2nd Final Examination Reviewer PDF

2ND FINAL EXAMINATION – REVIEWER ▪ Oxidation – minerals in rocks react Prepared by: Ms. Zang with oxygen and water, forming...

2ND FINAL EXAMINATION – REVIEWER ▪ Oxidation – minerals in rocks react Prepared by: Ms. Zang with oxygen and water, forming rust. ENDOGENIC ▪ Hydrolysis – minerals in rocks react Pangaea – supercontinent with water, creating clay. Continental Drift – this theory claims that ▪ Carbonation – CO2 in rocks reacts supercontinent called “Pangaea” once existed, and with water to form carbonic acid, about 225 million years ago, that began breaking breaking down the minerals. into smaller continents. o Biological Weathering – It is caused by the Earthquake – shaking of the ground movements of plants and animals such as Convergent plate boundary – towards each other the growth of roots of plants, and Divergent plate boundary – move away from each burrowing of animals below the land. other Mass wasting - It is the movement of rock and soil Transform plate boundary – slide past each other down a slope under the influence of gravity. Volcanism – lava erupts on the surface of the earth o Rock fall – a piece of rock falls freely from a Magnitude - It measure the energy released in an steep cliff. earthquake. o Avalanche – large masses of snow, ice, and Intensity – It measure the degree of shaking during rocks fall quickly down a mountain an earthquake. o Landslide – rocks and soil move downhill Active volcano – Have erupted recently and is due to weaking showing signs of activity. ▪ Translational – moves along a flat surface Dormant volcano – Have not erupted in a long time ▪ Rotational – moves along a curved but are expected to erupt again in the future. surface Extinct volcano – have not erupted in human o Flows – rock materials saturated with water history move like a thick fluid Explosive volcano – It sends ashes, gas, and lava ▪ Slurry – mixtures of water and solid high up into the atmosphere. particles. Effusive volcano – When magma rises and lava ▪ Granular – mostly solid particles flows out of the surface. with little or no water Erosion – It is the process of transporting weathered EXOGENIC sediments by agents of erosion. Weathering – It is the physical and chemical Agents of Erosion breakdown of rocks through the action of various o Gravity – the main force driving rocks to elements of weather and climate. move downhill o Wind – carries loose material from one o MECHANICAL WEATHERING - breakdown of place to another rock without changing the chemical o Running water – moves loose material composition along its path ▪ Frost wedging - Water freezes and o Waves – erodes nearby cliffs, caves, and thaws inside a rock, causing it to shorelines crack and break into smaller pieces. ▪ Insolation – rocks expand and METHODS IN DETERMINING THE AGE OF ROCKS contract with temperature changes, Catastrophism – a theory that suggests the Earth's leading to cracks and breaks. landscapes were primarily shaped by sudden, short- ▪ Unloading – removing overlaying lived, violent events, often catastrophes, rather than rocks releases pressure, making the gradual processes. underlying rocks expand and crack. Uniformitarianism - gradual and consistent processes shaping the Earth's surface over long o CHEMICAL WEATHERING - Breakdown of periods of time are the same processes that operate rocks that results to changes in chemical today. composition.  Relative dating – a method of estimating or getting the approximately age of rock by using the older and younger. Stratigraphy – studies the layers of rocks or sequence o Law of stratigraphy 1. Superposition - The age of rocks are relative to the layers below and above it. The youngest being on top, while the oldest are below. 2. Original Horizontality - If rocks have been tilted or folded, their age is still based on their original position. 3. Lateral continuity - Rock layers are laterally continuous even if they have been eroded by past events. 4. Cross-cutting relationship - Any rock that cuts another rock is younger than the rock it cuts EON → ERA → PERIOD → EPOCH through. 5. Inclusion - Any rock fragment that is included in EON - The largest division of geologic time, lasting a rock layer is older than the rock in which it is hundreds of millions to billions of years. included. ERA - A subdivision of an eon, lasting tens to Unconformity - Gap between rocks which may hundreds of millions of years. indicate a period of erosion, a pause in sediment PERIOD - A subdivision of an era, lasting tens of accumulation, followed by deposition. millions of years. o Paraconformity - Layers are parallel to each EPOCH - A subdivision of a period, lasting several other indicating a continuous deposition. million years. o Disconformity - An irregular boundary between the old and new rock layer is Hadean eon – represents the early history of the formed caused by a period of erosion and earth because of the frequent volcanic eruption, and pause in deposition. was bombarded with asteroid impacts from space. o Nonconformity - New sedimentary rocks Cenozoic era – known as the “Age of Mammals” are deposited on top of an older igneous or o Tertiary period – occupied by giant rhinos a metamorphic rock. and elephants, lions, and saber-tooth cats o Angular conformity - Younger rocks are o Quarterly period – known as the “Age of deposited on a tilted and eroded rock Humans” Homo erectus appeared in Africa layers. at the start of the period. Absolute dating – a method used to determine the Cretaceous Period – ending the age of dinosaurs actual age of a rock or fossil in years. and causing their mass extinction. FOSSILS AND GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE Types of Fossils 1. True form fossils – These are fossils of the actual organism or parts of the organism. 2. Mold fossils – These fossils are impressions left by the organism in the rock. 3. Cast fossils – These are fossils formed when minerals fill a mold fossil. 4. Trace fossils – These fossils show the activities or behaviors of the organism, not the organism itself. (e.g. foot prints, burrow)