Respiration - Chapter 22 PDF

Chapter 22 in Textbook  Anatomically  Upper respiratory tracts  Lower respiratory tracts  Functionally  Conducting portion  Respiratory portion  Primary function:  Inhalation and Exhalation: exchange of O2 and...

Chapter 22 in Textbook  Anatomically  Upper respiratory tracts  Lower respiratory tracts  Functionally  Conducting portion  Respiratory portion  Primary function:  Inhalation and Exhalation: exchange of O2 and Co2  Other functions:  Gas conditioning  Sound production  Olfaction  Defense  Divided into:  Nose and nasal cavities: ▪ Warming and humidifying air  Paranasal sinuses: ▪ Same as above, also lightens skull, resonance chamber  Pharynx  Shared region  Respiratory  Digestive  Divided into the following regions:  Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  Laryngopharynx  Continuous with nasal cavity  Superior to the soft palate  Lateral walls  Pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tubes ▪ Drain fluids from inner ear, help alter pressure  Posterior region  Pharyngeal tonsil  Oropharynx  Soft palate to hyoid bone  Palatine tonsils in lateral wall (between arches)  Lingual tonsils at base of the tongue  Laryngopharynx  Tough epithelial lining  Hyoid to top of esophagus  Posterior to larynx  What are the components of the upper respiratory tract? What are their functions?  Conducting portion:  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Bronchioles  Respiratory portion:  Respiratory bronchioles  Alveolar ducts  Alveoli  Voice box (vibrations of vocal ligaments produce sound)  Connects pharynx to trachea  Functions:  Air  Blocks ingested material from respiratory tract  Sound  Increases pressure in the abdominal cavity  Sneeze and cough reflex  Thyroid cartilage (largest)  No posterior wall  Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)  Testosterone usually causes it to grow larger in men  Cricoid cartilage  Inferior to thyroid cartilage  Epiglottis  Projects superiorly into pharynx  Blocks larynx when swallowing (why?)  “Windpipe”  Anterior to esophagus  Branches into primary bronchi  C-shaped cartilages (16-20), holds open airway  Space for esophagus to expand on posterior surface  Connected by anular ligaments  Lined with mucous- producing cells (why?)  Highly branched  Why?  Originate in main bronchi, become narrower  End in terminal bronchioles  The trachea, left and right main (primary) bronchi  Divides into lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)  Lobar bronchi divide into segmental (tertiary) bronchi  ie. Trachea  primary bronchi  secondary bronchi  tertiary bronchi  With further branches:  Cartilage = smaller and fewer  Bronchi branch into bronchioles ▪ Lack cartilage ▪ Simple squamous/columnar epithelium ▪ < 1 mm in diameter ▪ Walls are thick layers of smooth muscle, controls air flow ▪ Branch into terminal bronchioles: (last part of “conducting portion”)  Respiratory portion: Respiratory bronchioles  alveolar ducts  alveoli  Alveoli  Organized in sacs  Thin membrane  Wrapped in capillaries ▪ Gas exchange occurs  Respiratory membrane is a diffusion barrier  Plasma membranes of: ▪ Type I alveolar cell ▪ Capillary endothelial cells  Fused basement membranes (both- capillary and type I cell)  Type II cells produce surfactant.  Acts as detergent to reduce surface tension from water (Prevents collapsing)  Lungs lined by pleura  Serous membrane  Visceral pleura tightly adheres to the outside of lung  Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity  Space between: pleural cavity (has a negative pressure, why?)  Base  Rests on diaphragm  Apex  Projects just slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle  Fissures separate the lobes  Right has 3 lobes, left has 2  Concave region: hilum  Bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass  Collectively, all structures within the hilum = root  Left lung has a cardiac impression to accommodate heart  How does the larynx prevent food/ drink from entering the trachea?  What is the respiratory membrane? (Components and function)  How does the right lung differ from the left?