NS001-M5-Lesson1_Origin-of-Life PDF

NS 001: Earth and Life Science MODULE 5: ORIGIN OF LIFE  OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence. 2. Describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function, evolution, and ecosystem) in the study of life show the conn...

NS 001: Earth and Life Science MODULE 5: ORIGIN OF LIFE  OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of evidence. 2. Describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function, evolution, and ecosystem) in the study of life show the connections among living things and how they interact with each other and within their environment. 3. Recognize the different characteristics of living things (e.g., levels of biological organization, cell as a basic unit of life). TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE A. Divine Creation B. Extra Terrestrial Origin C. Abiogenesis D. Biogenesis 02 UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE 03 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE  bi·ol·o·gy /bīˈäləjē/ noun Comes from two Greek words “bios” meaning life and “logos” meaning reason or study; It deals with structures, functions and relationships of living things and their environment.  THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ZOOLOGY BOTANY MICROBIOLOGY deals with the deals with the deals with the study study of animals study of plants of microorganisms.  01 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE DIVINE CREATION ORIGIN The belief that life forms and everything 05 in the universe were created through a supernatural power of divine being. EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN The belief that life originated on another planet outside the Solar System. PANSPERMIA THEORY proposed by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius. (from Ancient Greek pan meaning 'all', and sperma meaning 'seed’) States that organic molecules and microscopic life may have been brought to Earth from outer space by meteors or other extraterrestrial bodies. EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN In 1966, a meteorite was found in Antarctica that suggested that it had been ejected from Mars possibly by a collision with an asteroid. The meteorite contained presence of complex organic molecules which resemble those found on Earth. THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (ABIOGENESIS) The belief that life arose from inanimate matter after Earth had cooled. EARLY EARTH’S CONDITION lacked oxygen but was rich in inorganic molecules such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen. THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (ABIOGENESIS) OPARIN – HALDANE’S EXPERIMENT known as the “Primordial Soup Theory” An energy in a form of lightning present in the early Earth condition caused inorganic chemicals to react with one another, creating a soup of organic matter in the ocean that eventually evolved into early forms of life. THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (ABIOGENESIS) THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION (ABIOGENESIS) MILLER-UREY’S EXPERIMENT A chemical experiment that simulated in attempt to recreate the atmospheric conditions of early earth and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions.  MILLER-UREY’S EXPERIMENT water methane, Miller and Urey ammonia and used high voltage hydrogen gas and electrodes to no free oxygen to provide electrical fill the reaction sparks to simulate chamber the rampant occurrence of lightning Within a few days, the ’primordial soup’ started to settle at the bottom of the collecting tube where various organic molecules including amino acid, which is the building block of protein, are formed. THEORY OF BIOGENESIS The belief that life originates from pre- existing life. FRANCESCO REDI’S EXPERIMENT In 1668, Italian physician Francesco Redi conducted an experiment that involved using maggots that arose in decaying meat. THEORY OF BIOGENESIS FRANCESCO REDI’S EXPERIMENT THEORY OF BIOGENESIS FRANCESCO REDI’S EXPERIMENT THEORY OF BIOGENESIS FRANCESCO REDI’S EXPERIMENT Redi concluded that life arose form living matter such as maggots from eggs, not from spontaneous generation in the meat. Redi expressed this in his famous dictum as "Omne vivum ex vivo" which means “all life comes from life”. Despite volumes of information, the question how life began on Earth remains unanswered because we will never know what happened in the actual event that happened 4.5 billion years ago.  RECALL Field of science that deals with the MICROBIOLOGY study of microorganism. This origin of life supported the panspermia theory where life may have been brought to Extraterrestrial Earth from outer space by extraterrestrial Origin bodies. He was the proponents of FRANCESCO REDI BIOGENESIS Origin. The belief that life arose from inanimate matter after Earth had ABIOGENESIS cooled.  02 UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE A. CELLS also known as the basic unit of life. all living things are made up of one or more cells. all cells arise only from pre-existing cells by cell division B. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION The hierarchy of classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth’s biosphere. B. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION B. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION POPULATION - all the individual of a species living within a specific area at the same time COMMUNITY - interactions of different populations with each other with in a specific area at the same time ECOSYSTEM - consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the non-living parts of that environment BIOSPHERE - entirety of all living things and non-living things C. FLOW OF ENERGY NUTRITION is the process by which animals, plants and microorganisms acquire food. ENERGY is the capacity to do work, and it takes work to maintain the organization of the cell and of the organism. 80% The ENERGY PYRAMID shows that about 10% of the energy from each trophic or feed level is passed on to the next. D. EVOLUTION The change in the genetic makeup and physical characteristics of species over a period of time. D. EVOLUTION The change in the genetic makeup and physical characteristics of species over a period of time. ADAPTATION is the mechanism in which organisms develop in order to adjust to the environment. D. EVOLUTION Charles Darwin proposed the THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION which presumes that organisms with more favorable traits would be more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain environment. D. EVOLUTION DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION suggests that a giraffe was born with a longer neck by random chance was able to reach food sources that other animals couldn’t. Giraffes with longer neck Giraffes with shorter neck D. EVOLUTION A French naturalist named Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believed that giraffes once had short necks that got progressively longer as members of each subsequent generation stretched their necks as long as they could. D. EVOLUTION LAMARCKISM Lamarck believed that each generation would grow slightly longer necks and pass that trait onto their offspring. E. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION STRUCTURE refers to the shape or form. FUNCTION is the specific role. For example, different cells have specific components that help RED BLOOD CELLS, which carry oxygen, are formed differently them carry out their than the WHITE BLOOD CELLS duties that fight infection F. ECOLOGY The study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment. A specific area where in different groups of living things interact is called ECOSYSTEM. F. ECOLOGY There are two components of ecosystem known as BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES 1. PREDATION One organism is feeding on another. The organisms that hunts for the other organism is called predator, while the organisms being hunted is called prey. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES 1. PREDATION One organism is feeding on another. The organisms that hunts for the other organism is called predator, while the organisms being hunted is called prey. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES 1. PREDATION One organism is feeding on another. The organisms that hunts for the other organism is called predator, while the organisms being hunted is called prey. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES INTERSPECIFIC INTRASPECIFIC competition competition 2. COMPETITION among different among individuals Organisms use species of the same and compete for species the same limited resource at the same place at the same time. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES INTERSPECIFIC 2. COMPETITION competition among different species Organisms use and compete for the same limited resource at the same place at the same time. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES INTRASPECIFIC 2. COMPETITION competition among individuals of the same species Organisms use and compete for the same limited resource at the same place at the same time. F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS SYMBIOSIS is the interaction between two organisms of different species living closely together in which at least one benefits. F. ECOLOGY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS MUTUALISM Both organism benefits from each other. Organisms in a mutualistic relationship often provide each other with food and/or protection. F. ECOLOGY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS MUTUALISM Both organism benefits from each other. Organisms in a mutualistic relationship often provide each other with food and/or protection. F. ECOLOGY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS COMMENSALISM One organism is benefitted while the other is unaffected. The one benefited is called a COMMENSAL, while the unaffected is the HOST. F. ECOLOGY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS COMMENSALISM One organism is benefitted while the other is unaffected. The one benefited is called a COMMENSAL, while the unaffected is the HOST. F. ECOLOGY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS PARASITISM One organism benefits, while the other is harmed. The organisms that is harmed is called HOST, organism that does the harm is ECTOPARASITE called PARASITE. parasites is found on the body surface of its host F. ECOLOGY SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS PARASITISM One organism benefits, while the other is harmed. The organisms that is harmed is called HOST, organism that does the harm is ENDOPARASITE called PARASITE. parasites live inside its host F. ECOLOGY INTERACTION AMONG SPECIES ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP SPECIES 1 SPECIES 2 Mutualism Benefitted Benefitted Commensalism Benefitted Neutral Parasitism Benefitted Harmed Predation Benefitted Harmed Competition Harmed Harmed  03 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE A. ORDER All living things are made up of one or more cells. Living things are highly organized and coordinated structures. B. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY Living organisms are able to reproduce by duplicating their DNA and forming new cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, the material made up of chromosomes that passes down the genetic information B. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY Living organisms are able to reproduce by duplicating their DNA and forming new cells. Reproduction is known as the process of producing offspring. It is a biological process in which different organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind. B. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY TYPES OF REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION An organism combines One parent copies the genetic information itself to form a from each of its parents and is genetically genetically identical unique. offspring. ASEXUAL ccc REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION B. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY TYPES OF REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual reproduction in They reproduce through their flowering plants vegetative parts such as stems, roots, and even involves the fusion of leaves. The newly produced sex cells from the plants are genetically parent cells. identical to the parent plants. B. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY SEXUAL REPRODUCTION B. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY TYPES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS SELF-POLLINATION CROSS-POLLINATION Happens when the Occurs when the pollen pollen lands on the lands on the stigma of a stigma of the flower flower coming from a coming from the same different plant plant C. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Organisms grow and develop following specific instructions coded for by their genes. C. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH DEVELOPMENT - physical changes - growth in terms of function and capabilities - quantitative qualities - qualitative qualities  2. Tadpole 1. Eggs 5. Adult Frog 3. Tadpole with legs 4. Froglet Eggs Larva Pupa Adult  Infant Embryo Child Old Teenager Adult D. SENSITIVITY OR RESPONSE Organisms tend to respond and cope up with various external factors or different environmental stresses. Positive Response – moving towards Negative Response – moving away E. HOMEOSTASIS Organisms are able to regulate their internal environment to maintain appropriate conditions within the body. Thermoregulation - maintaining a specific body temperature responsive to environmental changes. F. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION Organisms have the ability to adapt and interact with their surroundings in order to survive and reproduce. This also includes a temporary change in habits, attitudes and mind set; and a permanent change in body structure. F. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION ADAPTATION EVOLUTION - temporary change in - permanent change in the behavior biological structure - depends on the - result of continuous environmental stress adaptation - varies per organism - formation of new characteristics G. ENERGY UTILIZATION Living organisms have the ability to consume and convert energy from sun and food for the following purposes.