Southeast Asia & Latin America: Geography, Population, and Urbanization PDF

**SOUTH-EAST ASIA** 1. **Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)**: - Established in 1967. - Objectives include: - Accelerating economic growth, social progress, and cultural development. - Promoting regional peace and stability. - Encouraging collaboratio...

**SOUTH-EAST ASIA** 1. **Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)**: - Established in 1967. - Objectives include: - Accelerating economic growth, social progress, and cultural development. - Promoting regional peace and stability. - Encouraging collaboration and mutual assistance in various fields **Geographical Features**: - Major island groups: Greater Sunda Islands, Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippine Archipelago, Maluku Islands. - Mekong river **Maluku Islands**: - Known as the Spice Islands; historically significant for spices like nutmeg and cloves **Vegetation Types**: - **Tropical Rainforest**: Found in regions such as Indochina Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo; characterized by high biodiversity (over 35,000 species) and multiple vegetation layers - **Monsoon Forest**: Present in Burma, Thailand, and the Philippines; trees shed leaves during the dry season, come into leaf at the start of the rainy season; Many lianas (woody vines) and epiphytes (air plants, such as orchids), bamboo, teak trees are present. - Teak tree -- a tree native to India, Myanmar and Thailand; during the dry season the tree is leafless **Population Density and Rural Settlements**: - Population density varies across countries in Southeast Asia - Rural settlements are often built away from rivers for flood protection, utilizing light materials. **Migrations** \- internal migrations , to defuse over-population in the regions of traditional, permanent settlements (Indonesia, Philippines) \- migrations to the cities -- since 50. XX century; as a result, the population of capitals rose dramatically **Rural settlements** -villages build at a distance from the rivers -- protection against floods; sizes of villages; light materials \- humid climate influences the way of house construction -- stilt houses **Farming Practices**: - Types of farms include small traditional farms and large-scale plantations for export - Small -- use of traditional methods; rice cultivation, less productive - Large-scale: innovative, production for export (Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia) - Land use statistics for various countries highlight the percentage of arable land and permanent crops - Plantation of rubber trees - African oil palm plantations in Indonesia - Coconut trees, pineapples, durians, taro **Cultural Aspects**: - Photographs depict traditional housing and settlements, such as stilt houses and longhouses **LATIN AMERICA** Subregion of the Americas -- where Romance languages are spoken (Spanish, Portuguese, French) - Consists of 20 sovereign states -- form the southern border of the US to the southern part of SA, including the Caribbean - In 2024 -- population estimation: 663 million **POPULATION AND URBANIZATION:** - The Latin American and the Caribbean region is one of the most urbanized in the world - One of the least populated in its territory - About 80% of population lives in the cities - Proportion is even higher than in the group of most developed countries **HIGHLY DIVERSIFIED AREA** - Regions that are often used by the UN (United Nations) to describe Latin America: Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Andean, Brazil, Southern Cone (used to describe regional differences) **Why has LA become an urbanized region?** - History (pre-Columbian colonization, modern history) - Policy (national, regional, local) - Industrialization - Migration - Demographic explosion - Cultural factors **Historical Development of Cities** **CONCEPTS OF CITIES FORMATION** - Based on evolution -- cities developed from smaller "organisms" like villages - Based on diffusion -- cities developed because of influence from outside, like diffusion of innovations - NOWADAYAS based on multidimensional development (evolution and diffusion) - **Factors such as:** favorable geographical conditions and the ability to use them (first in agriculture) - social contacts contributing to the development of the social organization - Old urban civilizations occurred near fertile grounds (near the rivers) -- the Nile, the Euphrates and Tigris, Indus or by the sea (Mediterranean) and oceans (Yucatan) - SEVEN REGIONS: Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, China, Nigeria, Central America and the Central Andes **BEFORE CONTACT WITH EUROPEANS:** - The earliest human settlements date back to 14,500 years ago in **Monte Verde, Chile** - The diversity of its geography, topography, climate, and cultivable land means that populations were not evenly distributed. - Sedentary populations of fixed settlements supported by agriculture gave rise to complex civilizations in Mesoamerica (central and southern Mexico and Central America) and the highland Andes populations of Quechua and Aymara, as well as Chibcha. - Agricultural surpluses from intensive cultivation of maize in Mesoamerica and potatoes and hardy grains in the Andes were able to support distant populations beyond farmers\' households and communities. - The Caribbean region had sedentary populations settled by Arawak or Tainos and in what is now Brazil, many Tupian peoples lived in fixed settlements. - Semi-sedentary populations had agriculture and settled villages, but soil exhaustion required relocation of settlements. - Non-sedentary peoples lived in small bands, with low population density and without agriculture. - The last two great civilizations, the Aztecs and Incas emerged into prominence in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries. **EXAMPLE OF THE URBAN CIVILIZATION: TEOTIHUACAN** Mature urban structure - The most important central road, the Avenue of the Dead - Next to the Avenue most important buildings like the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Sun Pyramid, and Moon Pyramid - Probably also functional divisions - Moon Pyramid / Sun Pyramid - Temple of Quetzalcoatl -- Feathered Serpent OTHER EXAMPLES - City of Mayan civilization in the Yucatan - Tikal - approx. 45 thousand in the year 550. A.D - Central Andes: approx. 850 B.C. Chavin de Huantar; - 250 r. BC 600 A.D. - Nazca culture, approx. 400-year A.D. Tiwanaku--\>Tiahuanaco (Eternal City) on Lake Titicaca approx. 40 thousand residents - Most of these cities collapsed with the fall of their constituent civilizations. **POPULATION AND URBANIZATION -- COLONIZATION** **PHASES OF COLONIAL URBANIZATION**  **IDEAL SPANISH CITY** - regular checkerboard floor plan with sides of the squares (cuadras or manzanas) of 100 m - square building blocks in the center of the Spanish colonial city were divided into equal parts (solares), each in the fourth part of a Cuadra - The center part of the city was the plaza mayor - In the surrounding area of plaza were representative buildings (Church, City Hall, Schools etc.) than private houses of the higher class (magnificent aristocratic palaces, Patio-Houses) - Trade and commerce are concentrated near outlying markets - Reverse-Burgess type of the city -- wealthier part of the population in the city center, poorer inhabitants in the suburban areas (this model will be discussed later) **Cities created in colonial times** - It was an important factor in urban system development - Characteristic features are still visible -- e.g. a large number of cities in the coastal area **URBANIZATION IN 19^TH^ AND 20^TH^ CENTURY**  **20^TH^ CENTURY POLITICAL CHANGES** - Mexican Revolution 1910-20 - Great Depression 1930s - Interwar and World War II - Cold War Era (1945-92) **URBAN EXPLOSION IN 20^TH^ CENTURY** **SUB-REGION DIFFERENCES**  - The line shows the dynamic of the urbanisation process but also regional Sub-region differences - Comment: The analysis of urbanization rates should be qualified by the diversity in the definition of rural and urban areas. The classification of an area as 'urban' is a purely administrative decision and varies considerably between countries. Depending on the case, the definition applies numerical census or qualitative criteria or a combination of both these. In this region, a common, albeit partial, criterion considers urban to be settlements of more than 2,000 or 2,500 inhabitants. **CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF URBAN SYSTEM IN LATIN AMERICA** **URBAN PRIMACY INDEX**  M. Jefferson - a leading City law (or law of primate city). Priority indicator (or primacy index) was determined as the ratio of the population of the second, the second and third or even second, third and fourth of the city to the population of the largest city, taken as 100. Today urban primacy is used to describe share of the population in one city-- usually capital city Urban primacy is also the demographic, social, economic and political dominance of one city within urban system  **URBAN AREAS** **Monocephalic urban structure/center,** which is a huge advantage of the largest city, performing the most common functions of the capital, over the other centers \- Example: Montevideo \- The largest city inhabited by 1.3 million people. (1.9 million metropolitan area).The second city of Salto 104 thousand. **Bicephalic urban structure/center,** where two cities have a huge advantage over the other centers - Brazil: Sao Paulo 12 million (22 millioms in metropolitan area)., Rio de Janeiro 7 million, Belo Horizonte 2,5 million - Ecuador: Guayaquil - 2.6 million, Quito -2.0million , Cuenca 400 thousand. **POLARISATION-REVERSAL-HYPOTHESIS (1980)** The concept was created to explain the differences in the development of the system of urban centers in developing countries - emphasizing the role of external factors, e.g. foreign investments, aid programs, etc. (in the picture ADI - means external investments) and shows why a monocentric structure is a frequent feature of the network 5 PHASES: 1. **Spatial concentration** - centres are created not only due to internal factors, but also external investments, the centre-periphery structure is developing 2. **Intra-regional concentration** - moving some activities to the periphery to reduce production costs, satellite cities are developing 3. **Interregional decentralization** - the most important phase of the reversed polarity concept, sub-centres are being created - in particular the largest cities are experiencing development, the advantages of the central agglomeration and the deepening disadvantages of the agglomeration in the central region cause the redirection of investments in favour of the centers, the result is, among others, the outflow of labour from the region and concentration of development potential in the subregion) 4. **Sub-regional decentralization** - the above process is also repeated in other regions) 5. **A stable system of city hierarchy** - results in a stable system with large regional differences, polarized **REGIONAL DIFFERENCES:** - Majority live in small cities with less than 500k inhabitants - Latin America with its high urbanization level also has a large population in huge metropolitan areas with more than 5 million residents **MEGACITIES** - Term to use for the most populated urban area - Introduced by the UN in the 70s, 20^th^ cen - The only criterion for distinguishing this category of the city is the population (initially 5 million -\> 8 million -\> 10 million (since 21^st^ cen) **CHALLENGES FOR MEGACITIES** - Homelessness - Traffic jam - Fighting between ethnic groups - Providing water, electricity - Green areas - Inequality - Pollutions - Refuse and waste disposal - Water pollution - Housing problem - Education - Access to health service - Safety of residents - Problems on a labour market - Limited energy - Management - Limit to access the space **CITY MODEL STUDIES**  **GRIFFIN-FORD MODEL** **LATIN-AMERICAN MODEL OF THE CITY** - In the early phase, the colonial time, the urban body was compact, and the social status of the inhabitants decreased with the increasing distance from the central plaza where the central social and political functions were located. -  THE POLARIZED CITY(!!!!!!) e.g. Sao Paulo **TIME-SPACE GROWTH MODEL E. GORMSEN (90S)** - Land market - Status of inhabitants - Population density **CHANGING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN LATIN AMERICA** Massive changes since the early 1980s re-democratization processes, the capitalist and neo-liberal politics State-owned companies and formerly state-organized services were privatized Foreign Direct Investment and the subjugation to open market laws diminished the importance of the state Fierce competition from imported products induced a de-industrialization process This neo-liberal economic path seems to have had a serious impact on the social structure of Latin American societies. - **Social polarization** has increased substantially, and unemployment has risen markedly - Especially in the last 25--35 years, urban structures have been going through a rapid modernization process - driven by foreign investments - And internal investments - More investments went into urban elements **INFLUENCE ON THE CITIES:** the expansion and privatization of motorways the establishment of private industrial parks international hotel chains with integrated business facilities shopping malls and hypermarkets urban entertainment centers, multiplex cinemas gated and access-restricted residential quarters both in urban and suburban areas. **POST-MODERN URBAN DEVELOPMENT** - Fragmentation and special segregation - Urban expansion and urban sprawl **THE FRAGMENTED AGGLOMERATION**  Example: Salta, Argentina -- newly emerging middle and upper tier estates replicate the historic checkerboard layout of streets **RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION STUDIES** - Most often segregation refers to separation or spatial concentration -- as defined by characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, political affiliation, gender, religion, employment status or language - Segregation is not an explicit concept as the population inhabiting a given area may be "segregated" in various ways.  **GATED COMMUNITIES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT ( barrios cerrados)** **TYPES OF GATED COMMUNITIES:** - various products of the real estate market in the different countries - Condomínio fechado in Brazil - Barrio Privado in Argentina - Urbanización Cerrada or Conjunto Cerrado in Ecuador - Condominio, Coto or Fraccionamiento Cerrado in Mexico   **POSITIVE ASPECTS:** - Privacy and security - Quality of the environment: private neighborhoods offer a bigger and better relationship with nature - Impact on the city: sometimes they facilitate the installation of infrastructure and basic services in the area and increase the value of the land through their implementation - Employment: creation of indirect jobs - Exclusivity and belonging: from the cultural perceptions of the affluent classes, socio-economic homogeneity and the lack of contrasts between its inhabitants are qualified as a value - highly debatable **NEGATIVE ASPECTS** - Social polarization - Physical fragmentation - Extension and isolation - Resignation from city life - Car culture - Waste of space / resources - Individualistic subjectivity - Isolation pathologies the expansion of suburbs is not always called suburbanization- often called peripherization The outflow of richer inhabitants ( filtering) to suburbs means that poorer inhabitants are pushed to the further periphery External gentrifiers play a different role, large companies more often invest in office spaces, hotels, and housing areas are changed by middle class residents In the neglected parts, there is something that we would call revitalization, but here a better term is reconstruction/renewal and succession, as it is more often a bottom-up activity, and not planned as part of e.g. revitalization programs Marginal districts take various forms - often their appearance depends on the period in which the inhabitants came. Former marginal districts often become \"normal\" city districts - a process called recontextualization- mainly due to the improvement of living conditions (upgrading) - there are changes from areas There is a fragmentation of the city - clear divisions into rich and poor (so called ciudad rica- ciudad pobre) **SUMMARY OF THE LECTURE:** In the last couple of decades, the internal structure of cities has changed rather markedly throughout Latin America. Concomitantly multi-level and multi-actor policy processes unfolded in Latin America during the 1980s and 1990s. Authorities at urban levels have been faced with new challenges and new ideas about the privatisation of public space, enclosure, and new social ghettos. The urbancommunity -- once seen as a unique and, from a governance point of view, unified organism -- is now divided in different spaces with different underlying norms, structures, and control. Urban governance involves actors at different scales, following their respective interests and objectives. The physical fragmentation processes have thus had a serious impact on the quality and understanding of urban life. Inhabitants of gated communities change their lifestyle rapidly and the access restricted areas accommodate their daily demands. Public spaces lose their basic role as points of interaction between different classes, as each class develops its own homogeneous space. The growing size of these spaces and their integration of complex urban functions further accentuate this tendency. Consequently, inhabitants live in bubbles which are detached from the local political and social environment. Yet, neither the Latin American media (press and broadcasting), nor politicians, urban planners, or architects have interpreted the gates as a severe problem for society in the past two decades. **NATIONAL PARKS OF THE UNITED STATES** - 63 national parks including: 2 in Hawaii and 5 in Alaska and 2 in dependent territories - There are also protected areas -- „National Monuments" (managed by NPA) - Other cathegory: -- States Parks In many you can use cars and spend night or several days in park. **YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK** - The most interesting national park in US. - The oldest in the World (created in 1872) - Located on the borders of three states: Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. - The area has very interesting geologic genesis -- the park is located on flat surface (caldera of old volcano). - There are hydrothermal actions (two times per day there is an eruption of 20 meters high geezers („Old faithful" -- and many others). - In Yellowstone there are located more than ½ geezers from all over the world. - In central part of park there are hot springs with temperature almost 100°C and there are volcano smokes in the park. - There are limestone terraces, - In the park we can meet: Bisons, bears and wolves, - Through Yellowstone -- river Yellowstone, „Upper Falls" - high 33 meters and „Lower Falls" - 92 meters - From the beginning of 70. XX century there is policy for letting of forest to burn -- natural policy - in the park there are located „visitors centers". - There are camp sites and hotels. - About 3 million tourists annually - You can use car in the park. (many parking\'s, viewpoints -- everything is accessible by car). **BADLANDS NATIONAL PARK** - North part of US, near Yellowstone on the most interesting areas were created Badlands NP. - It covers 10% of all area of „bad lands". - The name was taken from unfamiliar landscape. - Mainly there are no plants on „badlands". - volcanic genesis. - volcanic ashes covered surface and did not provide conditions for trees - Empty areas were created which were divided by marches. - Park is accessible during the whole year. - Park iv very attractive to persons, who like walking and climbing. - Although very „unfamiliar" landscape and the lack of trees tourists can meet animals such as: sheep and deer. - tourist season is in summer days. - tourist infrastructure: 2 campsites: Cedar Pass and Sage Creek Primitive Campgrounds. - In the park it is possible to do mountain biking, climbing and walking. **ROCKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK** - This park is located only on small surface of these of Rocky Mountains. - National Park was created in 1915. - The surface of national park is only 971 Ha (1/10 surface of Yellowstone NP). - However, the number of tourists is very close to Yellowstone and annually it is coming here about 3 million of tourists. - The mountains have more than 3 000 meters high. - More than 1/3 of mountains is above the zone of trees -- in the zone of snow -- it is called „Never Summer Mountain". - There are such animals as: elk deer, coyotes, beavers, grizzly bears. - Enormous similarity to the Alps -- in type of landscape and buildings -- restaurants and motels in Bavarian and Swiss style. - park is accessible by car (many viewpoints with parking). - Through park there are roads: - U.S. Highway 34, U.S. Highway 36 and Colorado State Highway 7. Highway 34 -- called also „Trail Ridge Road". It is the highest road in US (in some places height is 3 713 above sea level). - in winter the road is closed (from October to May) and sometimes it is even close in summer. **ARCHES NATIONAL PARK** - park is located in eastern part of Utah State - was created in 1971, surface 309 square kilometers. - the mechanism of creation of rock arch is complicated - wind erosion and airing make ravines bigger and creates arches - cold airing creates arches in sandstone. - in the park there is arid climate, soil is not good for agriculture (or breeding). - on area of park there are golden and red sandstone. - there are 1 800 natural stone arches. - „Delicate Arch" -- the well-known and visited by almost all tourists in the park. - there are deep mini-canyons in park with sharp edges. They create" Fierce Furnace" formation, „Devil's Garden" and „Landscape Arch" with height of 93 meters. - it is possible to camp in the park in distance of only 1 mile from paths. **YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK** - the most distant national park of California State. - the biggest attraction are granite rocks, which create massif Yosemite. - The whole park also includes valley with the same name and hills with surface of 3 100 square kilometers (glacial genesis). - Extraordinary feelings for tourists make fair color of rocks, which gives impression of snow mountains. - The rocks are high for 800 meters and they create very high waterfalls such as „Bride veil Falls". - The biggest concentration of granite rock in the world is mountain „El Capitan" (height - 1 067 meters). - Park is accessible by car. - There are many very long tunnels in the rocks. - Mainly tress: oaks, cedars and spruces. - Park is inhabited by deers, prairie wolves and bears. **SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK** - Established in 1890. - The second after Yellowstone in the date of establishment. - Park is famous for sequoias trees - The most frequent visited part of park - „Giant Forest" with enormous gigantic trees. - The highest tree in the world is sequoia named "General Sherman Tree" (84 meter high, age - 3 000 years). **GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK** - Located in Arizona State. - Protected area from 1893. - Tourist visited Grand Canyon should remember about some limitations. - You should not walk through the canyon between 11 am and 6 pm during summer months. - It is due to high temperature (about 40°- 43° C degrees in the shadow). - However each year there are some lethal accidents because of sun (sunstrokes) - The Grad Canyon has depth of 2 kilometres, wide 7- 20 kilometres - For less experienced tourists it is proposed the ride on mule to the down part of the canyon. - There are such animals as: chamois, rabbits, buzzards, eagles, pumas, scorpions and snakes. - But the snakes are very rare and tourists should not afraid of them because it is very hard to meet them. - glass bridge in Grand Canyon. - Visitor Centre -- on the top of Canyon. - All bed-places in park are in management of Xanterra corporation. - in some parts of the park there the flight is forbidden (aim: reduction of noise and pollution). - near the park -- airport Grand Canyon National Park **MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK** - Located in Colorado State - The only national park in US, which protects archaeological sites. - We can find the ruins of Indians" Anasazi". - It is the best way to let know history and culture of this Indian tribe -- to visit the ruins. - The city in the rocks makes enormous impression, because we can observe precision of particular rooms in „the rock city". - The city is hidden in the rocks due to strategic reasons - In that way the tribe Anasazi could hide themselves from attackers and make successful defense. - Exact history of the tribe is unknown. - The city was not attacked at all. - The city was abounded probably because jejune (dry) soil. - Among Anasazi the main decisions were taken by women. - The tribe Anasazi did not have any problems with law, that is why there was no jails and prisoners among them. - On the journey through rock city, we can go only with a tour-guide. - It is because the fact that the rock city must be protected all the time and it is still protected by archaeologist. - Many leaders and passes for tourists -- it's for making possible to visit archaeological site. **NIAGARA FALLS NATIONAL PARK** - Located in New York State - Niagara Falls in its geological history new waterfall. - The river Niagara was created about 12 thousand years ago, after the end of last glacier. - The Canadian part of the waterfall is more attractive. - During the night the waterfall has its illuminations. - Around the waterfall there are many attractions for tourists. - There are cruises with special ship, which sails very close to the waterfall. - There are many viewpoints for tourists. - There are catwalks for tourists. **WHITE SAND NATIONAL MONUMENT** - Location: New Mexcio State - White Sands -- it is a narrow valley on west from Ruidoso and Sacramento Mountain. - It has surface of 25 square miles. - The dunes are created from small grains of plaster (it is an effect of erosion of nearby hills). - The most part of valley is a military zone. - It is used by army as a base for rockets and polygon for pilots (it is also place of landing for space-shuttle). - Only ½ of dunes landscape is protected in White Sands NP. - The area is often closed during the army rocket experiments for 1-2 hours. - Very close is located city Roswell known from the history of landing UFO just after the end of second world war. - Probably it was Russian spying aircraft (but the army which want to mislead public opinion create such an information which was later cancelled). - on the park -- there is none (only few trails on map). - only beyond the park -- nearby cities such as Roswell. - you can walk through all protected area, there is no necessity to walk only paths (there is no path because of sand dunes and wind). **PERTIFIED FOREST NATIONAL PARK** - Located in Arizona State - Petrified Forest is from two sides of highway I-40, nearby the city of Holbrook. - We can observe it because of erosion. - The cell of the trees was replaced by colored crystals of quartz. - interesting view of trees cut by diamond saws and polished. - Northern part of the park is famous from fabulous views -- „Painted Desert" -- sandy dunes with many colors. - However, tourists each year take souvenirs from petrified forest from pieces of petrified trees (so that is why the number of them is decreasing). - The guards of park estimate that each month tourists take away several tons of petrified wood. **SAGUARO NATIONAL PARK** - Around city Tuscon - Possibility of walking around „dense forest of cactus Saguaro". - very high temperatures in the park. - there are here 25 species of cactus (the biggest in US -- cangeria - Saguaro). - in any part of park -- there is no bed-places or campsites. - because of temperatures is not recommended to camp in the park. - Park has 2 visitors centers and about 240 kilometers of well signed tourist paths with different level of difficulties. **JOSHUA TREE NATIONAL PARK** - Surface: 287 th. square km. - located in the belt, where Colorado desert meets Mohave on north-east from Palm Springs. - it was created to protect interesting species of trees - The name from Mormons (years 50 of XIX century). - „Strange looking" trees seems like arms of Joshua, who led to promise earth - in the park the temperatures are very high. - many old gold mines. - tourists need to be careful because of unsafe ground. - „Barker Dam" -- main water reservoir. - the best known -- mine „Lost Horse" in which was developed gold each day -- value 20 thousand of dollars. **BRYCE CANYON NATIONAL PARK** - the name from Mormon settlers - Ebenezer Bryce, who had lost the hope concerning the fertility of the land. - Rocks with colors -- yellow, red, white - made by erosion of sandstone (temperature less than 0°C during the night - 200 times during the year) and summer storms - Some of the rocks looks like elephants, giraffe and alligators. - Several rooks look like Elvis Presley - The best viewpoints: „Sunrise Point" and „Sunset Point" **CAPITOL REEF NATIONAL PARK** - Capitol Reef -- name concerned by tourist more to Australian coastline than US and Utah State. - Very high rock walls in the color of brown, white, red. - The name was taken from the biggest rock wall (high of 300 meters, which looks like the Capitol Building located in Washington) **ZION NATIONAL PARK** - It is said to be the most beautiful of the national parks of the southern part of Utah State - It combines astonishing forests with rainfalls and rock walls. - The temperature is about 38°C in summer, Zion means promised land" -- connected with Mormons. - The most famous is path form „Emerald Pools" to „Canyon Refrigerator"-with amazing cold microclimate. **EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK** - Localization: South of Florida State. - 3-rd the biggest National Park in US after Death Valley and Yellowstone. - Established in 1947. - Area - 6 105 square kilometers - Administrated by National Park Service. - Water source -- river Shark (maximum wide 80 kilometers). - a lot of small islands. - National Park was assumed to be biosphere reservoir by UNESCO in 1976. - UNESCO in 1979 included this national park in the World Heritage List. - Everglades include swamps, islands and fresh and saltwater marches. - enormous variety of plants (marches and water). - Palms, coastal lowlands, freshwater slough, cypress, mangroves. - any species of fish, reptiles and amphibians: - alligators, - crocodiles, - Kareta turtles, green turtles - Birds -- American sea eagle, osprey, white heron, brown pelicans. - Mammals -- lynx, pumas, racoons and manatees. - in Everglades NP are being held special education programs for children, for teachers and for families with children. - „Bird watching" -- very popular in US and Canada. - annually for this hobby is being spend in US 45 million USD, and bird watching is interesting for 71 million citizens of US, and as a kind of tourism was treated by 48 million of US citizens **FLORIDA** - American state (170 th square kilometers). - the 4-th most populous (21 million). - the 8-th most densely. - Jacksonville (the largest city). **Miami** (the largest metropolitan area). - 442 thousand citizens - 42\. biggest city in US - 5,5 million of citizens - 7\. the most populous and - 5\. the biggest metropolitan region - Financial, commercial and culture center of US - According to Forbes -- the cleanest city in US (quality of air, quality of drinking water, „green" areas, recycling programs) - Known as the richest city of US - Houses/Apartments for rent near „Dodge Island" - Global economic crisis affected Miami housing market between 2008 and 2009 badly **Florida Keys** - Archipelago of about 1700 coral islands and other islands, which create „chain" - the chain has the length of 240 kilometers - from south-east to the end of Florida to Dry Tortugas Islands. - Total surface of land area is 355,6 square kilometers. - Florida Keys is inhabited by 80 thousand people. - Population density is 224 persons per square kilometer. - the division of citizens in not adequate. - the biggest city - Key West has a population of 32% of archipelago citizens. - almost all archipelago is in Monroe division -- with Key West major city, only 5% of archipelago belongs to Miami-Dade administration. **Kennedy Space Centre** - **Cape Canaveral -- the center of space flights** - Localization: Merritt Island - Visiting by tourists - Entrance ticket: 100 USD -- adult; 60 USD children - IMAX cinema system - Possibility of meeting astronaut/ possibility of eating dinner with astronaut - The history of human in cosmos - Commercial museum/not financed from public funds - Space rockets and space ships. - The begging of Kennedy Space Centre -- 1958. - From 1968 -- human space flights. - First projects -- Mercury, Gemini, next -- Apollo - Not only space port but also huge tourists' attraction. - There is also natural protected area - The center will be main place of future person space missions also private ones **Nearby attractions in "Orlando Area Attractions"** Walt Disney World Sea World Orlando Universal Studios Disney Cruise Line Brevard Zoo BCC Planetarium Island Boat Lines Cocoa Beach Daytona Beach **JACKSONVILLE** - the largest city in the State of Florida (by population) - area - 2,264 km2 - the largest city in land area in US. - a diverse religious population - the largest deep-water port (in the South) **FRANCE -- postcolonial France and French overseas territories** **FRANCE ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION** - 18 regions divided into 13 (European continent) + 5 (Overseas regions) - The 2015 administrative reform -- a response to the challenges of globalization - Overseas territories: DOM-TOM ◊ DROM-COM (départements d\'outre-mer, territoires d\'outre-mer, régions d\'outre-mer, collectivités d\'outre-mer) - Overseas regions / departments: - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, Mayotte - Overseas territories / collectivities: - French Polynesia (country), Saint-Barthélemy, Saint-Martin, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna - Autonomous collectivity (country): - New Caledonia - Other territories and entities: - French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Clipperton Island FORMER COLONIAL EMPIRE -**Colonialism**- the reign of states called metropolises over overseas areas called colonies, with a different status: part of the metropolitan territory or with territorial distinctiveness, but always in a position of subordination and dependence. (Dictionary of International Relations) -- French colonialism: ♣ XVII-XVIII centuries-- America ♣ 1830- Algiers (colony); 1848-1962- an integral part of the territory on different rights and strong European settlement (from Algerian to Pied Noir) ♣ 1858- the beginning of the conquest of Indochina; French Indochina (1887 1954) ♣ 1870.- the conquest of Africa (sales market, civilization mission, imperial aspirations); French West Africa (1904-1958) and French Equatorial Africa (1910-1958) **FRANCOPHONIE** - **Francophonie**- the general population speaking French. According to estimates, it is about 300 million people on all continents, mainly in Africa and Europe. French is the second most frequently taught language, historically it is the language of diplomacy, the modern signs of which are the names and abbreviations of all international organizations in English and French. - 1966 - on the initiative of African countries, the idea was born to strengthen cultural and political cooperation within the French-speaking countries in order to create privileged relations with France - 1970 - International Organization of Francophonie: 70 countries: 54 members, 2 associated countries and 14 observers (including Poland - Francafrique -- The France's sphere of influence over former French colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa - Corrupt and clandestine activities of various Franco-African political, economic and military networks - PRESENCE OF FRANCE IN AFRICA -- slide 12 check out and read CHINAFRIQUE (?) lmao OUTERMOST REGIONS (ORs) - Some EU Member States have part of their territory located in areas of the globe that are remote from Europe. These regions, known as the outermost regions (ORs), have to deal with a number of difficulties related to their geographical characteristics, in particular: - ♣ remoteness - ♣ insularity - ♣ small size - ♣ difficult topography - ♣ climate - They are economically dependent on a few products (often agricultural products or natural resources). These features act as constraints on their future development potential. - **Currently there are nine outermost regions**: - Five French overseas departments --- Martinique, Mayotte, Guadeloupe, - French Guiana and Réunion; - One French overseas community --- Saint-Martin; - Two Portuguese autonomous regions --- Madeira and the Azores; - One Spanish autonomous community --- the Canary Islands. OVERSEAS REGIONS: **French Guiana (**1604 - first French settlers, largest overseas region) ♣ An economy dependent on: b\. Imports of: food (coastal agriculture: rice and cassava), energy and machinery (52% of imports from France) ♣ Sawmill industry ♣ Exports: wood logs, shrimp, rum, gold (62% of exports to France) ♣ European Space Agency - Kourou spaceport ♣ GDP per person \$ 6,000 (2000), the problem of unemployment (21%), mainly young people, employment in services dominates (61%) **Guadeloupe** (1635 - French estate) ♣ Caribbean economy dependent on: **Martinique** (1635 - French colony, smallest and least populated) ♣ Caribbean economy dependent on: 1\. Agriculture (traditional sugar cane replaced by banana plantations) 2\. Tourism (the most important source of foreign income) 3\. Light industry (sugar, also for export) 4\. Subsidies and imports from France ♣ Exports: petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples (France 45%, Guadeloupe 28%) ♣ Imports: food, petroleum products, processed goods (France 62%) ♣ GDP per person \$ 14,400 (2001), unemployment 27% **Reunion** (1513 - discovered by the Portuguese, inhabited by the French from the 17th century, the most populous) ♣ Traditional agriculture (sugar cane still accounts for 85% of exports) replaced by services, development mainly of tourism as a remedy for the problem of unemployment (1/3 of employees in this sector) ♣ Economy dependent on French financial aid, sugar and rum exports (74% to France) and imports of processed goods (64% from France) ♣ Strong social polarization as a cause of tensions and internal conflicts (unemployment 36%) GDP per person \$ 5,800 (2001) **Mayotte** (1843 - French colony with other Comoros islands, 1974 - became part of France) ♣ An economy dependent on: **OVERSEAS REGIONS -- ROLE AND CHALLENGES (ADD STH)** Mayotta-- new French region, new EU outermost region OVERSEEAS TERRITORIES -- SELECTED **French Polynesia** (1880 - a French estate, inhabited by the French) ♣ 1966 - Mururoa Atoll nuclear tests, 1975 underground, 1996 - suspended. **New Caledonia** (1853 - French estate, previously inhabited by the French and British) ♣ 11% of the world\'s nickel reserves (2nd place) ♣ Economy dependent on nickel exports (price fluctuations), tourism, French financial aid and food imports (20% food) ♣ Exports: nickel and fish (China 25%, Japan 17%, South Korea 15%, France 8% ♣ Imports: fuels, food and machinery (France 24%, Singapore, China, Australia, South Korea, Malaysia \...) ♣ GDP per person \$ 31,100 (2015), unemployment 15% **FRANCE PART 2 -- metropolitan France in a global context** - France under globalization - SOFT POWER - Joseph Nye defines the force of attraction which leads to the achievement of goals. It is the ability to shape the preferences of other countries through attractiveness and cooperation. - Measurement: - **Objective elements:** - **Subjective elements**- perception of: HARD POWER (a [coercive (przymusowy)] approach to international political relations, especially one that involves the use of military power + SOFT POWER = SMART POWER Hard power = Global firepower, GDP nominal **INTERNATIONAL AND DIPLOMATIC INVOLVEMENT:** \- Unrivaled international and diplomatic commitment: \- extensive diplomatic network \- leader in membership in multilateral and international organizations \- leader in cultural missions through the Alliance Française centers \- Conscience of nations, which gives France legitimacy to act in the international arena \- Francophonie network \- The 5th largest donor of official development aid, behind the United States, Germany, Great Britain and Japan (USD 11.3 million in 2017), which accounted for 0.4% of gross national income \- International political events in Paris \- International presence in military dimension: technical cooperation, permanent military bases and interventions, mainly in Africa but also in Asia, Latin America and Oceania **ATTRACTIVE HIGHIER AND POPULAR CULTURE** - The largest number of Michelin-starred restaurants in the world, - French cuisine recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage, - Cultural icons such as the Eiffle Tower, the Louvre, the world\'s most visited museum, - The number and variety of museums, galleries and UNESCO cultural heritage sites, - France is the most frequently chosen destination by tourists (several dozen million foreign tourists annually, a record result of 90 million tourists in 2018) France ratified Convention in 1975. ♣ It the has 52 properties inscribed on the World Heritage List: 44 cultural properties 7 natural assets 1 mixed good TERROIR - A unique combination of geological and climatic conditions in which a given food product is produced, which gives it a strictly defined and unique character. The term is most often used in the production of wine, cheese and coffee. - Cultural and sport events such as the Cannes Film Festival, the Tour de France bicycle race, Paris 2024 Olympics Games - Literature & philosphy, music & chanson française, cinema, painting FRANCE IN EUROPE - The largest trading partners: Germany, Italy, Belgium - Most important economic partners: Belgium and Switzerland - Belgium: 1,300 French companies, French investments- 15% of all foreign investments, main investors: Bank Paribas, GDF Suez, Total. - Former Eastern Bloc countries: Romania (OIF member state) and Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary (OIF observers) - Romania: main investors: Société Générale, Orange, GDF Suez, Sanofi, Renault-Dacia - Poland: 760 enterprises with French capital from the following industries: telecommunications (France Telecom), retail (Carrefour, Auchan), construction (Lafarge), automotive (Michelin), banking (Société Générale, Crédit Agricole, Paribas), tourism (Accor), energy (EDF), media (Canal+), food (Danone, Bakoma), pharmaceutical (Sanofi-Aventis), cosmetics (L\'Oréal), sports (Decathlon)  AGRICULTURE \- The largest share of agricultural land in the EU- 50% of the metropolitan area (27 million ha). -The traditional system of agriculture (crop rotation) replaced by modern agriculture in the 1960s.-- the process accompanied by the labeling of many products. \- The largest agricultural force in the EU, the 5th largest producer in terms of the value of agricultural production in Europe, the 4th largest exporter of agricultural products \- The greatest beneficiary of EU CAP INDUSTRY - Importance of industry declined sharply in the 1970s: share of GDP, emplyment rate - Some sectors practically disappeared from France, mainly textiles and metallurgy, because of: relocation and modernization of industry - Internationalization of industry: the share and investment of foreign companies in France and French industries abroad is increasing. - The driving force behind the development of the economy and its competitiveness are innovation and cooperation between enterprises, universities and research laboratories. ENERGY PRODUCTION - Nuclear energy: 68.4% total power (2020) - Water energy: 11.7% (2020) - Fossil fuels: 8% (2020), of which gas 7% - Wind energy: 7.3% (2020) - Solar energy: 2.5% (2020) - Biomass and waste: 2% (2020) - Marine energy (tides and waves): 0.2% (2020) **The largest French companies**: Total, AXA, Carrefour, Credit Agricole, Peugeot, BNP Paribas, Electricite de France, Renault, Auchan, Societe Generale, Christian Dior LVMH, Orange, Bouygues, Sanofi, L'Oreal, AirFrance-KLM, Danone, Michelin, Safran, GDF Suez **Research and development -- examples of innovative clusters and technopols** Île-de-France: Sacley (research and higher education institutions, R&D centres and companies e.g. Technocentre Renault, Danone, Thales Group, Hewlett-Packard, Nokia) Rhône-Alpes: Minalogic (nanotechnology eg. France Telecom, Thales, Bull) Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l\'environnement Middle Pyrenees: Aerospace Valley (aeronautic e.g. Airbus, AirFrance, Dassault aviation) Provence-Alpes-Cote d\'Azur:- Nuclear Research Center Cadarache- Sophia-Antipolis technopole (telecommunications, space industry and aeronautics sectors)   **THE REGION OF MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA** Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa) and Arabian Peninsula. The Middle Eastern countries include: Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Palestine, Yemen, Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Syria, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. **Levant** - a historical geographical term referring to a large area, consisting of the countries lying on the east, Asian coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This area includes today\'s countries: Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel and the Palestine. **ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS** Arabs are considered to be people who simultaneously: \- speak one of the Arabic dialects and consider it their language \"natural\"; \- consider as their historical and cultural heritage, those cultural elements, which, after the 7th century, are associated with Islam; \- they identify themselves as Arabs. \- Berbers, Kurds, Jews, People from Sub-Saharan Africa (Nubians, Copts, Indians and Pakistani, Turks, Persians) URBAN AREAS (slides 24-47) Dubai (slides 48-68) **GEOGRAPHIES OD ANTI-INCERATION MOVEMENT** INCINERATION - the destruction of something, especially waste material, by burning.  - Promoting incineration as a "renewable energy" source - Incineration doesn't produce clean or renewable energy - waste incineration generates highly toxic particles, which, given their minuscule size, are impossible to monitor - rather than encouraging waste reduction and recycling, it relies on waste generation in order to feed the incinerator, which is itself a great source of pollution CASE STUDY: GARBAGE CITY (EGYPT): CASE STUDY: ADIS ABEBA (ETHIOPIA)  - waste recycling creates more jobs than incineration - recycling generates 10-20 times more jobs than waste incineration in the US INCINERATION AS A HARM FOR HEALTH - co-incineration as a new trigger for social conflicts - incinerators are located in unprivileged communities - 79% of all MSW incinerators in the US are located in marginalized communities - 40% of all MSW incinerators are in communities where both the thresholds for poverty and the percentage of POC is above 25% - The most dangerous incinerators are located in unprivileged communities - Most of the highest emitting facilities in each pollutant category are in unprivileged communities - Incineration industry contribute to the cumulative and disproportioned pollution placed on communities of color and low-income communities CASE STUDY: CAPANNORI   Reuse center (2011) ZERO WASTE CITIES (EUROPE) Waste incineration: waste of money - Incinerators are the most expensive method to generate energy and to handle waste Significant economic burden for host cities - Capital and ongoing costs are borne by the public in the form of billions of dollars in public financing and fees, sometimes even running cities into bankruptcy Put-or-pay contracts - City has to supply a fix amount of waste for the contract period or pay instead Incinerators undermine zero-waste actions of munipalities  **GALAPAGOS ISLANDS IN ECUADOR** - Interesting place from the point of management - Association with Charles Darwin and his research (+) - One of the province of Ecuador - Geological pov: Nazca Plate -- peaks of underwater volcanoes - The volcanos are extinct - The oldest (right, without volcanic activity, more popular with ppl) the youngest (left, with visible volcanic activity) - International airport in the capital: Santa Cruz - One National Park (?name) -- expensive fee (100\$) bc they're poor- kind of a golden goose - Located on the equator - On the internal parts of the islands, we can fin lush vegetation - On the external parts (with more rainfalls etc.) we don't see much vegetation - 4 islands are inhabited (Isabela, Floreana, Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal) - The communities of Galapagos make up a single population whose growth aspirations and identity will determine their future, and that of the islands - Population growth -- 8% bc of the migrations (earlier) -- in the 80s? - 1998 -- marine reserve was establishes - Many jobs created by tourism - National park in the UNESCO sth danger (check) Puerto Ayora - The biggest city (Santa Cruz Island) - Good infrastructure for tourists -- restaurants, hotels, dive bars ? Puerto Baquerizo Moreno (?the capital) - Water taxis as a means of transport between the inhabited islands - Some islands are a National Park (you can only get there with a guide from the park) - Little places for visitors (marine and on land -- trying to protect the nature)  - Different graphs -- check and look through - The ecological capacity of the islands is already exhausted - Various types of ships in Galapagos NP -- slide 29 -- the larger the more expensive - The bigger the boat = the bigger the probability that it belongs to the foreign captain -- by choosing this option ppl don't add to the local economy - A small airline -- emtebe - Travelling is a challenge -- water, high temperature - Second largest threat: Invasive alien species (IAS) in Galapagos -- from the continent - Guava -- invasive alien species -- strong roots that grow on the surface and prevents other species from laying eggs etc. - (feral) Goats -- they are eliminated () -- roam outside of towns - Cats - Dogs -- both of them eating and hunting (dogs can distribute the diseases to other mammals from a contact with sealions) - First largest threat: migrations into the islands, not enough space, jobs, places for people etc. - Directorate of the Galapagos NP -- they manage everything - Charles Darwin Research station on the island ANIMALS:\ - marine iguana - When they hatch, they are black and stay together so they look like roots - Difficult to spot them when they are resting after diving - Galapagos giant tortoise - 15 subspecies, 3 already extinct - The biggest species can weigh above 100kg - Very long lifespan, one of them was 175(?) years when it passed away - Without the help of humans, they wouldn't survive (probably) - Lonesome George - Eggs don't hatch in nature; they are hatched indoors somewhere -\> then transferred to the island of their origin - Land iguana - Fun - Sea Lions - Very curious and cute \