Nursing Theories Notes PDF

What is Nursing? Nursing as an Art Nursing as a Science Nursing as a Profession Nursing as a Discipline Nursing according to other organizations  INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES If doctors treat the disease entity, what do...

What is Nursing? Nursing as an Art Nursing as a Science Nursing as a Profession Nursing as a Discipline Nursing according to other organizations  INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES If doctors treat the disease entity, what do nurses treat? Nurses treat Signs & symptoms (Human responses) What is nursing theory? Components of a Theory Classification of Theories Grand Theories - Florence Nightingale (Environmental Theory), Virginia Henderson (Needs Theory), Dorothea Orem (Self-Care Deficit Theory) Middle-Range Theories – Katherine Kolcaba (Theory of Comfort), Patricia Benner (Novice to Expert Theory), Nola Pender (Health Promotion Model) Practice Level Theories – Ida Jean Orlando (Nursing Process Theory), Lydia Hall (Care, Core, Cure Model), Katherine Barnard (Parent-Child Interaction Model) Descriptive Theories also known as Factor-Isolating Theories are known to be the primary level of theory development. They identify and describe major concepts of phenomena. However, they do not explain the relationship of the concepts. Their main purpose is to present a phenomenon based on the five senses together with their corresponding meaning. Example: A descriptive research about the Filipino nursing practices like use of herbal medicines and other alternative forms of treatment. Explanatory Theories or Factor-Relating Theories are the type of theory that present relationship among concepts and propositions. These theories aim to provide information on how or why concepts are related. Cause and effect relationship are well explained using Explanatory Theories. Example: A research study about the factors affecting newborns in failing to thrive. Predictive Theories or Situation-Relating Theories, are achieved when the relationships of concepts under a certain condition are able to describe future outcomes consistently. This kind of theory is generated and tested using experimental research. Example: A Theoretical model based on the observation of the effects of unsanitary environmental condition on the recovery of the post-operative patients. Prescriptive Theories also called Situation-Producing Theories deal with nursing actions, and test the validity and certainty of a specific nursing intervention. This kind of theory is commonly used in testing new nursing interventions. Example: Laurente's (1996) theory validates and explains the different nursing management in the emergency room in relieving anxiety among its clients. Characteristics of a Theory Theories can correlate concepts in such a way as to generate a different way of looking at a certain fact or phenomenon. Theories must be logical in nature. Theories should be simple but generally broad in nature Theories can be the source of hypotheses that can be tested for it to be elaborated. Theories contribute to enriching the general body of knowledge through the studies implemented to validate them Theories can be used by practitioners to direct and enhance their practice Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laws, and principles but will leave open unanswered issues that need to be tested What is PHILOSOPHY in Nursing? is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm. It specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts in each of the conceptual models of nursing. It sets forth the meaning of phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical argument. A nursing philosophy is a reflection of a personal and professional value system, beliefs, goals, ethics and one's relationship to the world at large. A philosophy may explain one's mission in life, or the impetus that led them to entering the nursing profession. CONCEPTS Basically, concepts are the building blocks of theories. It can come from an empirical phenomena or any abstraction of how a person perceived an object that is not physically present or observed like charity, caring, patience. A concept enhances one's capacity to understand phenomena as it helps define the meaning of a word. Conceptual models Conceptual models or frameworks are representations of an idea or body of knowledge based on the own understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic, phenomena or theory. They can be represented thru a diagram or in narrative form which shows how concepts are interrelated. THEORETICAL MODELS Theoretical models or frameworks are highly established set of concepts that are testable. The following is a theoretical framework as proposed by Lydia Hall, a nurse theorist. PHENOMENON can be defined as sets of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as crying or grimacing when in pain. It is concerned with how an individual person reacts using the human senses concerning their surrounding and assessing the different behaviors and factors that affect such behaviors. In Nursing, phenomena can be: Clinical or environmental setting of nursing - health center Disease process - stomach ulcer Client's behavior - guarding behavior at the pain site Interventions - care of the client in pain Practices that are utilized in nursing theories and metaparadigms (person, nursing, health and environment) Roles of Professional Nurses 1. Care Provider 2. Communicator 3. Teacher 4. Counselor 5. Client Advocate 6. Change Agent 7. Leader 8. Manager 9. Researcher Expanded Roles of Nurses 1. Nurse Generalists 7. Nurse Entrepreneur 2. Nurse Clinicians 8. Nurse administrator 3. Nurse Practitioner 4. Nurse Specialist 5. Nurse anesthetist 6. Nurse Educator