Science Notes PDF

Ch 6: Particles and states of matter ==================================== Arrangement of particles: ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ch 7: Mixtures ============== Kinds of mixtures ----------------- - - - -...

Ch 6: Particles and states of matter ==================================== Arrangement of particles: ------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ch 7: Mixtures ============== Kinds of mixtures ----------------- - - - - - - - - Separating mixtures ------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ch 8: Solutions =============== Solutions --------- - - 1\. **Soluble substances** - - - - - - - - 2\. **Saturated solutions**: - - - - - - - - - - Recovering an insoluble substance from a mixture ------------------------------------------------ - - - - - Recovering a soluble substance from a solution ---------------------------------------------- - - - - - Ch 9: Dissolving ================ Rate of dissolving: ------------------- - - - - - - Representing data ----------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ch10: Mixtures and water resources ================================== Water pollution --------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Importance of wetlands ---------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Conserving wetlands ------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - Ch11: Processes to purify water =============================== Clean water for life -------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Water can be cleaned -------------------- - - - - Ch 16: Da solar system ====================== Da sun, planets and haemorrhoids -------------------------------- - - - - - - - - Each planets have features -------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ch 17: Movements of the Earth and the planets ============================================= Rotation on the earth. ---------------------- - - - - Revolution of the Earth ----------------------- - - - Ch18: Movement of teh moon ========================== Rotation and Revolution of the moon ----------------------------------- - - - - - - Comparing sun, earth and t=the moon ----------------------------------- - - - - Sun produces own energy, earth and moon do not Ch19: Systems for looking into space ==================================== Telescopes ---------- - Def: Astronomy = study of objects in space - Def: AStronomers = people who study space - 2 main types of telescopes = optical and radio - Optical telescopes: - - - - Radio telescopes - - - South African telescopes ------------------------ - Northern cape and karoo is ideal environment because: - - - - - SALT is the largest single optical telescope in the Southern hemisphere - The SKA project is the biggest most powerful telescope in the world, shared between SA and Australia. CH20: Rovers ============ Vehicles used on the moon ------------------------- - Astronauts have explored the moon's surface using vroom vroom moon rovers (vehicle) - US and A was first country to put people on the moon Apollo 11 in 1969 - Lunar model called eagle - Did experiments and collected samples - They returned to earth in a module called columbia Vehicles used on mars --------------------- - Robots called mars rovers have explored surface of mars - Probes and satellites have collected information - First mars rover was the Pathfinder (probe) Sojourner (rover) mission launched in 1996 - Other rovers after were spirit and Oppertunity - Were placed on different sides of mars to collect info and take pics - Spirit stopped working in 2009 - Oppertunity is still working - Curiosity is the latest one to be put up - Curiosity is finding out weather mars could support life - Rovers need to meet specific design specifications: - - - - - - - - CH12: Electrical circuits ========================= A simple electrical circuit --------------------------- - Electricity is energy - Is passed through a circuit in a current - Will not pass through circuit if it is not complete or broken ### An electrical circuit is a system for transferring energy - Transfers energy to where it is needed - A circuit needs a: - - - - A circuit consists of components - A cell is a battery - A closed circuit is an unbroken circuit - An open circuit has a break in it, and the current won't pass through - A switch can be attached to a circuit and will make a break in the circuit, temporarily disconnecting the circuit. - Most appliances have switches Circuit diagrams ---------------- CH13: Electrical Conductors and Insulators ========================================== Conductors and insulators ------------------------- - Conductors allow the flow of electricity through themselves - Certain materials such as metals and water can be conductors because they have conductive properties. - Insulators don't allow electricity to flow through themselves - Some good insulators are plastic, rubber, glass, fibreglass. - Insulators are used to protect people from being shocked when working with electricity - Conductors are used to move electrical current