Notes on Art, Chapters 1-3 PDF

**CHAPTER 1 Reviewer** 1. **Humanities**: **Origin**: Derives from the Latin word "**humanus**", meaning human, cultured, and refined. **Definition**: The study of human culture, condition, and values, using critical, speculative, or historical methods. **Scope**: Includes subjects such as lang...

**CHAPTER 1 Reviewer** 1. **Humanities**: **Origin**: Derives from the Latin word "**humanus**", meaning human, cultured, and refined. **Definition**: The study of human culture, condition, and values, using critical, speculative, or historical methods. **Scope**: Includes subjects such as languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and the arts. 2. **Arts**: **Origin**: From the Latin word "**ars**", meaning art, skill, or craft. **Definition**: Known as visual art, it refers to visual objects or experiences created through skill and imagination. 3. **Nature of the Arts**: Focuses on internal worlds, personalities, and subjective experiences. Involves perception, insights, feelings, and intuition. Aims to provide enjoyment and mental stimulation. 4. **Functions of the Arts**: **Human expression**: Showcases hidden inner thoughts, emotions, imaginations, and dreams. **Social Display & Communication**: Connects people and celebrates shared experiences. **Physical Needs**: Creates functional objects with aesthetic qualities. 5. **Philosophical Views on Art**: **Plato** (428-347 BCE): Viewed art as imitation and potentially dangerous. **Aristotle** (384-322 BCE): Saw art as an imitation of nature, imagination, ideas, and reality. **Immanuel Kant** (1724-1804): Differentiated between subjective taste (based on emotions) and universal taste (general appreciation). 6. **Artists and Artisans**: **Artists**: Individuals skilled in [visual and performing arts.] **Artisans**: Skilled craftspersons engaged in handcrafting trades. [Make things by hand] 7. **Art** **Forms** **Visual Arts**: [Art forms appealing to the sense of sight], like painting, sculpture, photography, and design. **Performing Arts**: [Arts presented to an audience], including music, dance, and drama. **Digital Arts**: Creative works that use [digital technology] as part of the artistic process. 8. **Examples of Art Forms**: **Painting**: Applying pigments to a surface to create images.\ \ E.g. **Spolarium** -- the painting depicts slavery **Sculpture**: Creating [three-dimensional] forms through carving, molding, welding, or assembling. **Architecture**: Designing functional buildings and infrastructure. Also the most functional out of all the art forms. **Music**: Arranging sounds through song, instruments, or both. **Dance**: [Body movements] synchronized with music. **Literature**: Expressing ideas and feelings through written language. **Theatre**: Performing dramatic works live before an audience. **Photography**: Capturing images by recording light through a camera. **CHAPTER 2 Reviewer** 1. **Sources of Subject**: **Nature**: A common source, particularly for objective art. **People**: Frequently depicted in art, whether real or imagined. Human subjects. **History**: Represents verifiable events from the past. **Legends**: Tangible representations of unverified stories. **Religion**: Draws on themes from sacred texts. **Mythology**: Based on stories of gods and goddesses from various cultures (e.g., Greek, Roman, Norse, Egyptian). **Dreams and Fantasies**: Explores the unconscious mind, often visualized in creative and interpretative ways. **Technology**: Includes themes like modern architecture and machinery. 2. **Ways of Presenting the Subject** **Naturalism**: Idealized depictions, often portraying figures like Greek deities in human form. **Realism**: Aims for accurate, true-to-life representations. **Abstraction**: Simplifies or reorganizes elements to express the artist's personal vision. **Distortion**: Alters the proportions of figures for artistic effect. **Elongation**: Stretches subjects vertically or exaggerates their length to achieve a thin appearance. **Mangling**: Depicts subjects in mutilated or cut forms. **Cubism**: Breaks subjects into geometric shapes and figures. **Symbolism**: Embeds hidden meanings, inviting viewers to explore mysterious themes. **Fauvism**: Focuses on evoking joy, pleasure, and comfort through color and form. **Dadaism**: A rebellion against tradition, often employing unconventional methods to critique society. **Futurism**: Highlights technology of modern life **Pointilism**: A technique of painting in which small distinct dots of colors are used to form an image **Surrealism**: Emphasizes the activities of the unconscious mind **Expressionism**: Depicts the emotions aroused by objects and events, subjects involve chaos, sadness, tragedy, and defeat **Impressionism**: An attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color **CHAPTER 3 Reviewer** **Art Production, 2-D Art, and 3-D Art** 1\. **Art Production**: - The medium - The technique - Curation **Medium**: Refers to the art materials or artist supplies used to create a work of art **Technique**: Refers to the artist's knowledge of the medium and his skill in achieving what he wants **Curation**: Derived from the Latin word **curare** which means **to take care**. It is the process that involves managing, overseeing and assembling or putting together a presentation or exhibit for some type of historical or artistic collection. **Curator**: A person who curates. 2\. **2 Dimensional Art** - Drawing - Painting - Mosaic - Collage - Printmaking **Drawing**: The art or technique of producing images on a surface, usually paper, by means of marks, usually of ink, pencil, chalk, or crayon. **Different Media of Drawing** - **Pencils**: Made of graphite which comes with different hardness and thickness. - **Ink**: One of the oldest material for drawing that is still in use. - **Pastel**: Composed of dry pigment held together by a gum binder and compressed into sticks; soft pastels, hard pastels, oil pastels - **Charcoal**: An organic medium that comes from burnt wood - **Paper**: The most common surface used in two-dimensional art, an organic material made from wood, grass and linen rags. - **Hatching**: Drawing a series of thin parallel lines that run in the same direction - **Cross-hatching**: Drawing a series of thin parallel lines and criss-crossing it with another set of thin parallel lines, creates a tone that is darker than hatching. - **Stippling**: Using the sharp point of the pencil to make dot patterns to create depth in some parts of the drawing - **Blending**: At times accomplished by using finger or paper stump to gradually change the tone from dark to light **Painting**: The art of creating beautiful effects on a flat surface. It is the process of applying paint onto smooth surface like paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. **Different Media of Painting** - **Watercolor**: The pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. - **Gouache**: This is a paint in which the pigment has been mixed with water and added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. - **Oil Paints**: Pigments are mixed with oil binders, takes at least three days to dry - **Tempera**: Uses egg yolk as binder - **Fresco**: Pigment mixed with water and applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster - **Acrylic**: A modern medium of synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion as binder - **Mosaic**: Wall or floor decorations made of small tiles or irregular cut pieces of colored stones or glass. - **Collage**: Derived from a French word "**coller**" which means "**to stick**". A technique of making an artwork by gluing or pasting on a firm support materials or found object **Printmaking**: A process used for making reproductions of graphic work **Printmaking Techniques** - **Relief Printing (Raised)**: The oldest method of printmaking, involves cutting away certain parts of the surface, usually a block of wood and leaving the raised parts to produce an image. **E.g. Soap carving** - **Intaglio Printing (Depressed)**: Opposite of relief painting, instead of using the surface of the plate for the image. The incised part is the image. **E.g. Post stamps** - **Surface Printing (Flat)**: This includes processes in which printing is done from a flat surface. **E.g. Traditional t-shirt printing** **3-Dimensional Art** **Sculpture**: Originated from the latin word **sculpere** which means **to carve**. The art or practice of creating 3-dimensional forms or figures. **3 Kinds of Sculpture** - **Freestanding**: These are sculptures which can be viewed from all sides. - **Relief**: These are sculptures in which the figures project from the background **Low Relief**: Slightly raised **High Relief**: Almost half of the figures project from its background - **Kinetic**: A sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water, or other forms of energy. **Different Media of Sculpture** - **Stone**: Natural medium, hard, and relatively permanent. E.g. David by Michaelangelo Buonarotti. - **Wood**: Natural medium, varies in hardness and durability depending on the kind of the tree it came from. - **Metal**: Tensile strength, ductility, malleability. **Stainless steel**: Steel and chromium **Bronze**: Tin and copper **Brass**: Copper and zinc - **Plaster**: Finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into a mold. - **Terra cotta**: Baked clay or fired in a kiln at a high temperature. - **Glass**: Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime. - **Plastic**: A synthetic medium made from organic polymers.