Notes Russian History PDF

Notes Russian History Dates: 1904 Russo-Japanese war: The Russian Army lost to the Japanese travelling too far east against a much more developed and modernized Japanese army. Reason for war far eastern expansion and access to navy port aurthur. 1905 revolution: The first major Russian revolution...

Notes Russian History Dates: 1904 Russo-Japanese war: The Russian Army lost to the Japanese travelling too far east against a much more developed and modernized Japanese army. Reason for war far eastern expansion and access to navy port aurthur. 1905 revolution: The first major Russian revolution, peasants angry at their landlords, poor conditions for workers and anger following loss of Russo-Japanese war. Soviets were established in major cities, helping to lead strikesed to Nicholas II signing the October Manifesto in 1906 giving civil rights the creation of Duma a legislative body which still fell under the Tsar's rule as he could overrule or veto the decisions made by the committee. The manifesto gave certain basic rights and gave people some sort of act in legislation. The Duma laid ground for what would later be the provisional government. The October Manifesto being signed calmed protests but violence and protest resumed after the Tsar and government went to supress political parties shortly after and resumed oppressive rule around 1907 martial law was enacted until the calming of protest and violence that later year. Reaction Period: Following Nocholas the 2^nd^ not following through October Manifesto 1907-1914. February revolution: The Russian Tsar and Romanov dynasty ended with the February revolution in 1917 starting with a march for international women's day in Petrograd on Feb 23 leading to a protest for food the next day strikes get bigger working-class socialists join asking for monarchy reforms and ww1 end. The police try and contain strikes from spreading to centre of Petrograd and on February 26 shots are fired, Feb 27 some soldiers side to protest. March 1^st^ the provisional government comes in March 2^nd^ Nicholas 2^nd^ abdicates the thrown for him and his son leaving it for his brother who refuses it. The provisional government enters power. Dual power with Soviets October Revolution: Second major revolution of 1917 led by Bolsheviks, growing in size in the effort of removing the Provisional government October 24^th^ the red guards took control of key points of Petrograd like the winter palace informing they had taken control of government forming a soviet regime a temporary peasants and workers government. Kerensky fled, Lenin became head executive and gave decrees in peace and on land. Peace decree was negotiating with Germany for peace on the eastern front while the land decree sanctioned peasants agrarian land taking land. Polish Soviet war and Treaty of Riga: was a Soviet effort to reach power In the west polish was socialist but searched for independence Lenin believed the polish peasants and working class would side with him but they sided with their own government. 3 soviet republics signed the treaty Ukraine, Belorussia and RSFSR Giving Poland parts of Belorussia and Ukraine and set mutual border. Kronstadt mutiny: sailors believed the bolsheviks abandoned soviets and started revolt along with civilians in Kronstadt most leaders were arrested, Lenin in response made NEP. March 1921. The sailors had preveiosly sided with the Bolsheviks in revolt 4 years prior and were now frustrated believing the Bolsheviks abandoned the soviets. People: Man with a movie camera name: Sergei Witte: increased Russian railway system including making the trans-siberian railway. Lenin: Peoples Will: terror group killed Alexender II in 1881, mostly arrested and sent to Siberian prison. Kornilov: General marched against Kerensky and Provisional government died as a white general in loss to reds. He sent a train of non-Russians (muslims) to Petrograd after Kerensky asked or didn't ask for help, his army was sent to take the government, but union train workers shut the train down. Kerensky: Led provisional government but did not host solidified elections. Kolchak: White Admiral who led a coup in 1918 declaring himself supreme ruler. Killed in 1920 after being captured by cheka. Stalin: Terms: Provisional Government: operated after the February revolution Feb 23-Mar 2(March 8-16). Following the revolution the Duma after being abolished by Nicholas II formed the provisional duma government and along with other government operatives became the acting government of Russia until the October revolution, they met at Taurida building. The Provisional government did not act as a single power Soviet groups were dual power, Provisional government split power with multiple uprising groups and did not have total control or act as definitive power because they were not elected but they notably gave virtual independence to Poland, and autonomy to Finland and to Ukraine. April Crisis: Provisional declaration wanting peace revealed interest of also still wanting to take Constantinople and other annexations upsetting people leading to resignations and Bolsheviks gaining power Nep: New economic policy, after wartime communism was a temporary change to the economy made by lenin his predecessor Stalin believed it a more permanent change. Started in March 18 1921 after Kronstadt revolt. Meant to restore commercial activity. Allowed peasants to hire peasants and selling food in market. By 1923 economy recovers to 1913 standard. Abolished forced grain acquisition, reintroduced money, introduced tax on farmers, Stalin ended in 1928. Bolsheviks: lenin party later Russian Communist party Mensheviks: different from the Mensheviks in bourgeoise first socialism, supported the war and provisional government differ on membership with Bolsheviks less exclusive membership open to all while lenin preaches a strong core and less members early on. War communism: after Lenin's new soviet government came war communism, a system to avoid starvation, and give power to the reds. Nationalized manufacturing and industry, government set strict prices on food and forced people to give up their agriculture, and suspension of currency and trade not through government. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic: founded when Lenin and the Bolsheviks took power in October revolution October 24^th^ after taking the winter palace. Was an individual soviet socialist state, changed under lenin when creating the USSR in 1922 with 15 soviet republics within embracing nationalism and staying away from creating alienation. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: collection of 15 states formed in December 1922 led by Stalin had RSFSR at center of political structure but adopted other soviet republics like Ukraine providing affirmative acctions to non Russians for chances of language and opportunity for education. Trans-Caucasian federation: Civil war: Whites V Reds, the whites set power on the outer rim of RSFSR concentrated along volga and Siberia, the Whites attempted to reestablish provisional government and failed. Kolchak's coup in 1918 ended 1920 after being captured and killed by cheka. Week 4 notes Nepley last Grain collection Kopelev true believer of Stalin by time of "Revolution from above" did not question forced food requisition. Ukrainian famine, killed about 5 million, some believe it was a plan to kill the ethnic Ukrainian, the famine was initiated by the removal of Kulaks( most effective/ top of the chain peasants). The removal came with the states beliefs the Ukrainian were withholding production and sabotaging production. Believed it was an attack against communism. Villages that did not meet their grain quota were put on the blacklist and were subject to trade boycott. Hatred against government fear of the government robbing the people. Celebration of Villagers who met requirements in paper with claim to be like them. Men would come to Villagers houses to claim food and livestock the less polite would take more excess valuables, clothes, anything of value. "We were realizing historical necessity. We were performing our revolution duty. We were obtaining grain for the socialist fatherland. For the 5 year plan" 4/6 left side. Page 7. "That's how they're dying not from hunger from stupidity" pg 9 because the people don't ration properly and they eat what they are given right away.\* Calls women more patient and sorrier for kids. Jan 28 1922 Italy, spain 1923 Turkey 1926 Poland Lithuania, Portagal 1929 Yugoslavia 1933 Germany 1934 Latvia, Bulgaria 1936 Hungary, Greece 1939 Spain again 1940 Romania Source for essay the great soviet encyclopedia, definitions heavy. Great post WW2 soviet union Political system of 1920's, Ideological dictatorship, but not totalitarian as there is freedom. In wake of ww1 there is lot of dictatorship years above and countries. Party Pyramid Soviets claim pinnacle of the system, forming as union or legislative. Leaders of soviets participate in governments as they are members of the party, membership of party did not grant special perks or privilege. Pay party membership they have to read more. Party sergeants primary party cells, like a union president triumvirate of power for institutions like schools, industrial, and any membered systems. Party secretary next level Party generals leading republic or region Central Committee Politburo at very top. Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - Georgian born - Raised through ranks of party and system party beuracracy - Idea of Stalin painted largely by Trotsky who was an enemy to Stalin claiming he had low intellect and didn't believe in socialism, and Stalin was about power. - Was in charge of party membership prior as party secretariate - Trotsky claimed Stalin usurped the channels and connected the top of the party to the bottom bringing loyalists with him. - Reality far more complex than Trotsky claims, coming from working background was self educated worked on reading and writing he aimed to read a book a day. He was smart but may not have been on Trotsky or Lenin level. Wrote on Leninism wrote on history of Communist party editing it. - He was able to use his intellect of the bottom - Lenin warned party against all possible successors including Stalin - Party leadership after Lenin death Trotsky Stalin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin - Stalin appose to Trotsky as his focus lies within the soviet union, argue IN Politburo Stalin claims Trotsky was not true grown Bolshevik, arguments of trotstky claiming to be equal to lenin while lenin claimed less than lenin acting more as a deciple - Trotsky major issue not coming back to Lenin funeral to pay his omage still on his health retreat not able to make it back in time. - Stalin sent assassin to kill Trotsky in Mexico - Kamenev and Zinoviev leaked April thesis of lenin so that left black stain on them they aimed to back Trotsky but he had lost his power. They are leftists - Bkharin is ali to Stalin until end of NEP when Stalin betrayed him and expelled him Dismantling NEP - Mostly isolated internationally had deals with Germany but that's it. - war scare of 1927 belief capitalists will invade fear of china communists being disposed, Britain fear of revolution, fear led to search of modern industry cant go to war without proper modern war stuff - Peasants are issue belief prices of grain too low and industrial product too high so they withheld leading to 1927 Grain procurement crisis - Stalin justified recqusition through belief Kulaks withholding grain - This led to NEP ending but alliance with peasants ended but he targeted ahainst the Kulaks as the enemy the controlling peasants saying they appose him and are the - right deviation Bukharin Rykov and Tomskii - 1929 stalin claims his power as dictator but maybe 1933-34 - Revolution from above the great breakthrough a massive change of social time - Stalin believe either Soviet union change or end - Changes, no more private property, now total nationalisation - Dekulakization, getting rid of enemies not just kulaks nationalization of farms - Results famine, Stalin used as a tool to pacify countryside for possible uprising - They need to control countryside to control funds and industrialization, aim to create truly socialist idealization owning of all soviet people. The unleashing of socialism as a great new way, to combat crisis of Capitalism, socialism economy will have no competition. - Five year plan(fyp) Soviets typically relied on 5 year plans - [Harvard Ukrainian mapping the great famine ] - A and B industries A industries absolutely crucial produce capital goods, B not crucial capitalist goods - A was prioritized First Fyp - Heavy industry output increased x 2.8 \\ - Machine building x4 - New projects influence of America with socialist concepts - New coal mining region made - Making own tractors trucks automobiles making of railways - Priority projects were meant to showcase success publicity went to all the top successes creating public enthusiasm 1930s search for support from the masses and soviet belief - Dnipro dam, Magnitogorsk (magnetic mountain, steel mill city created becoming full fledged city 10 years later) steven botke - Liquidation of Unemployment from 5 year plan increase in demand for labour cause of giant projects Living conditions - Standards declined even from 1920's especially from imperial time prior to 1913. - Factory and working class suffers despite being head goal Creation of Internal passports in first Fyp in 1932 - people moved from one construction site to the other cause of large demands so creation of passport system 1932 preventing super mobility. Have to go through procedure to get permission to leave from employer. Peasants don't receive passports. Highest industrial growth rate in fyp - gdp growth of 19% Second fyp 1933-1937 - industry accounts for half of economy going from 41.7%-53.1% - Industrial working class grew but country is still predominantly rural peasentry is largest social class. - 1936 "*Socialism had been built*" Nationalisation of economy "total nationisation" people cant own but still own books table small things personal property but no private property could be stretched for personal property to land plots garden plots could be kept by peasants and allowed trade of trade from personal garniture very small scale open market alleviating chronic food shortages - Small market farms held higher production - Socialism still has inequality Stalin claims 3 new classes, working class, Working Intelligentsia, - Still class issues bourgeoise couldn't vote 1936 that changed. - When fyp didn't work they blamed the Wreckers or counter revolutionaries millions punished still continuation of dekulakization - Type b industries were introduced soviet sausages, champagne, fruit, - Centralized factories means 1 factory maybe 2 realizing shortcomings of centralization - Socialist economy is economy of shortages stuff wouldn't be readily available or readily affordable