NOUN PRONOUN ADVERB.pdf

SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan...

SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela 1.1 FCHAPTER 1 GRAMMAR 1.1.1 NOUN 1.1.2 PRONOUN 1.1.3 ADVERB 1.1.1 NOUN Definition  A Noun is the name of a person, place or thing. A thing includes a quality (fear) a material (gold), a collection (herd, army), a state and an action (movement) Example (1) I live in Australia. (2) Jenny is my sister. (3) I love to play with my dog. (4) The name of this monkey is Boo. (5) The Pacific Ocean is very vast. (6) Binny is my colleague. (7) Parth is my classmate. (8) Mount Abu is the best place for summer vacation. (9) We have proud on Indian Army. (10) Chinky is my pet cat. (11) Kerala state has the highest ratio of educated people. Page | 1 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela TYPES OF NOUN (1) Proper Nouns (2) Common Nouns (3) Collective Nouns (4) Material Nouns (5) Abstract Nouns (1) Proper Noun A proper noun is the name of a particular PERSON or THING, i.e. a name used for a person or place, river, or mountain etc. e.g., Mahek, Ronak, Gaurang, India, Mount Everest (2) Common Noun A Common Noun refers to any and every person or thing of the same kind or class, not to a particular person or thing: e.g. cow, dog, girl, boy, man, woman Common Nouns Proper Noun Girl Javed Dog Parth Man Kaushik Page | 2 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (3) Collective Nouns A collective noun is the name of a collection, group of people or things of the same kind. e.g. Class, Team, Government, Jury, Federation, Committee, Senate, Company, Audience, Police, Army, Flock Example (1) The jury has not concluded because they are still arguing among themselves. (2) The Indian cricket team has perfect unity. (3) The club founded in 2004. (4) The flock of sheep is wandering in the farm. (5) The herd of Elephant found in the forest. (6) The Investigation committee arrived at Ahmedabad. (7) The football team of Argentina is the most popular football team in the world. (4) Material Noun A material noun is the name of a material, substance, or ingredient things are made of. They can be articles of food or drink as well. e.g. iron, copper, steel, gold, coal, silver, rice, wheat, milk, water, tea, sugar Note: A material noun is a type of Common noun, but a distinction made between the two. A common noun is usually a countable noun, but a material noun is an uncountable noun. e.g. The cow gives us milk. The cow is a common noun (countable), but milk is a material noun (uncountable). (1) This vessel made from pure stainless steel. (2) Kerala is the only state which produces the maximum rice. (3) Copper is a good conductor of electricity. Page | 3 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (4) Calcium is good for bones. (5) He is wearing a cotton shirt. (6) A handkerchief is made of a piece of cloth. (7) She lost her diamond ring in the subway. (8) This bottle is made of glass. (10) We are going to buy some gold earrings. (5) Abstract Noun An abstract noun is the name of a quality, state, or concept e.g., beauty, sweetness, childhood, love Note: Concrete nouns are names of material things, i.e. things having a material form, shape or size. Abstract nouns are the names of qualities found in various kinds of objects. Since they have no material form, they cannot be seen or touched. We can know of them only through our mind: Concrete nouns Abstract nouns Sugar Wetness Book Beauty Punjab Hatred Milk Fear 1.1.2 PRONOUN Definition  Pro means 'for' or 'acting as.' A pronoun used as a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase. In other words, it has all the characteristics of a noun: it can function as a subject/object/complement in a sentence. Page | 4 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela  A word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers e ither to the participants in the discourse (e.g., I, you ) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g., she, it, this) A pronoun is used to avoid the repetition of nouns or noun phrases: 1. Sunil went to the market because Sunil wanted to buy a pen. i.e., Sunil went to the market because he wanted to buy a pen. 2. Walking is a form of exercise. Walking is easier than swimming. i.e., Walking is a form of exercise. It is easier than swimming. TYPES OF PRONOUN There are Six kinds of pronouns: (1) Personal Pronouns (2) Possessive Pronouns (3) Demonstrative Pronouns (4) Reflexive Pronouns (5) Relative Pronouns (6) Indefinite Pronouns (1) Personal Pronoun A Personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for a person's proper name. Each of the English Personal Pronouns shows us the grammatical person, gender, number, and case of the noun it replaces. I, you, he, she, we, they, me, him, her, us, and them are all personal pronouns. Page | 5 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela e.g. I, we, you, he, she, it, they These seven pronouns are called personal pronouns. Based on their role in a speech act, these can be divided into three: (1) First Person, (2) Second Person, (3) Third Person (1) I went to the mall. (2) You are the pillar of my life. (3) He studied hard but still failed the test. (4) She went to a party with friends. (5) We want to register to vote. Personal pronouns stand for three persons: 1. First Person 2. Second Person 3. Third Person The personal pronoun of the First-person stands for the person(s) speaking. (I, we, me, us) Example (1) This car belongs to us. (2) I won the award. (3) The matter is between Avinash and me. (4) We shall stand by the truth. Page | 6 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Personal pronoun of the Second person stands for the person(s) spoken to. (You, thou, thee) Example 1. Why are you crying? 2. Only you are allowed to attend the party. The personal pronoun of the Third person stands for the person(s) spoken of. (He, she, it, they, them, him, her) Example (1) I heard him telling them about the movie. (2) He agreed to look after the baby. (3) The headmistress likes her a lot. (4) She asked me to review it by this evening. (5) They went to the museum. (6) They were planning to hide it under the bed. (2) Possessive Pronoun  Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. The possessive pronouns are my, our, your, his, her, its, and their. There is also an “independent” form of each of these pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, and theirs. Possessive pronouns never spelled with apostrophes („)  They are used to express ownership/possession/relationship. Possessive pronouns simplify constructions that show possession of a noun. Example Page | 7 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (1) The green balls are mine. (2) The yellow books are yours. (3) The orange clothes are hers. (4) The white pens are his. (5) The red book is theirs. (6) The blue bottle is ours. (7) Is this your book? That one is mine. (8) Here is my book. Where’s yours? (9) I left my bag here and he left his. (10) We got our fruits. What about theirs? (11) They got their meals. What about ours? (12) Can I borrow your pen? I lost mine. (13) Why are you using my phone? Where is yours? (14) I can’t find my bag. Can I take hers? (3) Demonstrative Pronoun Pronouns that point to specific things: this, that, these, and those, as in “This is an apple,” “Those are boys,” or “Take these to the clerk.” The same words are used as demonstrative adjectives when they modify nouns or pronouns: “this apple,” “those boys.” They are used to point to (demonstrate) people or things they stand for: (1) This is our new house. (2) That is the bridge built by the British. Demonstrative pronouns have number contrast: this these that those Page | 8 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela The primary function of demonstratives is to indicate the nearness or distance of the person or object referred to, from the speaker. Some of the uses of demonstrative pronouns shown below: (A) When pointing: This is my brother, Ravi. That is his new car. (B) When a specific category implied: Those who apply late will not be considered. (C) When there is a reference to a previous statement or a statement that follows: This is what I told them. That is my opinion on the matter. Note: Difference between IT and THIS IT is a personal pronoun, whereas THIS is a Demonstrative Pronoun. As a demonstrative pronoun this indicates nearness and also identifies a person or thing. The use of it does not convey these shades of meaning, so this preferred to it for making a formal announcement or introduction: This is All India Radio giving you the news. (not, it) Mum, this is Ishan, my friend. (not, it) In an answer, however, it is preferred to this when a contracted form is used. What's this? It's a new electronic device. (not, this) Page | 9 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela But when a contracted form is not used, this is okay. What is this? This is a new electronic device. (4) Reflexive Pronoun Reflexive pronouns are words ending in -self or -selves that used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same (e.g., I believe in myself)... The nine English Reflexive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself, oneself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. A Reflexive pronoun is formed by attaching self/selves to the objective form of the pronoun: myself, ourselves, yourself/selves, himself, herself, themselves, itself (A) A Reflexive Pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun in the objective case i.e., as a direct object: Gaurang saw Govind in the mirror. Gaurang saw himself in the mirror. This is used to avoid an awkward construction 'Gaurang... Gaurang'. Gayatri laughed at Gayatri. Gayatri laughed at herself. Note: Reflexive means 'bent back', i.e. 'bending the subject back to the subject.' A Reflexive Pronoun is used when the subject and the object refer to the same person or thing. This can be seen from the agreement between the subject and the Reflexive object: Page | 10 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (1) I saw myself in the mirror. (2) We dressed ourselves in the kitchen. (3) You sent yourself a birthday card. (4) They wrote themselves a 'Thank you' note. (5) He hurt himself while playing. (6) She taught herself the piano. (7) One should avail oneself of this chance. (B) It can be used as an indirect object as well: Sarita made herself a new dress. Ravi gives himself airs. (5) Relative Pronouns A Relative pronoun is used to connect a clause or phrase to a Noun or Pronoun. The clause modifies or describes the noun. The most common relative pronouns are Who , Whom, Whose, Which, and That. Sometimes when and where can be used as relative pronouns as well. e.g., who, whom, which, what, that Usage of Relative Pronoun Relative pronouns are placed directly after the Noun or Pronoun they modify. For example: (1) The driver who ran the stop sign was careless. (2) The children, whom we love dearly, need better educations. (3) Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died. (4) I have a friend whose cat is annoying. (5) The book, which is now out of print, has all the information you need. (6) This is the book that everyone is talking about. Page | 11 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Relative pronouns: When, Where and Why In informal language, we often use where, when or why to introduce defining relative clauses instead of at which, on which or for which. I know a restaurant where the food is excellent. Where Places (… a restaurant at which the food is excellent) There isn’t a day when I don’t feel rushed off my feet. When Times (… a day on which I don’t feel rushed …) Do you know the reason why the shop is closed today? Why Reasons (… the reason for which the shop is closed …) The Relative pronoun “Who”  We can use who to talk about people. Who referring to beings with consciousness: people, animals (when personified), God, etc. (1) People who live in New York lead very busy lives. (2) My sister, who works for the YMCA, leads a very active life. (3) The musician who wrote this song is Canadian. (4) The people who just boarded the plane are in a rock band. (5) Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week? (6) We don’t know the person who donated this money. (7) That’s the dog who doesn’t like me. Page | 12 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (8) The woman who I saw yesterday was Shital. (9) Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. (10) She’s the singer who I heard on the radio. The Relative pronoun “Which”:  This is used in questions to ask somebody to be exact when there are many people or things to choose from, which is used to talk about things.  We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about: Example (1) We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy. (2) I met Ravi in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise. (3) The carpet which you bought has moth damage. (4) Kindness is the language which the deaf can hear, and the blind can see. (5) The car, which was parked on a hill, slowly rolled down the street. (6) The book, which is now out of print, has all the information you need. (7) The cat, which is very old, took a nap. (8) I read the book which is on the table. (9) I visited the town which you told me about. The Relative pronoun “What”  What relative pronoun is used to indicate a nonliving thing. Example (1) What she said made me cry. (2) We can’t give you what you need. (3) What he asked me made me realised about his situation. (4) I have got what I wanted. Page | 13 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela  The Relative pronoun “Whose” Whose can be used to indicate the people, animal or things. Example (1) The man whose daughter won the tournament is a tennis coach. (2) A dog whose owner lets it run loose may cause an accident. (3) The tree whose branches shade my kitchen window is an oak. (4) This is the girl whose mobile phone was stolen yesterday. (5) He has a beautiful sister, whose name I have forgotten. (6) It was a meeting whose importance I did not comprehend. (7) Parth has the latest bike whose market value is the highest. (8) I have a wooden table whose wooden material is the best in the market. (9) Whose cat is sitting on my new car? (10) These are my snowshoes. Whose are those?  The Relative pronoun “Which”  It is used to indicate the thing you are talking about or when giving more information about it.  Relative pronoun Which refers to inanimate things and to animals. Example (1) The table, which sits in the hallway, is used for correspondence. (2) The car which crashed into the wall was blue. Page | 14 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (3) I am not sure which is worse: rain or snow. (4) Which movie do you want to see? (5) The book which you gave me is lost (6) This is the cat which I saw in the backyard. (7) It was raining heavily, which kept us Indoors (8) I have seen the picture which you have painted on the annual day. (9) I went to his house, which is far away from the town. (10) I have so many books. Which one is yours. The Relative pronoun “That.” That is used to refer to a person or thing , especially when he/she/it is not near the person speaking. Example (1) I guess that's a good question. (2) I think that's why Alex feels the way he does about money. (3) Well, you see, that's difficult to explain yesterday’s situation. (4) Do you realize that's the first time you've done that? (5) "I was very glad of his appointment, that's all I know," replied Prince Andrew. (6) Tom bought the apples that the man was selling. (7) Peter invited the boy that was new in class. (8) Jennifer hinted that she would be late for class. (9) The teacher suggested that we finish our homework. (10) The fact that he wants to see you should make you happy. Page | 15 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (6) Indefinite Pronouns  A pronoun that does not refer to any Person, Amount, or Thing in particular.  Indefinite pronouns are those referring to one or more unidentified objects, beings, or places. They are called “indefinite” simply because they do not indicate the same object, being, or place they refer to. e.g. Anything, Something, Anyone, Everyone. There are just two important rules for using indefinite pronouns correctly. Remember these, and you will find that writing comes easier for you.  Indefinite pronouns are never PLURAL. They are always SINGULAR.  Because indefinite pronouns are singular, the pronouns or verbs used to refer to them should also be singular. Please note that all of these pronouns are singular. The table below shows the most common indefinite pronouns: Nobody, Everybody, Nothing, Anyone, Everyone, Nobody Else, Anything, Everything, Somebody, Each, Neither, Someone, Either, No One, Something, Every, Nobody, One Example 1. Everyone should take the time to think about what he or she wants out of life critically. 2. If I had to choose between singing in public and swimming with leeches, I would choose neither. 3. Yasmin knew everything was wrong, but she couldn’t figure out what. 4. If nobody else enrolls in this class, it will be canceled this semester. 5. Everyone has to bring their lunchbox for one day picnic. Page | 16 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Affirmative Noun The affirmative noun means something that affirms or asserts; a positive statement or proposition; affirmation. A reply indicates assent, like Yes or I do. a manner or mode that indicates assent: a reply in the Affirmative. Example (1) Everyone is sleeping in my bed. (2) Someone is sleeping in my bed. (3) No one is sleeping in my bed. (4) I gave everything to Sally. (5) He saw something in the garden. (6) There is nothing to eat. (7) I looked everywhere for my keys. (8) Keith is looking for somewhere to live. (9) There is nowhere as beautiful as Paris. (10)Everyone has a power bank. Notice that a singular pronoun takes a singular verb AND that any personal pronoun should also agree (in number and gender). Look at these examples:  Each of the players has a doctor.  I met two girls. One has given me her phone number. Similarly, plural pronouns need plural agreement:  Many have expressed their views. Page | 17 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Another an additional or That ice-cream was good. Can different person I have another? or thing Anybody/ no matter what Can anyone answer this Anyone person question? S Anything no matter what thing The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours. I Each every one of two Each has his own thoughts. or more people or N things, seen separately G Either one or the other of two people or Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for things me. U Enough as much or as Enough is enough. many as needed L Each every one of two Each has his own thoughts. or more people or A things, seen separately R Everybody/ Everyone all people We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived. Everything all things They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake. Page | 18 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Less a smaller amount "Less is more" (Mies van der S Rohe) I Little a small amount Little is known about his early N life. G Much a large amount Much has happened since we met. U L Everybody/ all people We can start the meeting Everyone because everybody has A arrived. R Everything all things They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake. S I Less a smaller amount "Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe) N G Little a small amount Little is known about his early life. U Much a large amount Much has happened since we L met. A Neither not one and not I keep telling Jack and Jill R the other of two but neither believes me. people or things Nobody/ No-One no person I phoned many times but nobody answered. Page | 19 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Nothing no single thing, If you don't know the answer not anything it's best to say nothing. One an unidentified Can one smoke here? | All the S person students arrived but now one is missing. I Other a different person or thing from one One was tall and the other was short. already N mentioned Neither not one and not I keep telling Jack and Jill G the other of two people or things but neither believes me. U Nobody/ No-One no person I phoned many times but nobody answered. L Nothing no single thing, If you don't know the answer not anything it's best to say nothing. A One an unidentified Can one smoke here? | All the person students arrived but R now one is missing. Other a different person One was tall and or thing from one the other was short. already mentioned Somebody/ an unspecified or Clearly somebody murdered Someone unknown person him. It was not suicide. Something an unspecified or Listen! I just unknown thing heard something! What could it be? Page | 20 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela You an unidentified And you can see why. person (informal) Both two people or John likes coffee but not tea. I things, seen think both are good. together P Few a small number of people or things Few have ever disobeyed him and lived. L Fewer a reduced number Fewer are smoking these of people or days. things U Many a large number of Many have come already. people or things R Others other people; not I'm sure that others have tried A us before us. Several more than two but They all complained L not many and several left the meeting. They people in general They say that vegetables are (informal) good for you. S P I L All the whole All is forgiven. quantity of All have arrived. N U something or of G R some things or U A people L L A Any no matter how Is any left? much or how Are any coming? R many Page | 21 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela More a greater quantity There is more over there. of something; a More are coming. greater number of people or things S P Most the majority; Most is lost. nearly all Most have refused. I L None not any; no They fixed the water so why N U person or persons is none coming out of the tap? I invited five friends G R but none have come.* U A Some an unspecified Here is some. L L quantity of Some have arrived. something; an A unspecified number of people R or things Such of the type He was a foreigner and he felt already that he was treated as such. mentioned Page | 22 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela 1.1.6 Adverb  An Adverb is a word that modifies Verbs, Adjectives and other Adverbs.  Adverbs vs Adjectives The difference between an adverb and an adjective is the following:  An Adjective modifies a Noun. Example: (1) "Jigar is tall." (The adjective tall modifies the noun Jigar) (2) An adverb modifies a Verb, an Adjective or another adverb. Examples: "That idea is simply ridiculous." (The adverb simply modifies the adjective ridiculous) "She sings nicely." (The adverb nicely modifies the verb sing) "She did it really well." (the adverb really modifies the adverb well) Types of Adverbs (1) Degree (2) Frequency (3) Manner (4) Place (5) Time Page | 23 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela (1) Degree Adverbs of degree tell us more about the intensity of the verb in the sentence, in other words, they describe how much, or to what degree. They can be categorized as low degree (e.g. somewhat), medium degree (e.g. fairly), and high degree (e.g. extremely). Adverbs of degree can also modify adjectives and other adverbs and are placed before the word they modify. Popular adverbs of degree include:  Almost  Enough  Hardly  Just  Nearly  Quite  Simply  So  Too (2) Frequency Adverbs of frequency let us know how often the verb occurs. Therefore they mostly modify verbs. These adverbs tend to appear right before the main verb in the sentence. Popular adverbs in this category include:  Again  Always  Never  Normally  Rarely  Seldom  Sometimes  Usually Page | 24 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Here they are in action:  I always read a book before bed.  Does he normally walk his dog at this time?  She usually shops at the Korean market in town. (3) Manner Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner, something was carried out. They mostly modify verbs and can often be found at the end of a clause. This category comprises the most common adverbs - the ones that end in -ly. Here are some examples of adverbs of manner:  Beautifully  Generously  Happily  Neatly  Patiently  Softly  Quickly  Well And here are some example sentences:  He trimmed the white roses neatly.  I combed my dog's fur carefully because it had lots of tangles.  There's no reason why you can't discuss the topic with me calmly. (4) Place Adverbs of place tell us more about where the verb took place. These tend to pop up after the main verb or direct object of the sentence. Here are some common adverbs of place:  Above  Below Page | 25 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela  Everywhere  Here  In  Inside  Into  Nowhere  Out  Outside  There Let's take a look at them in action:  In Ireland, there are thatched-roof cottages everywhere.  Clearly, there aren't any leprechauns here.  I was so beguiled, I drove into a ditch. (5) Time Adverbs of time detail when the verb took place. We usually see these kinds of adverbs placed at the beginning or end of a sentence. Adverbs of time include:  Annually  Daily  Monthly  Recently  Tomorrow  Weekly  Yearly  Yesterday Page | 26 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY  SUBJECT (ENGLISH) LECTURE COMPANION SEMESTER: 1 PREPARED BY: Dr. Chintan Vaghela Here they are at work:  Lately, you've been rude to everyone around.  They recently relocated to Santa Fe.  The morning newspaper arrives daily. Page | 27 SILVER OAK UNIVERSITY