National Service Training Program (NSTP) PDF - University of Baguio

INTRODUCTION National Service is a worldwide phenomenon. Most countries however, including those which pioneered this program, have abolished its compulsory military component and replaced it with a more civic- oriented national service program. The Philippines is following this p...

INTRODUCTION National Service is a worldwide phenomenon. Most countries however, including those which pioneered this program, have abolished its compulsory military component and replaced it with a more civic- oriented national service program. The Philippines is following this path when it abolished the compulsory military training for male college students and replaced it with the National Service Training Program. This embodies the provisions of Republic Act 9163 or otherwise known as the NSTP Act of 2001 which provides opportunities for students to directly contribute in nation building. With this program, the students are given choices as to the nature of the service they will render, whether of military training (ROTC), civic-oriented service (CWTS) or literacy and numeracy activities for the underprivileged (LTS). Section 4 of Article II of the 1987 Constitution calls for the state to require all citizens to render personal, military or civil service under conditions provided by law. In as much as the state‘s primary duty is to protect and serve its citizens, the state can necessitate all to undergo service programs. Along this line of thought, the same Constitution, under its State Policies, prescribes the involvement of the youth in the community affairs in order to secure the nation. Section 13 of Article II states that ―The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation- building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs‖. Directed toward attaining the collective assertions of these philosophies underpinning the ends of education and national service, landmark legislation was made through the passage of R.A. 9163 or the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001, premised on the youth‘s pivotal role as a potent force in bringing forth much- avowed goals of development in the country. The NSTP Act superseded Republic Act No. 7077 (Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act) which created the Reserve Force providing the base for the expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines through the Reserve Officers‘ Training Corps (ROTC) mandating military of students enrolled in colleges, universities and other similar institutions of learning. NSTP‘s primary objective is to highlight the role of the youth in building a strong Republic, invoking gender equality and development through the inclusion of female students in national service training. Rendering service to the community is an equally important endeavor that college students should openly embrace. The various experiences that will be met there shall become their basis as to how communal issues or problems be confronted and solved. It is for this reason that this compiled notes, recently revised to include updates in the national service training program, is shared hoping that this may serve as a tool or a guide for our students to go beyond their selves and embrace the culture of service for their community and for the nation in general. LESSON 1: PREFACE The UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO is a private and multidisciplinary university founded by Dr. Fernando Tatay Gonzaga Bautista and Rosa Nanay Castillo Bautista on August 8, 1948 as the Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute starting with 80 students. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |1 HERE AND NOW From its humble beginning, the then Baguio Tech, now the University of Baguio, continues to be a leading non- sectarian higher educational institution not only in Baguio City or in the Cordilleras or the nearby cities and provinces but the whole country as well since it belongs to a selected few to have attained the highest academic distinction an educational institution can achieve: the prestigious University Autonomous status – a rare feat for a university that does not enforce freshmen qualifying examination, the reason why UB is among the top choices of some of the world‘s most promising students. OFFERINGS Catering to all types of students from all walks of life and nationalities from different regions of the world, UB as it is popularly known, has 11 Schools that offer 55 degree and non-degree programs, 26 Bachelor's Degree programs, 4 Master's Degree programs, 3 Doctorate Degree programs, and 22 Associate, Certificate, and Diploma programs. It also has a Laboratory Elementary School, a regular High School, and a Science High School. UB is also home to some licensure board topnotchers, national athletes, and Top Outstanding Youth awardees in the region and the country, to name a few. ADMINISTRATION Excellence in the field of academics has become the Bautista family‘s core value. Following the footsteps of the founders, UB is run and administered by a core of young, dynamic and innovative Board of Directors with its President, Engr. Javier Herminio D. Bautista, ably assisted by the Vice President for Academic Affairs, Dr. Janice Kaylyn K. Lonogan, Vice President for Administration, Atty. Rommel P. Ayson and the Vice President for Finance Mr. Johann Ben A. Bautista. MANAGEMENT COUNCIL The Vice President for Academic Affairs, together with the deans of the various Schools (orColleges) help translate the Vision-Mission- Objectives of the University of Baguio. Program chairs and subject heads with the directors and heads of various student services, help ensure that the delivery of services in the duration and even beyond the students‘ stay in UB is efficient and worthwhile. FACULTY MEMBERS At the forefront of the University‘s academic life are your teachers – the faculty members who, as accomplished professionals, highly qualified in their fields and value-laden individuals as they are – continuously hone their expertise through studies, regular training and periodic professional assessment through helpful evaluation process from the academic community. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |2 VISION Courtesy: www.ubaguio.edu In pursuit of perfection, the University of Baguio is committed to provide balanced quality education by nurturing academic excellence, relevant social skills and ethical values in a fun learning environment. MISSION The University of Baguio educates individuals to be empowered professionals in the global community. INSTITUTIONAL OBJECTIVES The University of Baguio aims to produce a graduate who: 1. exemplifies a higher standard of learning; 2. manifest the mastery of relevant skills; 3. upholds a conduct that is rightful and just; 4. undertakes scientific and significant researches; 5. advocates sustainable programs for the community and the environment; and 6. leads and demonstrates exemplary performance in the field of specialization. UB‘s commitment to excellence is summed up on its Core Values: Competence + Integrity = Service. Courtesy: www.ubaguio.edu PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |3 BUILDING CODES The SEAL of the University of Baguio captures the spirit of the school as an educational leader in this part of the country. Conceived to symbolize the university‘s tradition of excellence, this seal is a testimony to its long- cherished tradition of pursuit of perfection, as embodied in the heart of every UBian. The SCALLOPS speak of the University‘s ―in the pursuit of perfection; that is, the pursuit for the perfect being, God. All academic endeavors in the University are anchored on the spiritual commitment to put God first in all aspects of human living. UB believes that at the end of the day, all glory should go back to the One who made all things possible. The PINE TREE is a fitting tribute to the natural setting in which UB is found. The University stands in the heart of Baguio City which is known for its pine trees that provide an invigorating backdrop to this cool mountain resort. For locals, the pine tree is an emblem of life as it stands firm and deeply rooted in the riches of its soil. The EARRING is a symbol of wealth, progress and fertility in the Cordilleras. The vast natural resources that provide every opportunity for God‘s creation to uplift his well-being is given tribute in the University seal. It indicates the oft-acknowledged fact that education is the best investment one could have, and that the PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |4 University shares in the dream of every individual to improve his life through the quality of education that the University delivers. The SPEARS represent the advocacies of the University. Like a spear, UB targets every student to: 1. exemplify a higher standard of learning; 2. manifest the mastery of relevant skills; 3. uphold a conduct that is rightful and just; 4. undertake scientific and significant researches; 5. advocate sustainable programs for the community and the environment; and 6. lead and demonstrate exemplary performance in the field of specialization. The RING with the inscription UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO PHILIPPINES captures the essence of perpetuating the University‘s ideals that radiate to the international arena, it being an internationally competitive University. The year 1948 symbolizes its humble beginning as it was then known as the Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute. Now an Autonomous University and servicing more than 15,000 students and personnel, UB still celebrates this joyous foundation anniversary every 8th day of the 8th month with the faculty, administration, management, employees, retirees and students (FAMERS). This is popularly known as the ―Triple 8‖ celebration (excerpts from the University of Baguio Library files). PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |5 LESSON 2: BAGUIO CITY and the CORDILLERAS The University of Baguio lies at the heart of Baguio City, the country‘s Summer Capital. The unique weather, landmarks, heritage and the people– both the indigenous and the settlers who embraced the rich Cordilleran culture and tradition, made Baguio City a top tourist destination that local and foreign tourists dream to experience. Baguio also houses and offers some unique institutions and events that made Baguio even more famous: the Philippine Military Academy, the premiere military school in Philippines; Camp John Hay, the old American military base; the government‘s cottages like the Philippine President‘s Mansion House, Engineer‘s Hill, Cabinet Hill, Teacher‘s Camp, and Supreme Court; the biggest Ten Commandments tablet in the world located in Dominican Hill; the renowned Burnham Park, Baguio Cathedral, and Session Road; and Panagbenga (Flower Festival) that showcases to the world the best of Baguio. This Baguio Hymn, the official anthem of Baguio City, reflects the common aspirations of both the city officials and the people (http://bcnhseduph.tripod.com/inside%20bcnhs/hymns.htm). Oh, Baguio haven for all people For you we thank the Lord and God of all Pine sifted sunshine air we breathe so fresh Tranquil beauty and invigorating breeze Your countless wonders known afar and near Your verdant hills kissed by clouds of pearl Myriad flowers bloom so beautiful in you Like children of every land and hue For any race whether dark or light None can resist your great invite To love and live in you forever Our Eden dreams and gifts of the Creator. http://www.google.com.ph/search?q=the+mansion+house http://www.gobaguio.com PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |7 CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION Cordillera Administrative Region or CAR is a completely landlocked region in the central mountains of Northern Luzon. It is composed of the provinces of Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province, with Baguio City, the ―Summer Capital of the Philippines‖ as the regional center. This region encompasses most of the areas within the Cordillera Central Mountains of Luzon, the largest mountain range in the country and home to numerous indigenous tribes collectively called the Igorots. CAR boasts the country‘s second highest mountain, Mt. Pulag and the world renowned Banaue Rice Terraces, one of the man- made wonders of the world (http://www.philippines-travel- guide.com/cordillera-administrative-region.html). http://www.traveltothephilippines.info/2011/12/30/the- cordillera- administrative-region-car/car-map/ The Cordillera Hymn is the official anthem of the Cordillera Administrative Region (Courtesy: Benguet Provincial Library) Cradled by majestic mountains Blessed with Here dwell freedom-loving people Strong our bond nature's flowing fountains Blooming flowers and it's hard to topple for our freedom we rise and fight verdant hills Our priceless ancestral birthright. (Repeat Refrain) Is a region of murm'ring rills. ‘Neath the sky rains may gather Angry clouds may Refrain: craz’ly wander but the sun shines forever fair as we Cordillera, region of wonder hail! climb up the golden stair. (Repeat Refrain). Beloved land, your name we shall not fail, Honor and fame to you we strive to bring, your glory won, Dreams of peace and oneness and progress we shall forever sing Shall forever sing. Shall Cherished goals our region presses forever sing. Striving to build a brighter dawn for our children to call their own. http://www.pasyalera.com/featured/a-peek-of-banaue-rice-terraces-in-ifugao/ PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM |8  MODULE 1: VOLUNTEERISM Objectives: 1. Understand the underlying nature and characteristics of volunteerism 2. Invite the learners to develop the spirit of volunteerism in themselves. 3. Put into action this sense of volunteerism in every opportunity that a learner may encounter that entices him/her to volunteer, "Remember that the happiest people are not those getting more, but those giving more." - H. Jackson Brown, Jr. Volunteering is a selfless act through which one can spread love and hope for a better life, among the underprivileged ones. Mostly, volunteering work involves taking care of orphaned children at shelter homes, teaching homeless kids or those attending rural schools. Often, skilled volunteers take part in medical or healthcare camps, as well as organize women empowerment projects etc., in order to improve their lives. The animal enthusiasts can get involved in welfare projects or work at rescue centers to give proper attention towards their well-being. No matter whether you are a college student traveling abroad during your gap year or a retired personnel aiming to contribute meaningfully towards a social cause, you can always join a volunteering program and make a difference. "Volunteering is generally considered as an altruistic activity where an individual or a group provides services for no financial gain "to benefit another person, group or organization". Volunteering surely is an important act that everyone should take up at least for once in life, essentially to touch others' lives and sprinkle some happiness. Help the little ones’ dream of a world that's beyond their closed walls, help the women in the rural areas of Third World countries earn their livelihood, treat the animals with utmost care and do as much as it is possible for you. Your act might seem to be very negligible, but it'll definitely make a bigger impact. Remember that every drop counts to make an ocean, and you can volunteer to make this world a better place to live. To add to your surprise, volunteering is much like a double-sided coin, fetching a 'Win-Win' situation for you and the people you serve. It is an outwards journey in which you provide your services to help others live a better life and an inward journey that makes you a better person, more humble and compassionate one. A volunteering endeavor will help to have a different perspective on everything. You'll become a more optimistic person, you'll get to polish your social skills, and make new friends. (www.volunteering solutions.com) Essence of Volunteerism What comes to your mind when you hear the word ―volunteerism?‖ Does volunteerism change the life of a person? Does it play a vital role in the country‘s development? Does it help people from a community or is it something that can cause harm? These are the questions frequently asked. 1. Volunteering teaches you things that cannot be taught in classrooms. Take for instance, the ability to work in teams. 2. Being a volunteer allows you to discover new interests, meet people and form your opinions about the numerous things happening around you. By volunteering you become an instrument of change, it widens your horizon by exposing you to different kinds of situations and environments. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 10 3. As a volunteer, you begin to realize how beautiful it is to help people who are in need, to be human, to be pure of heart, how good it feels to do something worthy without thinking of any form of reward. 4. Being a volunteer builds self-confidence and lifts up the spirits. The kind of work and experience gained as a volunteer are often worth much more than what one finds in any other typical line of work. 5. Volunteering makes one feel good. Helping others has a positive effect on the body, studies reveal. doing some form of service to others helps you to reduce stress, combat depression, keeps you mentally stimulated and provides you with a sense of purpose. Generally, it improves health and happiness. Does volunteerism play a vital role in the country’s development?” The answer would be yes because volunteerism allows people to connect to the community and make it a better place for all. Helping out with the smallest tasks can create a real difference in the lives of people, and organizations in need. Dedicating time as a volunteer helps one boost his/her social skills and paves the way for one to make new friends. Volunteerism is not about how much you can give to others, it is about filling the world with hope, and by doing so, you yourself will be filled with hope. As famous scientist Albert Einstein said, ―only a life lived for others is worth living.‖ (Mauna, 2017) Why Volunteering Is More Than Just Giving Back “You are the change that you dream, as I am the change that I dream, and collectively we are the change that this world needs to be." Efren Peñaflorida - CNN Hero of the Year for His Work with the Dynamic Teen Company. Volunteering may not be at the top of the priority list for students, but ask those who have done it and they will tell you how fulfilling the experience is. The essence of volunteerism is in giving back to the society, but that is not what it‘s all about. It teaches you many valuable things – Develops your skills – Volunteering exposes you to a whole new world of opportunities and at the same time helps you in honing your existing skills. It teaches you things that cannot be taught in classrooms. Take for instance, the ability to work in teams – we cannot stress enough how important in today‘s job market that volunteering more often than not, involves working in teams. It brings out new hobbies, interests, and helps form opinions. You will be surprised at how good you are at things you have never done and a volunteering internship can give you opportunities to try all of them out. A volunteering experience can actually help you decide your career! Meeting diverse groups – Volunteering brings together people from diverse fields. Interaction with co-workers presents an excellent networking scope. It enhances your cross-cultural understanding and develops your people skills. It is a common pain point of employers that students lag behind in their communication skills during their internships. A volunteering stint could help you curb that. Discover yourself – Not only professional help, volunteering widens your personality horizon by exposing you to different kinds of situations and environments. It is one thing to watch under-privileged children study in an PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 11 open school in a television documentary and a totally different experience to actually be present in such a school and teach them. It gives you a new and appreciative perspective in life, which nothing else can do. Sense of achievement – Imagine the satisfaction you get when a charity event ends successfully or when the kids you taught pass with flying colours. ‗Volunteering can be immensely fulfilling to people who want to be the instruments of change’, Boosts your career –While applying for other internships, without much prior work experience to show to your employer, volunteering stints could vouch for your all-round abilities – organizing events, making optimum utilization of the scant resources available, handling operations, managing people, and many more. Even when you apply for higher studies in foreign countries, these experiences will help you boost your CV. Read: Republic Act No. 9418 also known as the Volunteer Act of 2007. Strengthening volunteerism through the Volunteer Act of 2007 (Republic Act 9418) Some may find it ironic that a law on volunteerism was passed. Why is there a need for a law on something that is inherently a social value, and a positive one that is intended to achieve a common good? Is there really a need for such legislation? The reason and the answer can be gleaned from the declaration of policy of Republic Act 9418 or the Volunteer Act of 2007. This legislation recognizes that volunteerism or ― bayanihan can be harnessed as a strategy for national development and international cooperation. The Act commits government to partnership to achieve the needed social transformation and sustainable development through volunteerism. There are three main interrelated objectives of the Volunteer Act of 2007. First, it aims to provide the policy framework that shall underscore the fundamental principles necessary to harmonize the broad and diverse efforts of the voluntary sector. Second, it aims to provide a conducive and enabling environment for the mobilization and nurturance of volunteers and volunteer organizations. Third, it hopes to strengthen the Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) as an effective institution to support volunteerism in the country. Being a framework, the Volunteer Act recognizes the different roles of different sectors of society, including government. It is tasked to provide the environment for volunteerism to prosper. It shall be facilitative, coordinative and promotive in performing its functions. To elaborate a little bit on the academe. The Volunteer Act specifically calls for integrating volunteerism in the education curriculum. This proposal will encourage academic institutions to continuously devise ways to effectively teach and practice the value of volunteerism. Such integration provides students with the volunteering arena by which they can channel their idealism and vigor into something worthwhile. ―If a child spends more than eight waking hours per day for five days a week in a school, then parents have indeed placed a lot of trust in the educational system to assist and influence in the formation of this child. With the Volunteer Act of 2007, the academe is expected to renew and assume a more dynamic role, more so in participatory governance and other developmental advocacies as volunteerism move to higher levels of civic engagements. (De Vera, 2009) PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 12 The Philippine National Volunteer Service Coordinating Agency (PNVSCA) is the government agency mandated to promote volunteerism and coordinate volunteer programs and services in the Philippines. Starting as the Philippine National Volunteer Service Committee on December 17, 1964 by virtue of Executive Order No. 134, PNVSCA became an agency on December 12, 1980, reaffirming the Philippine Government's recognition of volunteerism as a tool for development. It is under the administrative supervision of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). The passage of Republic Act (R.A.) No. 9418 or the Volunteer Act of 2007 on April 10, 2007 further strengthened the PNVSCA given its new mandate to lead the implementation of the law. The agency is mandated to review and formulate policies and guidelines concerning the national volunteer service programs consistent with national development priorities; coordinate, monitor and evaluate the national volunteer service program in order that volunteer assistance may fit into the total national development goals: act as clearing house for matters pertaining to international volunteer services; develop and implement prototypes and models of volunteering for adoption by institutions and communities; provide technical services and support for capability building of volunteers and volunteer organizations; undertake advocacy for the promotion and recognition of volunteerism as a tool for development; establish and maintain a national network of volunteer organization serve as liaison between and among local and foreign governmental private voluntary organizations, including the United Nations Volunteers (UNV); and administer all PNVSCA funds from all sources including foreign aid in accordance with accounting and auditing requirements. For facilitators: Please take time to show videos of stories of people who have been cited for their volunteerism. Suggested videos: CNN Heroes Update: 2009 Hero of the Year Efren Peñaflorida: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sczaMKOceE The Story of the Filipino: Empowering the youth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX-Q3nxfyQ0 Volunteerism -- best platform for personal and professional development: Tuan Nguyen at TEDxUOttawa: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJ7_0d_etKg Volunteering in Cebu, Philippines: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGR78G3bC5s PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 13 MODULE 5: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Objectives: 1. Define what is waste and its types. 2. Understand the concept of waste management. 3. Recommend ways for waste management. Read: Republic Act No. 9003 also known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and know its salient features. (Refer to Appendix A, pg. 72) Waste defined. It is also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk. It is any unwanted or useless materials or any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted. A useless or profile less activity using or expanding or consuming thoughtlessly or carefully. Solid. It is defined as ― non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & sometimes hazardous substances‖ Solid waste also includes: Garbage Rubbish Demolition products Sewage treatment residue Dead animals Manure and other discarded material Source: Agriculture Fisheries Household Commerce and industry Types of Waste 1.) Household waste as municipal waste 2.) Industrial waste as hazardous waste 3.) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste 1.) Municipal solid waste consist of--- household waste construction and demolition debris sanitation residue waste from streets With rising urbanization and change in life style and food habits , the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition changing. 2.) Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals and plants. They are - corrosive - highly inflammable or explosive; In the industrial sector the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal‘ chemical‘ paper, pesticide, dye and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal 3.) Bio-medical waste means ―Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or testing of biological‖ -Bio-medical waste rules ,1998. It may include wastes like sharp waste, pathological waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 37  waste, chemical waste, and radioactive waste etc. Effect of solid waste A: Health hazard If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate , they may create unsanitary conditions. This may lead to epidemic outbreaks. Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or gastrointestinal diseases may spread and cause loss of human lives. In addition improper handling of the solid wastes ,a health hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the waste. B: Environmental impact If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition and putrefaction( decay) may take place. The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoious (intolerable odour) Waste Management concepts The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be followed for waste management. REDUCE Disposable goods: 1) paper plate, 9) ceramic/plastic plate, 2) paper bowl, 10) metal spoon, 3) Styrofoam cup, 11) glass/plastic drinking cup, 4) plastic spoon, 12) dish towel, cloth napkin 5) roll of paper, Recovery of one ton paper can save 17 6) towels, trees 7) paper napkin, 8) durable goods PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 38 REUSE Instead of buying new containers from the market, use the ones that are in the house. Don‘t through away the soft drink can or bottle cover them with homemade paper or paint on them and use them as pencil stands or small vases. RECYCLE Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute which can be used over and over WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include: 1. Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. waste4change.com Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 39 Waste management is the storage collection transport and handling recycling disposal and monitoring of waste materials. Storage: Galvanized steel dust bin Paper sack Public bins Google Image Collection House-to-house collection Collection from the public bins Google Image PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 40 Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the point of collection. Waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment Google Images Recycling refers to the collection and refuse of waste materials such as empty beverage container. The materials from which the items are made can be processed into new products. Materials for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins. Google Images METHOD OF DISPOSAL 1) Dumping 2) Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Landfill 3) Incineration 4) Composting 5) Manure pits 6) Burial PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 41 OBJECTIVES 1) Public hygiene and health. 2) Reuse, recovery and recycle 3) Energy generation 4) Sustainable development 5) Aesthetics 1. DUMPING Low lying areas. Mainly for dry refuse Unsanitary method ✓ Exposed to flies and rodents ✓ Nuisance ✓ Dispersed by wind ✓ Pollution of surface water Google Images 2. CONTROLLED TIPPING/SANITARY LANDFILL Satisfactory method ✓ Material placed in a trench ✓ compacted with earth at the end of the working day. Modified sanitary land fill-where compaction and covering are accomplished once or twice a week. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 42  3 Methods 1. Trench method 2. Ramp method 3. Area method TRENCH METHOD Long trench of 6-10 feet deep and 12-36 feet wide. Refuse is compacted and covered with excavated earth. Refuse is filled up to 6 feet. It is estimated 4,000 square meters of land per year for 10,000 population. Google Images RAMP METHOD suited where the terrain is moderately slopping. AREA METHOD Used when the terrain is unsuitable for excavation. The filling operation usually is started by building an earthen levee against which wastes are compacted and placed in thin layers. At the end of each day‘s operation, as 150-300 mm of layer of cover material is placed over the completed PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 43  Landfill A completed lift, including the cover material is called a cell. ✓ Refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated in uniform layers for 6-8 feet. ✓ Each layer is sealed with a mud cover at least 12 inches. ✓ Sealing prevents infestation by flies and rodents. ✓ Prevents nuisance of smell and dust. Google Images Changes Chemical Bacteriological Physical ✓ The temperature rises to over 60 deg. C within 7 days and kills all pathogens and hastens the decomposition process. ✓ It takes 4 to 6 months for complete decomposition. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 44  Google Images 3. INCINERATION It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. ✓ This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20-30% of the original volume. ✓ Also described as thermal treatment ✓ Where land is not available  ✓ Hospital waste Google Images 4. COMPOSTING Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil/ sludge ✓ Principal by products are: CO2 , Water and heat ✓ End product- compost ✓ Methods a. Bangalore method b. Mechanical composting c. Vermicomposting PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 45  Google Images BANGALORE METHOD Dry waste material of 25 cm thick is spread in a pit and a thick suspension of cow dung in water is sprinkled over for moistening. A thin layer of waste is laid over the moistened layer. The pit is filled alternately with dry layers of material and cow dung suspension until it rises 0.5 meter above ground level. It is left exposed without covering for 15 days. It is given a turning, plastered with wet mud and left Undisturbed for about 5 month or until reguired. MECHANICAL It is a process in which the compost in manufactured in a short period of time with use of waste materials and night soil. The compost is ready in 4 to 6 week time as humus like material with total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of 1 to 3 percent PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 46  Google Images VERMICOMPOST Vermicompost (vermi-compost) is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. Google Images 5. MANURE PIT Mostly used in rural areas ✓ Digging ―manure pits‖ is to prevent the refuses thrown around the houses. ✓ The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits and covered with earth. ✓ Two pits will be needed ✓ In 5-6 month time, the refuse is converted into manure which can be returned to the field. PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 47  Google Images 6. BURIAL PIT Suitable for small camp ✓ A trench 1.5m wide &2 m deep is excavated ✓ The refuse is covered with 20 -30cm of earth ✓ When the level in the trench is 40cm from ground level ✓ The trench is filled with earth & compacted ✓ 4-6 months Google Image PHILIPPINES RECENT TRENDS IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT In 2000, Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act was enacted to provide a framework for managing the growing problem of solid waste in the country. Furthermore, Republic Act 9003 gives prime importance to the roles of LGUs in managing their respective solid wastes. Creation of Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB) Prepares Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) as specified under RA 9003 Monitors the implementation of the SWMP in cooperation with the private sector and NGOs Adopts revenue generating measures to promote the viability of SWMP Recommends measures for the preservation of the ecosystem, and safeguards against pollution Suggests ways, such as franchises or Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) agreements, for the collection, transfer, storage, processing, recycling, or disposal of solid wastes. In 2004, a total of 103 cities representing 94% of the total 109 had organized their SWMBs in accordance with the provisions of RA 9003. Of this number, however, only 49 cities or 44% had effective SWMBs. Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in Barangay and City level Composting of Biodegradable Waste to be used as organic fertilizer Innovative way of Recycling of Non-biodegradable waste PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 48  Segregation at source Household level Innovative way of collecting segregated waste using dumptrucks, tricycles and pedicabs Construction of Sanitary Landfill IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED 1. Cannot be effectively addressed by most LGU alone 2. Most don‘t have enough technical and engineering expertise 3. Regulatory and enforcement powers with public education, awareness, and involvement campaigns are not properly implemented 4. It is not fully implemented, accepted, and institutionalized by the people and institutions 5. Doesn‘t have strong political will in implementing what is good for the environment and the people 6. Only 2% of the Cities of the entire country had established a Sanitary Landfills due to lack of funds RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The improvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of solid waste management. 2. Public awareness should be created especially at primary level. 3. Littering of solid waste should prohibited in cities towns and urban areas. 4. The collection bins must be have a large enough capacity to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste generation in the area. 5. Municipal authorities should maintain the storage facilities to avoid unhygienic & unsanitary condition. 6. It is advisable to move from open dumping to sanitary land filling in a phased manner. The biggest challenge to growing LGUs is to come up with solid waste and pollution control strategies that would effectively reduce the rubbish released to the environment. Unfortunately, this challenge cannot be effectively addressed by each LGU alone. LGUs need to combine their technical and engineering expertise, and their regulatory and enforcement powers with public education, awareness, and involvement campaigns to be able to properly implement solid waste and pollution control programs. Finally, a good solid waste and pollution control strategy will not be an effective one until it is fully implemented, accepted, and institutionalized by the people and institutions. As noted by several local chief executives with exemplary solid waste programs, their strategies were not about good engineering and slogans but rather strong political will in implementing what is good for the environment and the people. Eric O. Torres, Field Engineer PROPERTY OF UNIVERSITY OF BAGUIO – NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM | 49