nsg 108.docx

**A. Definition of Terms** 1. Law - Are formal rules that govern how we behave as members of society. 2. Morality - Guiding principles inherited from family, community, or culture. 3. Ethics - aims to answer "What should I do"? - Standard to examine moral life - Morals - "moralis...

**A. Definition of Terms** 1. Law - Are formal rules that govern how we behave as members of society. 2. Morality - Guiding principles inherited from family, community, or culture. 3. Ethics - aims to answer "What should I do"? - Standard to examine moral life - Morals - "moralis" -- social consensus - specific ways of accomplishing ethical principles. 4. Biology - It is the study of life. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things 5. Bioethics - the study of the ethical and social issues generated by biotechnology 6. Health ethic - Medicine and health **B. Early Events in Bioethics** August 19, 1947 The Nuremberg trials of Nazi doctors who conducted heinous medical experiments during World War II began. April 25, 1953: Watson and Crick published a one-page paper about DNA. December 23, 1954: The first renal transplant was performed. March 9, 1960: Chronic hemodialysis was first used. December 3, 1967: The first heart transplant was done by Dr. Christian Barnard. August 5, 1968: The definition of brain death was developed by an ad hoc committee at Harvard Medical School. July 26, 1972: Revelations appeared about the unethical Tuskegee syphilis research. January 22, 1973: The landmark Roe V. Wade case was decided. April 14, 1975: A comatose Karen Ann Quinlan was brought to Newton Memorial Hospital; she became the basis of a landmark legal case about the removal of life support. July 25, 1978: Baby Louise Brown was born. She was the first testtube baby. Spring 1982: Baby Doe became the basis of a landmark case that resulted in legal and ethical directives about the treatment of impaired neonates December 1982: The first artificial heart was implanted into the body of Barney Clark, who lived 112 days after the implant. April 11, 1983: Newsweek published a story that a mysterious disease called AIDS was at epidemic levels **HISTORY OF ETHICS** **The Hippocratic Oath -- Classical Version** **The Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version** **Original Nightingale Pledge** **Bioethics -** involves a big picture of moral dilemmas faced by the medical community. Nursing ethics deal with individual ethical dilemmas that arise from situation between a care provider and patient. Why is bioethics is important in nursing? What is bioethics in healthcare? **Unethical Behavior of Nursing** 1\. Breaching nurse. Patient confidentiality 2\. Theft of patient money, belongings or Identity 3\. Crossing nurse. Patients professional Boundaries **HE HUMAN PERSON** 1\. Human Act - Is an act that is considered to be carried out voluntarily. - It was verified through the Latin maxim "**Agere sequitur esse**" meaning **"a thing acts according to its nature**" or "**the action of something follows being**." 2\. Acts of Man - Action performed by a human being but without reflection and free will. **Essential Requisites of Human Acts** 1\) Knowledge - A human act is an act done with knowledge. 2\) Freedom -- A human act is an act done with freedom. 3\) Conscience -- Is derived from the Latin phrase cum alia scientia which means the individual man's application of knowledge or "acting with knowledge." **Kinds of Conscience** 1. Antecedent conscience -- One that draws a judgement before an action is executed. 2. Consequent conscience -- Is the direct opposite of the antecedent conscience as it judges only after an act is executed. 3. True conscience -- It judges things truly as they are. If true or right or correct 4. Erroneous conscience Has a synonym called false conscience. It considers bad acts as good and good acts as bad. a. Invincible - Means that the doer of the act is without fault since he/she does not know that the act he/she does is bad or wrong b. Vincible - Means that the moral agent has full knowledge that the acts he/she does is wrong or bad. 5. Certain conscience -- Refers to the subjective certainty on the legality of particular actions to be executed or not. 6. Doubtful conscience -- It occurs when a moral agent is not sure about a moral judgement. 7. Scrupulous conscience -- It sees wrong where there is actually none. Any nurse who is punctured by the sting of scrupulous conscience will always be scared to commit evil. 8. Lax conscience -- It is one that fails to see wrong even when there is actually wrong. **Types of ethical thoughts applied to health care** WHAT WHO THEORY -------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------- Kentian Ethics Immanuel Kant Good will Rawls Ethics John Rawls Justice as Fairness Thomistic Ethics St. Thomas Aquinas Natural, Positive, Eternal Law The Prima Facie Duties or Moral Guidelines Sir William David Ross The Right and the Good **2 PRINCIPLES** 1\. Liberty principle -- which advocates that each person should have an equal right to as many basic liberties as possible and still allow a similar system of liberty of all. 2\. Equality principles \- is the component of Justice as Fairness establishing distributive justice. ** EQUALITY PRINCIPLES** 1\. Fair Equality of Opportunity \- This principles maintain that "offices and position" 2\. Difference principle \- requires that social and economic inequalities be arranged **4 types of Justice** 1\. Commutative- on the principles of equality 2\. Distributive- Guarantees the common by sharing what God has created 3\. Legal- the obligation to it\'s citizens and society, opposites of distributive. 4\. Social- Everyone has right to a fair say in a society Saint Thomas Aquinas - known as **the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis** **The Cardinal Virtues** 1\. Prudence \>in order to act well, we need to make good judgment. 2\. Temperance \>is about how we should behave 3\. Courage 4\. Justice **Saint Thomas Aquinas identified** **Three types of Laws:** 1\. NATURAL LAW 2\. POSITIVE LAW 3\. ETERNAL LAW **The prima facie duties includes:** 1\. Fidelity 2\. Reparation 3\. Gratitude 4\. Non-injury 5\. Harm-Prevention 6\. Beneficence 7\. Self-Improvement 8\. Justice 9\. Respect for freedom 10\. Care 11\. Non-parasitism