Nursing Informatics Module 1 PDF

# Concepts, Principles and Theories in Nursing Informatics ## Historical Perspectives of Nursing Informatics ### Objectives - Describe the historical perspective of Nursing Informatics. - Review the historical perspectives of Electronic Health Records. ## First of all..... Why study Nursing Inf...

# Concepts, Principles and Theories in Nursing Informatics ## Historical Perspectives of Nursing Informatics ### Objectives - Describe the historical perspective of Nursing Informatics. - Review the historical perspectives of Electronic Health Records. ## First of all..... Why study Nursing Informatics? ## Knowledge is exploding and ## Patients are demanding ## Who Should become a Nurse Informaticist? You do not have to be a computer expert to consider a career as a nurse informaticist. Everyone must start somewhere. If you see the computer as a problem-solving tool instead of an inconvenience, then you are a prime candidate to be a nurse informaticist (Bridges, 2007). ## What's in it for us, Nurses Nursing informatics is a growing field. As Nurses we face ever changing and challenging practice situations. Competency in nursing informatics promises to strengthen our clinical decision-making skills. Although new technology may be a challenge for some, informatics will enhance nursing practice. We'll have quicker access to patient information, improve overall efficiency, and see a reduction in potential errors. As our profession continues to advance, nursing informatics has the potential to change our practice for the better, not only for us as nurses, but also for our patient population. ## Nursing Informatics Defined Nursing Informatics is a title that evolved from the French word "informatique" which referred to the field of applied computer science concerned with the processing of information such as nursing information (Nelson, 2013). In other words, Nursing “loves" Technology = Nursing Informatics ## HIT and EHR Healthcare Information Technology and/or Electronic Health Record Systems They affect all aspects of healthcare delivery including - Provision and Documentation of patient care - Education of healthcare providers - Scientific research for advancing healthcare delivery - Administration of healthcare delivery services - Reimbursement for patient care - Legal and ethical implications - Safety and quality issues ## Major Historical Perspectives of Nursing and Computers ## Prior to 1960s - Computers were first developed in the late 1930s to early 1940s. - Computers were first used in the healthcare in the 1950s and 1960s - During this time, nursing practice and services were expanding in scope, autonomy, and complexity from physicians' handmaidens to professional status. - Computers were initially used in healthcare facilities for basic administrative and financial accounting functions. - Punch cards were used to store data and card readers to read computer programs, sort, and prepare data for processing. - Some computers during this time have imaginative names like Whirlwind, Colossus and Pegasus, while others were slightly poetic with names like Z4, AN/FS Q-7, and ENIAC. ### List of some of the Computers prior to 1960s - Z4 (1944) - Designed by Konrad Zuse (German) - Colossus (Mark 1 and Mark 2) - Used by British codebreakers during WW2 1944 - ENIAC 1946 - (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) - Whirlwind 1951 - The Whirlwind was the first computer to use video displays for output - UNIVAC 1 1951 - UNIVersal Automatic Computer - first commercial PC - WITCH 1951 - Wolverhampton Instrument for Teaching Computing from Harwell ## 1960s "Why use computers?" "What should be computerized?" - Question asked during this period. - Nursing practice standards were reviewed and Nursing resources were analyzed. - Nurses monitored patients status via cardiac monitors, ventilators. Etc... - The rise of medication administration errors prompted the need to use computers. ### List of some of the Computers in the 1960 - Datasaab D2 1960 - Built in Sweden - BRLESC I 1962 - Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer - HONEYWELL 200 1963 ## 1970s Interest in computers and nursing began to emerge in public and home health services and education - Computer based information systems were developed - focused on physician order entry and laboratory results, radiology reports, ICU monitoring and care planning. - Nurses are more explorative of the trend ### List of some of the Computers in the 1970s - HP-35 1971 - Kenbak-1 1973 - Designed by John V. Blankenbaker ## 1980s Field of nursing informatics exploded and became visible in the healthcare industry and nursing. - Need for nursing software evolved. - Nursing profession needed to update its practice standards and determine its data standards, vocabularies, and classification schemes that could be used for the computer-based patient record systems. - National and international conferences and workshops were conducted for this new emerging specialty. - PC emerged - more accessible, affordable, and usable by nurses. ### List of some of the Computers in the 1980s - IBM PC 1981 - Macintosh by Apple 1984 ## 1990s ANA (American Nurses Association) recognized Nursing Informatics as a new nursing specialty with a separate scope of nursing informatics practice standards and established a specific credentialing examination for it. - Computer hardware continued to get smaller and affordable - The internet was available to all in 1995 - information is easily accessible ### List of some of the Computers in the 1990s - Apple Powerbook 1990 - IBM ThinkPad 1996 ## 2000s - Nurses were involved in the design of their workflow. - Hospitals became paperless - Bar coding and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) emerged as useful technology to match "right patient with the right medication". - Smaller devices have wireless internet access - Smart cellular phones increased. - Telehealth evolved. ### List of some of the Computers in the 2000s - Sony J Phone 2000 - First Camera Phone - Macbook Air 2008 ## 2010s - Full implementation of HIT and EHR. - Digitalization of healthcare information. - Nurses are more involved in HIT and HER - The field of nursing informatics continues to grow ### List of some of the Computers in the 2010s - Apple Retina Display Iphone 4 2010 - Apple iPad released 2011 - Apple Watch 2015 - Mac Pro 2019 - P155,990.00 to P205,990.00 ## Computer Hardware ## 4 Basic Components of Computer - CPU - Input Controllers - Output Controllers - Storage Media ## Required Hardware Components - Motherboard ## Memory - ROM (Read only Memory) - Permanent Storage (boot,etc.); cannot be changed by user - RAM (Random Access Memory) – working memory for primary storage (temporary storage) - can be accessed, used, changed and written on repeatedly. - Cache – smaller form of RAM. Speeds up processing. ## ROM ## RAM ## I/O Input/Output - Input – allows the computer to receive information from the outside world. - Mouse, Keyboards, etc... - Output – allows the computer to report its result to the external world. - Printers, Flash Drives ## Storage Media Includes main memory and external devices on which programs and data are stored. - Hard Drives - Usb Flash Drives - Optical Media - Cloud Storage ## END