AIDS prevention and management national health policy-maker and regulatory institution 10.Oral care DOH HAS THREE MAJOR ROLES IN THE ANTENATAL REGISTRATION HEALTH SECTOR: 4TH TO 16 WEEKS OF PREGNANCY 1. Leadership in health Home Based Maternal Record 2. Enabler and capacity builder Home Based Maternal Record (HBMR). is a 3. Administrator of specific services recording and interpretation of comprehensive information on the health status of woman before her first pregnancy, during the current pregnancy 11 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals delivery, post-partum and neonatal periods, and 1. Calculate the number of days between the during two subsequent pregnancies. current date and the first day of the LMP. 2. Divide the total number of days by 7 to find the Age of Gestation AOG in weeks. AOG refers to the length of time a fetus has been Example: developing inside the mother's uterus. It is LMP is September 12, 2023 calculated in weeks and days, starting from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period Example: (LMP). LMP is September 12, 2024 September 30-12=18 Expected Due Date October 31 November 29 The EDC, also known as the estimated due date 18+31+29=78 (EDD), is the projected date when a pregnant 78 ÷ 7 (days) = 11.1 woman is expected to give birth. AOG: 11 weeks and 1 day Methods and Formulas for computing AOG Example: and EDD LMP is July 26, 2024 Naegele's Rule July 31-26= 5 McDonald's Rule August 31 LMP-based calculations. September 30 October 31 Naegele's Rule November 29 5+31+30+31+29=126 1. Determine the first day of the LMP. 126 ÷ 7(days) = 18 or 2. Subtract 3 months. AOG: 18 weeks 3. Add 7 days. 4. Add 1 year. Prenatal Visit Example: A prenatal visit is a scheduled appointment with a If the LMP is October 12, 2023 healthcare provider during pregnancy. 1st visit During the first trimester or before the Month Day Year fourth month- every 4 weeks or once per month 10 12 2023 2nd visit During 2nd trimester - twice month -3 +7 +1 3rd visit During 3rd trimester - once every two —————————— weeks =7 19 2024 4th visit After the 8th month of pregnancy till delivery (weekly) McDonald's Rule McDonald's Rule estimates AOG using fundal Tetanus Toxoid Immunization height (the distance between the pubic bone and the top of the uterus) Tetanus is caused by an anaerobic spore 1. Measure the fundal height in centimeters (cm). forming bacteria called clostridium tetani 2. Divide the fundal height by 4. DOH Administrative Order no. 15s 1995, mandates TT shall be given to women on their Example: If the fundal height is 24 cm: 5th to 6th month of pregnancy. 24 cm ÷ 4 = 6 (AOG in months) LMP Based Calculations FAMILY PLANNING PART 1 To compute AOG using LMP (last menstrual period) 12 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals What is Family Planning? relationships. A program to regulate no and spacing of Sex education children in a family through practice of contraception or other methods of birth control Sex education is vital for effective family planning Programs or services designed to assist the and the overall health of society. It equips family in controlling reproduction by either individuals with the necessary knowledge to improving contraceptive use or by diminishing make informed decisions about their sexual fertility there by limiting the no of child born health, fosters healthy relationships, addresses A health service that helps couples decide social issues, and contributes to public health by when to have children n if so how many reducing rates of unintended pregnancies and STIs. Comprehensive sex education is essential Family planning aims at for nurturing informed, responsible citizens who can contribute positively to their families and Avoid unwanted births communities Bring about wanted births Regulate intervals between pregnancies Screening for pathological conditions related Control the time of birth in relation to ages of to reproductive system parents To determine the no of children in the family Screening tests for pathological conditions related to the reproductive system are crucial for early WHAT ARE THE SCOPE OF FAMILY detection, prevention of serious health issues, PLANNING? informed family planning, and promoting overall well-being. By prioritizing regular screenings, Proper spacing and Limitations of birth individuals can enhance their reproductive health and contribute positively to their families and The spacing of children and limitations on family communities size play crucial roles in shaping family dynamics, financial stability, and individual child Genetic counseling development. By considering these factors thoughtfully, parents can create a nurturing This helps families understand their genetic risks environment that supports the growth and based on family history. Individuals with a family well-being of each family member. history of genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis or certain cancers, can benefit from Advice on sterility counseling to assess their own risks and those of their children. It is essential for safeguarding maternal and child health, ensuring economic stability, empowering For couples planning to have children, genetic individuals, and optimizing community resources. counseling can determine whether they are By prioritizing these aspects, families can create carriers of specific genetic conditions. This is healthier environments that contribute positively particularly important for individuals from certain to society as a whole. ethnic backgrounds that may have higher risks for specific disorders. Knowing carrier status Education for parenthood enables couples to make informed choices about family planning and potential prenatal testing In developing effective parenting skills, enhancing emotional support within families, and Premarital Consultation and examination promoting the long-term well-being of children are one among many benefits of parenthood For the early Detection of Health Issues. educations. By investing in parenting education, Premarital examinations help identify any families can create nurturing environments that underlying health conditions that could affect both foster healthy partners' well-being and future pregnancies. This development and strong interpersonal includes screenings for infectious diseases (such 13 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals as HIV, hepatitis B, and C) and genetic disorders (like thalassemia) that may not show symptoms A strong relationship provides a nurturing initially but could have significant implications for environment for the child. Research shows that family health. children thrive in homes where parents have a healthy relationship; thus, preparing together can Evaluating Fertility lead to a more stable and loving family dynamic. These consultations often include fertility assessments, which can reveal potential Providing services for unmarried mothers challenges in conceiving. Understanding fertility status allows couples to address any issues early Unmarried mothers often face significant on and consider options such as assisted socioeconomic difficulties, including higher rates reproductive technologies if needed. of poverty compared to married counterparts. Services tailored to their needs can provide Carrying out pregnancy test financial assistance, housing support, and access to employment opportunities, helping to alleviate Pregnancy tests provide a reliable means of economic hardships and improve living confirming whether a woman is pregnant. Early conditions for both mothers and their children. detection is crucial for making informed decisions regarding prenatal care, lifestyle adjustments, Many unmarried mothers experience feelings of and any necessary medical interventions to anxiety, depression, or guilt related to their ensure a healthy pregnancy. circumstances. Providing psychological support through counseling or peer support groups can Discussing pregnancy test results fosters help address these emotional challenges, communication between partners, which is fostering resilience and improving overall mental essential for building a strong foundation in their health. Such support is vital for helping mothers relationship. This dialogue encourages mutual adapt to their new roles and responsibilities. support and understanding as they navigate the journey of parenthood together. Teaching home economic and nutrition Marriage Counseling Home economics includes financial literacy training, which teaches families how to create Marriage counseling helps couples develop budgets, save money, and make informed effective communication techniques, enabling consumer choices. These skills are vital for them to express their thoughts and feelings achieving financial stability and reducing openly. Improved communication reduces economic stress within households. misunderstandings and fosters a healthier dialogue, which is essential for resolving conflicts Understanding nutrition is a critical component of and maintaining intimacy in a relationship home economics. Teaching families about balanced diets, meal planning, and food Counselors equip couples with tools to navigate preparation helps them make healthier food disagreements in a constructive manner. choices, which can lead to improved overall Learning conflict resolution strategies helps health and well-being. This knowledge is partners address issues before they escalate, particularly important in combating issues like leading to less frequent and less intense obesity and malnutrition. arguments. Preparation of couple for the arrival of their NATURAL METHODS first baby Methods of preventing or achieving pregnancy Knowing what to expect can alleviate fears and without using medications, devices, or surgical uncertainties about becoming parents. procedures. Discussing roles, responsibilities, and parenting styles helps couples feel more secure in their Coitus Interruptus partnership as they transition into parenthood 14 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals A.K.A Withdrawal Method Oldest type of birth control practiced by man The premature withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation during sexual intercourse Reliability is low because sperms are emitted in varying quantities in the normal lubricating fluid secreted throughout intercourse Effectivity will be high if combined with other natural contraception Disadvantage Only natural planning not accepted by the Catholic Church because they already consider sperm as a “light” Not a sufficient method of birth control by itself Effectiveness rate is 80% (very unpredictable in teens, wide variation) l of 5 women practicing withdrawal become pregnant Very difficult for a male to "control" Coitus Reservatus Derived from Latin, meaning "reserved coitus" or "reserved intercourse." Male does not reach orgasm and therefore no ejaculation occurs Requires considerable control over the sexual urge Controlling of orgasm Aimed at maintaining intimacy without orgasm. Requires the male to consciously suppress the ejaculatory reflex. Rhythmic Abstinence aka THE CALENDAR METHOD Identification of the periods of fertility and the periods of sterility in the menstrual cycle of a woman and the restriction of sexual intercourse to the sterile periods. or The time when the pregnancy is unlikely because the woman is biologically unprepared to conceive. Also known as "safe or infertile period" technique and "natural birth control" or NFP because there is nothing artificial used to prevent conception. 15 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals To determine the last day of your fertile days: Count 17 days from the day of your menstruation Count 5 days before the earliest ovulation and 3 days after the last day BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE Relies on slight changes (0.3 to 0.6 deg C) in basal body temperature that may occur just before ovulation Pre-ovulatory temperature FAMILY PLANNING PART 2 Low because of high estrogen levels Post-ovulatory temperature CALENDAR (RHYTHM) METHOD MALE CONDOM Use of mathematical calculations to predict the probable time of ovulation Thin, stretchable rubber sheath worn over the Ovulation often takes place 14 days before the penis by the man during intercourse onset of the next menstruation Pregnancy rate is 7 - 28% OGINO-KNAUS Added potential of preventing STD's Perfect effectiveness rate = 97% Typical effectiveness rate = 88% Latex and polyurethane condoms are available Combining condoms with spermicides raises effectiveness levels to 99% MALE CONDOM Thin, stretchable rubber sheath worn over the penis by the man during intercourse Pregnancy rate is 7 - 28% Added potential of preventing STD's Perfect effectiveness rate = 97% Typical effectiveness rate = 88% Latex and polyurethane condoms are available Combining condoms with spermicides raises effectiveness levels to 99% DISADVANTAGES Self-lubricated type breaks easily Penis must be withdrawn from the vagina before it becomes flaccid Lessen sexual enjoyment by the male FOR REGULAR (28 DAY) MENSTRUAL FEMALE CONDOM CYCLE: Lubricated polyurethane sheath, similar in To determine the start of your fertile days: appearance to a male condom Count 9 days from the day of your menstrual Has 2 ends (w/rings) cycle Closed-end (Inner ring) - covers the cervix (cervical ring) 16 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals Open-end (Outer ring) - vaginal ring DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SANITATION Can be used with spermicides to increase protection Excreta, Sewage and Septage Management It refers to depository of a combination of scum, HOW TO USE sludge, and liquid from household septic tank to a properly designes septic tank and collected by a Open the package carefully; tear at the notch desludging truck going to a Septage Treatment on the top right of the package. Plan to avoid contaminating bodies of water Do not use scissors or a knife to open ZERO OPEN DEFECATION PROGRAM CERVICAL CAP All households in a barangay have abandoned Fits snugly over the cervix, preventing sperm the practice of open defecation and are using from entering the uterus either their own, shared or communal sanitary Comes in 2 sizes toilet facilities. As a result, no human feces can Presized - small, medium, large o be found exposed in the environment Custom fitted - plastic cap fitted to conform to the individual woman's cervix made after making FOOD SANITATION a mold of cervix with non-toxic substance used to make contact lenses It refers to the practices and measures taken to ensure the safety and cleanliness of food throughout its production, preparation, storage, and service. The primary goal of food sanitation ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION is to prevent foodborne illnesses and contamination, thereby protecting public health WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION? AIR POLLUTION Environmental sanitation was an instrumental concept in the founding of the World Health It refers to the contamination of the air by harmful Organization and was defined as the control of all substances, which can be categorized into two those factors in the physical environment which main types: indoor and ambient (outdoor) air may exercise a harmful effect on human beings' pollution. physical development, health and survival. Indoor air pollution occurs within buildings and An environmental sanitation perspective would is often caused by sources such as cooking, allow interventions to consider the heating, and the use of household products. community-level factors that contribute towards Ambient air pollution refers to the infection to sufficiently transform services and contamination of outdoor air in both urban and improve health outcomes. rural areas like emissions from vehicles and industrial facilities MISSION & VISION CHEMICAL SAFETY Mission: To guarantee sustainable It implements safe practices for the use and Environmental Sanitation (ES) services in every storage of chemicals, including proper community containment, ventilation, and segregation of incompatible substances. Vision: Environmental Health (EH) related It ensures that all chemicals are clearly labeled diseases are prevented and no longer a public with information about their identity, hazards, and health problem in the Philippines (based on safe handling instructions. on-going Strategic Plan 2019-2022) It evaluates the potential hazards of chemicals, including toxicity, exposure routes, and the likelihood of harmful effects PROGRAM COMPONENTS 17 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals WASH IN EMERGENCY SITUATION WASH in emergency situations refers to the provision of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene services during crises, such as natural disasters or conflicts. It ensures that affected populations have access to safe drinking water to prevent waterborne diseases. It provides adequate sanitation facilities, such as latrines and waste disposal systems, to maintain hygiene and prevent the spread of diseases. It educates communities about hygiene practices, such as handwashing with soap, safe food preparation, and menstrual hygiene management, to reduce the risk of disease transmission. CLIMATE CHANGE FOR HEALTH AND HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT It evaluates potential health effects of climate change, guiding policies to mitigate risks and enhance community resilience. Key components include assessing vulnerabilities, identifying exposure pathways, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. STRATEGIES PER OBJECTIVE PARTNER INSTITUTIONS 1. Design, promote and implement customized DENR - Department of Environmental and package of ES interventions and implementation Natural Resources approaches responsive to communities of varying DILG - Department of Interior and Local situations and needs Government 2. Generate demand for quality ES among DPWH - Department of Public Works and targeted providers and intended beneficiaries Highways 3. Harmonize and localize national policies and DA - Department of Agriculture plans PIA - Philippine Information Agency 4. Enhance organizational support structure at all WHO - World Health Organization levels for ES management and implementation UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund 5. Establish and sustain strategic multi-sectoral USAID - United States Agency International alliances Development 6. Mobilize increased national government AusAID - Australia Agency International financing for ES Development 7. Secure LGUs’ budget support for ES implementation 8. Harness funding support from other sectors POLICIES AND LAWS and partners 9. Strengthen coordination with national regulatory bodies 10. Develop capacity of LGUs in enforcing 18 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals compliance to ES laws and guidelines 11. Establish performance accountability mechanism at all levels 12. Expand/Integrate recognition and incentives provision for good performance Emphasis of Community Organizing in Primary Health Care 1. People from the community working together COMMUNITY DISEASE CONTROL to solve their own problems. 2. Internal organizational consolidation as a Community Organizing prerequisite to external expansion. 3. Social movement first before technical change. A form of community engagement that seeks to 4. Health reforms occurring within the context of rally people to work together and act on issues broader social transformation. owned, identified, and solved through and by the people's own effort. Basic Values in Community Organizing Identify common problems, mobilize resources, and take collective action to address shared Human rights: needs and goals. It aims to empower individuals Right to life, self-determination, and and groups to create meaningful social change development as a person and as a people. and improve their quality of life through participation, collaboration, and advocacy. Social justice: Equitable access to opportunities. Principles of Community Organizing Social responsibility: 1. Go to the people, live among the people. The commitment of individuals and groups to 2. Learn, plan, and work with the people. act in ways that contribute to the well-being and 3. Start with and build on what the people know. sustainability of the community and society at 4. Teach by showing, learn by doing. large. 5. Not a piecemeal but an integrated approach. 6. Not relief but release. Core Principles of Community Organizing CO as a Process Community organizing is people centered (means and ends of development). Are steps / activities that instill and reinforce the Community organizing is participative people's self confidence on their own collective (involvement of people). strengths and capabilities. Community organizing is democratic; means Educating the community to develop its that the process emphasizes capacity to assess and analyze the situation. equality, participation, and shared Process of educating and mobilizing members decision-making. of the community to enable them to resolve Community organizing is developmental. community problems. Community organizing is process-oriented. Community Organizing involves the process of: Concepts and Principles of Networking and Linkages Building Community-Clinical Linkages: 19 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals These are connections between community-based organizations and clinical health services to improve population health. This involves engaging key stakeholders from both sectors to work towards common goals. Social Innovations: Leveraging community participation and technology to address health challenges. This includes new products, processes, policies, and community engagement. Stakeholder Engagement: Identifying and involving key players such as health workers, community leaders, and Methods of Evaluation: organizations in the planning and implementation of disease control measures. 1. Quantitative methods Coordination and Management: 2. Qualitative methods Ensuring that all parties involved are working 3. Mixed methods together efficiently and effectively, with clear 4. Process evaluation communication and shared objectives. 5. Outcome evaluation 6. Impact evaluation Collaboration: Working together with various sectors and stakeholders to share resources, knowledge, and Recording and Reporting System strategies The Field Health Service Information Empowerment: System (FHSIS): Enhancing the capabilities of health workers and community members to take an active role in A network of information. disease prevention and control. Intended to address the short term needs of DOH and LGU staff with managerial or Innovation: supervisory functions in facilities and program Implementing new and creative solutions to areas. address the challenges of communicable disease It monitors health service delivery nationwide. control. The Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) is a major component of the network Community Engagement: information sources developed by theDepartment Involving the community in awareness, of Health (DOH) to enable it to better manage consultation, mobilization, and participation in nationwide health service delivery activities. disease control efforts. The FHSIS is intended to address the short term data needs of DOH staff with Sustainability: managerial/supervisory functions in DOH Ensuring that the efforts and programs put in facilities and in each of the program areas. place are sustainable in the long term, with ongoing support and resources. Components of the FHSIS Individual / Family Treatment Records: Documents containing detailed health Evaluation of Programs and Services information and services provide to individuals or Key Aspects of Evaluation: families. Target / Client Lists: An organized list used to track and monitor 20 GERADA Nursing Leadership - Finals specific health programs and client groups -Pregnant women -Immunization targets Reporting forms: Forms used to collect and consolidate health data from various service points. Output Reports: Summarized data reports generated for analysis, evaluation, and decision-making at different health system levels. 21 GERADA