Print Culture & Modern World PDF

Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 1 Study Notes By Ravikant Thorat Sir Print Culture and the Modern World...

Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 1 Study Notes By Ravikant Thorat Sir Print Culture and the Modern World SP Coaching Classes Katraj Director- Prof. Milind Patil Sir SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 2 - Notes on the Development of Printed Books in - Cultural Hub: Shanghai emerged as a center for this East Asia new print culture, especially for Western-style education. 1. Early Print Technology - Origin: Developed in China, Japan, and Korea. 7. Transition in Printing Techniques - Technique: Hand printing using inked woodblocks - Shift to Mechanical Printing: A gradual movement rubbed against paper (invented in China). from hand printing to mechanical printing influenced the distribution and consumption of literature. 2. Structure of Printed Material - Accordion Book: Traditional format due to the These notes capture the evolution of printed books in inability to print on both sides of thin paper. This East Asia, highlighting the significant cultural shifts, format was folded and stitched at the side. technological advancements, and the changing - Calligraphy: Skilled craftsmen could replicate demographics of readers and writers. calligraphic beauty with high accuracy. -------------------------------------------------------- 3. Role of the Imperial State 1.1 Print in Japan - Major Producer: For a long time, the imperial state was the primary producer of printed materials. - Introduction of Printing Technology - Bureaucratic System: Supported by a large - Buddhist Missionaries: Introduced hand-printing bureaucratic system that recruited personnel through technology from China to Japan around AD 768-770. civil service examinations. - Textbook Production: Textbooks for the - Early Examples of Japanese Print examinations were printed extensively, leading to high - Oldest Japanese Book: volumes of print. - Title: Buddhist Diamond Sutra - Printed in AD 868 4. Changes in Reading Culture (16th - 17th - Features: Six sheets of text and woodcut Century) illustrations. - Increase in Candidates: A rise in examination candidates during the sixteenth century led to - Printing Applications increased print volumes. - Types of Printed Material: - Urban Culture: By the seventeenth century, urban - Textiles culture flourished, diversifying the uses of print. - Playing cards - Broader Audience: Printing was no longer exclusive - Paper money to scholar-officials; merchants and the general public began to engage with printed materials. - Publishing in Medieval Japan - Literary Output: Poets and prose writers published 5. Evolving Reading Practices works regularly. - Leisure Reading: Reading transitioned to a leisure - Affordability: Books were cheap and widely activity for many. available. - Popular Genres: The new readership favored diverse - Diversity of Content: Hand-printed materials genres, including: included a wide range of topics such as: - Fictional narratives - Women - Poetry - Musical instruments - Autobiographies - Calculations - Anthologies of literary masterpieces - Tea ceremonies - Romantic plays - Flower arrangements - Women in Literature: - Proper etiquette - Rich women began reading and publishing, - Cooking including poetry and plays. - Famous places - Wives of scholar-officials contributed written works. - Cultural Evolution in Edo Period - Courtesans wrote autobiographically about their - Unified Culture: lives. - Flourishing urban circles at Edo (now Tokyo). - Illustrated collections depicted urban culture, 6. Technological Advancements including artists, courtesans, and teahouse gatherings. - Western Influence: In the late nineteenth century, Western printing techniques and mechanical presses - Noteworthy Historical Printing were introduced. - Tripitaka Koreana: SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 3 - Origin: Mid-13th century, Korea. work of prominent European artists. The intricate - Content: A collection of Buddhist scriptures. process of woodblock printing involved collaboration - Production: Engraved on approximately 80,000 between publishers, artists, and carvers, with the final woodblocks. prints serving as the lasting legacy of the original - Recognition: Inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of artworks. the World Register in 2007. Summary Kitagawa Utamaro The advent of printing technology significantly - Birth: 1753 in Edo (now Tokyo), Japan influenced Japanese culture, facilitating the - Art Form: Ukiyo-e (pictures of the floating world) dissemination of literature and art through affordable - Focuses on ordinary human experiences, printed materials, while also marking the emergence of particularly urban life. a vibrant urban culture in Edo. Notably, the Tripitaka - Influence: His works significantly impacted Western Koreana stands as a crucial historical document, artists such as: reflecting the depth of Buddhist scripture preservation - Édouard Manet through innovative printing methods. - Claude Monet ------------------------------------------------------ - Vincent Van Gogh 2.0 Print Comes to Europe Ukiyo-e Art Process 1. Publishers: - Study Notes: The Arrival of Print in Europe - Example: Tsutaya Juzaburo - Role: Identify subjects and commission artists. Introduction to Paper and Printing - Silk Road Significance: For centuries, the Silk Road 2. Artists: facilitated trade, bringing silk and spices from China to - Create original drawings based on assigned themes. Europe. - Drawings serve as a guide for the woodblock - Introduction of Paper: Chinese paper reached Europe carving process. in the 11th century, enabling the production of manuscripts by scribes. 3. Woodblock Carving: - A skilled carver takes the artist's drawing and Marco Polo’s Influence creates a woodblock. - Marco Polo's Exploration: In 1295, explorer Marco - The original drawing is destroyed in this process, Polo returned to Italy after years in China, bringing leaving only prints. knowledge of woodblock printing. - Spread of Woodblock Printing: Italians began using 4. Outcome: woodblock printing to produce books, leading to the - The prints become the surviving art pieces, spread of this technology throughout Europe. representing the original vision of the artists. Manuscript Production Example of Ukiyo-e - Luxury Manuscripts: High-quality books were - Title: A morning scene by Shunman Kubo handwritten on expensive vellum for the aristocracy - Period: Late 18th century and wealthy monastic libraries, which viewed printed - Description: books as inferior. - Depicts a man looking out of a window at snowfall. - Market for Printed Books: Merchants and students in - Women are shown preparing tea and engaging in university towns sought cheaper printed copies, domestic activities. driving demand for books. - Booksellers and Scribes: As demand grew, Key Terms booksellers employed many scribes (over 50 for one - Ukiyo: Translated as "floating world," referring to the bookseller) to produce manuscripts. ephemeral nature of life and the enjoyment of transient experiences. Limitations of Handwritten Manuscripts - Woodblock Printmaking: A traditional Japanese - Challenges: Handwritten manuscripts were technique involving carving designs into a woodblock expensive, labor-intensive, fragile, and awkward to to create multiple prints. handle, limiting their circulation and accessibility. - Shift to Woodblock Printing: As demand increased, Summary woodblock printing became more prevalent in the Kitagawa Utamaro played a pivotal role in the ukiyo-e early 15th century, used for textiles, playing cards, and movement, which captured the essence of daily urban religious images. life. His influence extended beyond Japan, shaping the SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 4 Invention of the Printing Press - Decorative Elements: - Gutenberg’s Contribution: The need for quicker and - Borders were illuminated by hand with designs like cheaper reproduction led to the invention of the foliage and patterns. printing press by Johann Gutenberg in Strasbourg, - Rich buyers had the option for customized Germany, in the 1430s. illustrations and decorations. - Impact on Print Culture: Gutenberg’s printing press marked a significant technological advancement in Impact of Printing Press book production. - Rapid Spread: Between 1450 and 1550, printing presses established across Europe. Notable Early Printed Works - Book Production Boom: - Jikji of Korea: One of the oldest surviving books - 15th Century: Circa 20 million printed books. printed with movable metal type, dating back to the - 16th Century: Approximately 200 million copies late 14th century. circulated. - Content: Contains key features of Zen Buddhism - Print Revolution: Shifted from hand printing to and mentions around 150 monks from India, China, mechanical printing. and Korea. - Availability: The second volume is preserved in the Features of the Gutenberg Press National Library of France; the first volume is missing. - Moveable Type Printing Machine: Developed metal - Significance: The Jikji’s importance in print culture types for each of the 26 Latin alphabet characters, led to its inscription on the UNESCO Memory of the allowing for composition of different words. World Register in 2001. - Efficiency: Capable of printing 250 sheets per hour, significantly faster than hand-carved woodblocks. Conclusion - The introduction of printing in Europe transformed Gutenberg’s Bible and Unique Copies book production and accessibility, paving the way for - Surviving Copies: Out of about 180 copies printed, the dissemination of knowledge and literacy across the only about 50 have survived. continent. - Variability: Each page was unique due to hand- ----------------------------------------------------------- painted decorations. - Color Use: 2.1 Gutenberg and the Printing Press - Color added manually highlighted sacred text. - Text was printed in black with spaces left for later Introduction to Gutenberg coloring. - Johannes Gutenberg: Born to a merchant, he grew up on a large agricultural estate. Printer's Workshop in the 16th Century - Early Skills: - Operational Structure: Activities conducted under - Observed traditional wine and olive presses. one roof. - Became a master goldsmith and learned to create - Compositors working on typesetting. lead moulds. - Galleys being prepared and ink applied to metal types. Innovation of the Printing Press - Printers operating the press screws with - Inspiration: Adapted existing technologies, proofreaders checking work. particularly the olive press, to design the printing - Final Product: Double-page printed sheets stacked, press. awaiting binding. - Metal Type Casting: Utilized moulds for casting metal types representing letters of the alphabet. Conclusion Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press marked a Development of the Printing Press significant technological advancement that - Year of Perfection: By 1448, Gutenberg perfected his revolutionized book production, facilitated the spread printing system. of information, and ultimately contributed to the - First Printed Book: The Bible, approximately 180 Renaissance and Reformation movements in Europe. copies printed over three years. ------------------------------------------------------------ - Production Speed: Considered fast for the era; however, hand-produced books were still prevalent 3.1 A New Reading Public initially. Introduction Characteristics of Early Printed Books - The introduction of the printing press revolutionized - Design and Layout: Printed books imitated access to literature, creating a new demographic of handwritten manuscripts in appearance. readers. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 5 3.2 Religious Debates and the Fear of Print Impact of the Printing Press - Cost Reduction: Printing significantly reduced the - 1. Impact of Print cost of books, making them more accessible. - Wide Circulation of Ideas: Print technology - Efficiency in Production: The time and labor needed allowed for the distribution of ideas to a broad to produce books decreased, allowing for multiple audience. copies to be printed easily. - Debate and Discussion: Enabled public discourse, - Increase in Book Availability: The market became including dissent against established authorities. flooded with books, reaching a broader audience than ever before. - 2. Concerns About Print - Fear of Ideological Spread: Concern that Transition from Oral to Print Culture uncontrolled access to printed materials could spread - Pre-Print Era: rebellious and irreligious thoughts. - Reading was primarily the domain of the elite. - Threat to Authority: Anxiety from religious - Common people engaged in an oral culture, where authorities, monarchs, and some writers about the knowledge was transmitted through recitation and potential undermining of 'valuable' literature. performance (sacred texts, ballads, folk tales). - Criticism of Printed Literature: Widespread critique - Collective experiences of storytelling were of new printed works due to fears of their influence on common; individuals did not read silently or privately. society. - Emergence of a Reading Public: - 3. Case Study: The Protestant Reformation - With the advent of print, a distinct reading public - Martin Luther's Ninety Five Theses (1517): began to form, although access was limited by literacy - Critique of Roman Catholic Church practices and rates. rituals. - Literacy was low in many European countries until - Posted on a church door in Wittenberg to invite the 20th century. debate. - Reproduction and Spread: Luther's theses were Strategies to Encourage Reading printed and circulated massively, leading to significant - Targeting the Illiterate: Publishers had to address low religious divisions. literacy rates to engage common people. - Luther’s New Testament Translation: Sold 5,000 - Oral Transmission of Print: Recognizing that many copies within weeks, indicating the demand for printed could enjoy listening to reading, publishers focused on: religious texts. - Publishing popular ballads and folk tales. - Luther's Praise for Print: Described printing as "the - Creating illustrated books to enhance visual appeal. ultimate gift of God and the greatest one," highlighting its importance in spreading Reformation ideas. - Community Engagement: These printed materials were often shared in social settings such as village - 4. Cultural Significance gatherings and taverns, promoting a communal - New Intellectual Atmosphere: Scholars believe experience. print contributed to a shift in intellectual thought, facilitating the spread of Reformation ideas. Blurring of Cultures - Celebration of Print in Art: Visual representations, - The distinction between oral and reading cultures such as J.V. Schley's artwork, depicted the significance began to fade: of printing in society, showing divine approval and the - Printed works were often recited and shared orally, recognition of pioneer printers, including Gutenberg. intertwining the two forms of communication. - The previously separate hearing public and reading - 5. Conclusion public started to intermingle, leading to a more - The advent of print technology transformed inclusive literary culture. religious discourse and broader societal debates, leading to significant historical movements such as the Conclusion Protestant Reformation, while simultaneously invoking - The transition initiated by the printing press led to a concerns about the dissemination of uncontrolled significant cultural shift, fostering an environment ideas. where reading became a more universal and shared --------------------------------------------------------------- activity, transcending class and literacy barriers. --------------------------------------------------- SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 6 3.3 Print and Dissent Conclusion The sixteenth century marked a significant period - Impact of Print and Religious Literature in the where print culture influenced religious belief systems, Sixteenth Century prompting both individual explorations of faith and institutional responses aimed at maintaining control 1. Emergence of Individual Interpretations of Faith over religious orthodoxy. - Print and religious literature facilitated unique ----------------------------------------------------------- interpretations of faith, even among less educated 4 The Reading Mania individuals. - Example: Menocchio, an Italian miller, began Overview reading local texts and reinterpreted Biblical messages. - Increased literacy rates across Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2. Menocchio's Story - Establishment of schools by various churches, - Reinterpretation of God and Creation led to conflicts promoting literacy among peasants and artisans. with the Roman Catholic Church. - By the late 18th century, literacy rates in some - His ideas were considered heretical, leading to two regions reached 60-80%. inquisitions and eventual execution by the Church. Rise of Literacy 3. Roman Catholic Church's Response - Expansion of literacy led to a cultural phenomenon, - Concerned about the spread of individual termed "reading mania." interpretations and heretical ideas, the Church imposed - Growing public demand for books led to increased strict regulations. book production by printers. - Established an Index of Prohibited Books starting in - Emergence of different forms of popular literature 1558 to censor and control the flow of literature. aimed at various audiences. 4. Erasmus and the Anxiety over Printing Popular Literature and Book Distribution - Erasmus, a Latin scholar and Catholic reformer, - Booksellers and Pedlars: expressed fear regarding the proliferation of printed - Employed pedlars to sell books in villages. materials. - Types of literature sold included: - In his work Adages (1508): - Almanacs (ritual calendars) - He warned about the overwhelming number of - Ballads and folktales books. - Penny chapbooks in England, accessible to the - Noted that while some books may contain valuable poor. content, the sheer volume can be detrimental to - “Bibliothèque Bleue” in France, low-cost books scholarship. with cheap covers. - Criticized printing for producing a mix of valuable and harmful publications. - Formats of Literature: - Romances printed on four to six pages. 5. Visual Representation of Printing Anxiety - More substantial ‘histories’ detailing past events. - Sixteenth-century woodcuts depicted the fear - Various book sizes catering to different interests. surrounding printing. - Example illustration: "The Macabre Dance" Development of the Periodical Press - Showcases a printer's workshop as a site for a - Periodical Press (Early 18th Century): "dance of death." - Combined current affairs with entertainment. - Represents skeletal figures controlling printers and - Newspapers and journals providing news on: workers, symbolizing the fear and chaos associated - Wars with uncontrolled printing. - Trade - Developments in various locations. 6. Key Themes - Censorship and Control: The Church's measures to Impact of Scientific and Philosophical Writings stifle dissenting views and maintain doctrinal purity. - Increased accessibility of scientific ideas and - Fear of Knowledge: The tension between the benefits philosophical writings to the public. of disseminating knowledge and the risks of - Compilation and publication of ancient and medieval misinformation. scientific texts. - Social Impact: How print media influenced societal - Significant works by scientists (e.g., Isaac Newton) beliefs and interpretations of faith, leading to both began to influence a broader audience. enlightenment and conflict. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 7 - Prominent thinkers (Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau) had their ideas printed and widely - 5. Significance of Enlightenment Ideas disseminated. - The era was characterized by a shift towards valuing reason, intellect, and individual thought. Cultural Shift - Advocacy for education and literacy as a means to - Shift from storytelling (witches, ghosts) to reading empower individuals and challenge the status quo. literature among lower social classes. - Literature seen as a catalyst for societal change and - Anecdote from James Lackington (1791): political liberty. - Noted increase in book sales among the poor. - Families began spending winter evenings reading - 6. Overall Impact tales and romances. - The belief in books as agents of change contributed to the intellectual climate leading to significant Conclusion historical movements, including the Enlightenment and - The 17th and 18th centuries marked a significant revolutions. transformation in access to literature and education, - The narrative of books as liberators remains a thereby shaping cultural practices and expanding critical theme in discussions about freedom of knowledge among the general population in Europe. expression and the role of literature in society. -------------------------------------------------------- Conclusion 4.1 ‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’ The eighteenth century marked a pivotal shift in how books and literacy were perceived, as tools not just for The Power of Books and Enlightenment in the personal enrichment but as instruments of societal Eighteenth Century change that could challenge authority and inspire progress. - 1. Context and Beliefs ------------------------------------------------------- - Mid-eighteenth century saw a strong belief in the transformative power of books. 4.2 Print Culture and the French Revolution - Books were viewed as tools for spreading progress, enlightenment, and rational thought. Introduction - There was a prevalent conviction that literature - Print culture played a significant role in shaping the could liberate society from tyranny and despotism. conditions leading to the French Revolution. - Historians suggest a connection between the - 2. Key Figure: Louise-Sebastien Mercier emergence of print media and revolutionary ideas. - An influential novelist from eighteenth-century France. Key Arguments Linking Print Culture to the - Advocated for the impact of the printing press on Revolution society. - Believed that: 1. Popularization of Enlightenment Ideas - The printing press is the "most powerful engine of - Enlightenment thinkers criticized tradition, progress." superstition, and despotism. - Public opinion is a driving force capable of - Emphasis on: dismantling despotism. - Rule of reason over custom. - Application of reason and rationality in judgment. - 3. Themes in Mercier’s Novels - Major figures: - Protagonists undergo significant transformations - Voltaire: Critiqued religious authority and promoted through reading. freedom of expression. - Characters are depicted as being deeply engaged - Rousseau: Advocated for social contract theory and with literature, often losing themselves in books. general will. - Reading is portrayed as a means to enlightenment - Result: and personal development. - Readers developed new, critical perspectives on society. - 4. Mercier’s Proclamation - Mercier famously urged tyrants to "tremble" in the 2. Creation of a Culture of Dialogue and Debate face of the power wielded by writers and the printed - Print media fostered public discussions about: word. - Values - This statement emphasizes the belief in the - Social norms revolutionary potential of literature against oppressive - Political institutions regimes. - This public discourse led to: SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 8 - Reevaluation of existing beliefs. 3. Sensory Details: - Emergence of new revolutionary ideas. - The careful lighting of the lamp suggests the reader's intention to create an optimal environment for 3. Criticism of the Monarchy reading. - By the 1780s, literature began to mock the monarchy: - The fading light symbolizes the passage of time and - Satirical works and literature criticized royal morals. the sacrifices made for the joy of reading. - Cartoons and caricatures highlighted the disconnect between the monarchy’s excesses and the suffering of 4. Flow of Ideas: common people. - The descriptive passage illustrates how new ideas - Impact: can flood the mind, indicating that reading stimulates - Fostered hostile sentiments towards the monarchy. intelligence and creativity. - Encouraged the questioning of the prevailing social - The effortless transition from one page to another order. signifies the joy and ease that can come from engaging with compelling written content. Interpretation of the Arguments - Acknowledgment that print facilitates the spread of 5. Neglect of Physical Needs: ideas. - The reader’s reluctance to pause and adjust the - Caveat: lamp indicates a deep immersion in the material, - Readers consumed a diverse range of literature, prioritizing the reading experience over physical including: comfort or need. - Enlightenment texts. - Monarchical and Church propaganda. 6. Emotional and Intellectual Impact: - The impact of print: - Reading is shown to be an enlightening experience - Not deterministic; readers interpreted materials in that enriches the mind, making the reader more their own ways. intelligent. - Opened up possibilities for alternative ways of - The passage encapsulates a profound appreciation thinking. for literature and the mental engagement it fosters. Conclusion - Implications - Print culture contributed to the conditions necessary for the French Revolution by: - Cultural Significance: - Spreading Enlightenment ideas. - Highlights the critical role of printed material in - Initiating public debates. shaping thoughts and ideas. - Criticizing authority and existing social structures. - However, the influence of print was complex, - Psychological Effects: requiring active engagement and interpretation by - Illustrates the deep psychological satisfaction readers. derived from reading, which can lead to enhanced ------------------------------------------------------- cognitive abilities. Source B - Historical Context: Notes on the Impact of the Printed Word and the - Reflects a broader historical significance of Power of Reading literature prior to significant societal changes (e.g., the French Revolution), pointing towards the role of - Key Concepts reading in the dissemination of new ideas. 1. Metaphor of Thirst: - Conclusion - Reading is likened to a man dying of thirst drinking pure water, emphasizing the deep, urgent need for Reading is depicted not only as an activity for gaining knowledge. knowledge but also as an essential, life-affirming experience that engages the mind and enriches one's 2. Engagement in Reading: understanding of the world. The passage serves as a - The act of reading is portrayed as an immersive testament to the profound joy and transformative experience, where the reader loses track of time and power that the printed word holds for individuals. surroundings. - Describes a passionate, almost desperate need to consume the material, reflecting the transformative power of literature. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 9 5 The Nineteenth Century 6. Conclusion 5.1 Children, Women and Workers - The late 19th century marked significant developments in literature related to children, women, 1. Introduction to Primary Education and workers. - Compulsory primary education introduced in the late - The changes in reading habits and production of 19th century. literature reflected broader socio-cultural - Children emerged as significant readers. transformations. - The demand for school textbooks surged, impacting the publishing industry. Box 3 2. Children's Literature Study Notes: Reading Struggles and - Establishment of a children's press in France in 1857 Autobiographical Narratives dedicated solely to children's literature. - This press published both new works and classic - 1. Thomas Wood's Experience fairy tales/folk tales. - Background: A mechanic from Yorkshire. - The Brothers Grimm in Germany: - Reading Habits: - Collected and edited traditional folk tales from - Rented old newspapers due to financial peasants. constraints. - Published a collection of these stories in 1812, with - Read by firelight to save on the cost of candles. exclusions of content deemed unsuitable for children - Significance: Highlights the determination to seek or vulgar by elites. knowledge despite economic hardship. - Transformation of rural folk tales through print; old tales were recorded and altered. - 2. Autobiographies of the Poor - Theme: Struggles of impoverished individuals to 3. Women's Role in Literature access literature and education. - Women became significant as both readers and - Key Works: writers in the literary field. - Maxim Gorky: - Penny magazines targeted specifically towards - Notable Books: "My Childhood" and "My women. University". - Manuals for proper behavior and housekeeping - Provides insight into the difficulties faced during emerged to educate women. childhood and education. - Novels in the 19th century: - Gorky’s narratives reflect broader social issues - Women recognized as key readers. and personal perseverance. - Prominent women novelists included: - Jane Austen - 3. Related Themes - The Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily, Anne) - Access to Education: - George Eliot - Many individuals from lower economic - Literature contributed to the portrayal of women as backgrounds face significant barriers to education. individuals with strength, determination, will, and - Role of Literature: intellectual capability. - Literature serves as both a form of escape and a tool for understanding one’s own struggles. 4. Lending Libraries - Historical Context: - Existence of lending libraries traced back to the 17th - The experiences shared may reflect the broader century. socio-economic conditions of the time. - By the 19th century, they became tools for the education of: - 4. Key Takeaways - White-collar workers - The significance of literacy and the lengths - Artisans individuals will go to obtain it. - Lower-middle-class individuals - Autobiographical narratives provide personal - Rise of self-educated working-class individuals insights into the reader's struggles within societal writing for themselves. constraints. - The impact of socio-economic status on access to 5. Self-Improvement and Expression knowledge and education. - Mid-19th century saw a gradual reduction in work hours, enabling time for self-education and expression. - 5. Reflection Points - Increased production of political tracts and - Consider how access to reading materials has autobiographies by working-class individuals. changed over time. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 10 - Reflect on contemporary issues regarding education - Concerns over declining book sales prompted accessibility. publishers to adapt. - Think about the role of personal narratives in - Release of cheap paperback editions to encourage understanding historical and social contexts. purchases. These notes encapsulate essential details and themes IV. Summary related to struggles in reading and education, as - The evolution of printing technology from metal illustrated by the experiences of Thomas Wood and presses to electrically operated models significantly Maxim Gorky's autobiographical works. improved the efficiency and quality of printed works. - Publishers adapted their strategies over time to meet ----------------------------------------------------------- consumer demands, with innovations in format and pricing, particularly during economic downturns. 5.2 Further Innovations V. Key Terms Notes on Innovations in Printing Technology and - Cylindrical Press: A printing press design that uses a Publishing (Late 18th Century to 1930s) rotating cylinder to imprint ink onto a substrate. - Offset Press: A printing technique that transfers ink I. Evolution of Printing Press from a plate to a rubber blanket and then to the paper, 1. Late 18th Century allowing for high-quality, multicolor printing. - Transition to metal construction for printing - Shilling Series: A series of inexpensive books presses. published in England during the 1920s aimed at increasing accessibility to popular literature. 2. 19th Century Innovations - Series of advancements in printing technology. These notes encapsulate the key developments in - Richard M. Hoe's Contributions printing technology and publishing strategies from the - Developed the power-driven cylindrical press. late 18th century to the 1930s, highlighting both - Capacity: 8,000 sheets per hour. technological advancements and market adaptations. - Especially beneficial for newspaper printing. ------------------------------------------------------------- - Development of the offset press in the late 19th century. 6 India and the World of Print - Capability: Print up to six colors simultaneously. 6.1 Manuscripts Before the Age of Print 3. Early 20th Century - Introduction of electrically operated presses. Overview - Enhanced speed and efficiency in printing - India had a rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts. processes. - Manuscripts were created in languages including - Innovations included: Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, and various vernacular - Improved methods of paper feeding. languages. - Higher quality printing plates. - Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls Materials and Preservation for color registration. - Common materials used for manuscripts: - Cumulative mechanical improvements transformed - Palm leaves the overall appearance of printed materials. - Handmade paper - Preservation methods: II. Changes in Publishing Strategies - Manuscripts were either pressed between wooden 1. 19th Century Publishing Trends covers or sewn together. - Periodicals began serializing important novels, - Illustrations: leading to new literary forms. - Many manuscripts featured beautiful illustrations. 2. 1920s in England Continuation of Manuscript Production - Introduction of the Shilling Series. - Manuscript production persisted well into the late - Offered popular works at affordable prices. 19th century, even after the advent of printing technology. 3. 20th Century Innovations - Introduction of the dust cover/book jacket. Characteristics of Manuscripts - Manuscripts were: III. Impact of Economic Factors - Expensive 1. Great Depression (1930s) - Fragile SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 11 - Required careful handling - Published numerous advertisements, including those - Challenges for readers: related to the slave trade, and sensational gossip about - Different script styles made them difficult to read. Company officials. Usage in Education Government Response - Pre-colonial Bengal: - Warren Hastings’ Actions: - Developed an extensive network of village primary - Persecuted Hickey due to his writings that criticized schools. the colonial government. - Education often focused on writing rather than - Promoted officially sanctioned newspapers to reading. counter negative information about the colonial - Teachers would dictate texts from memory for administration. students to write down. - Outcome: Emergence of Indian Publications - Many students became literate without actually - Rise of Indian Newspapers: engaging with written texts. - By the late 18th century, Indians began launching their own newspapers. Summary - The first Indian newspaper was also the Bengal - Manuscripts played a significant role in India's Gazette, published by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, cultural heritage but were limited in accessibility and associated with Rammohun Roy. practical use due to their fragile nature and the education system that emphasized writing over Summary reading. The introduction of print in India marked significant ------------------------------------------------------- cultural and political developments. The efforts of missionaries opened the door for regional languages, 6.2 Print Comes to India while the emergence of English newspapers highlighted the tensions between colonial governance Early Influences and Developments and freedom of the press. The late 18th century saw a - Arrival of the Printing Press: burgeoning of Indian publications that contributed to - Introduced in Goa by Portuguese missionaries in the the growing awareness and expression of Indian mid-16th century. identity and issues. - Contributions of Jesuit Priests: Source C - Learned the Konkani language. - Printed various tracts. Notes on the Introduction of Printing in Calcutta - By 1674, around 50 books had been published in Konkani and Kanara languages. - Context - Date: 1768 Key Milestones in Printing - Location: Calcutta (now Kolkata), India - First Tamil Book: - Printed in 1579 by Catholic priests in Cochin. - Key Figure - William Bolts - First Malayalam Book: - Role: A businessman who recognized the need for a - Printed in 1713 by Catholic priests. printing press in Calcutta. - Action: Affixed a public notice to inform citizens of - Dutch Protestant Missionaries: his intentions regarding establishing a printing press. - By 1710, they printed 32 Tamil texts, mostly translations of pre-existing works. - Main Points from the Notice - Identified Need: Growth of English Press - Noted that the absence of a printing press was a - Late Development: significant disadvantage for business in Calcutta. - The English language press grew slowly; the East India Company imported presses from the late 17th - Invitation for Expertise: century. - Bolts expressed willingness to encourage individuals experienced in printing to come forward - James Augustus Hickey: and assist in establishing a press. - In 1780, began editing the Bengal Gazette, which positioned itself as a commercial paper independent of any influences. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 12 - Outcome - Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar (both - Departure: from 1822). - Bolts left for England shortly after placing the - Gujarati Newspaper: notice, resulting in no further progress on the printing - Bombay Samachar (also 1822). press project. 4. Responses from Muslim Communities: - Significance - Concerns among the ulama regarding the decline of - This incident highlights the early attempts to improve Muslim dynasties and fears of colonial influence. communications and business facilities in colonial - Use of lithographic presses to publish translations India, reflecting broader socio-economic changes. The of scriptures and religious tracts. initiative sought to set up a printing infrastructure that - Founding of institutions like the Deoband Seminary would later contribute to literacy and the spread of (1867), which issued fatwas guiding everyday Muslim ideas in the region. life. - Implications 5. Diversity Among Muslim Sects: - The lack of a printing press at the time points to the - Growth of various sects and seminaries, each challenges in the dissemination of information and the presenting different interpretations of Islam. administrative complexities in colonial settings. - Use of Urdu print media to disseminate religious - Bolts' initiative underscores the importance of ideas and counter opposition. printing technology in facilitating trade and cultural exchange during this period. 6. Hindu Religious Texts: - Increased readership of religious texts in vernacular Summary languages. Though the initiative for a printing press in Calcutta - First Printed Edition of Ramcharitmanas (Tulsidas, proposed by William Bolts in 1768 did not come to 1810) facilitated wider access to Hindu religious fruition, it demonstrates an early recognition of the literature. vital role printing would play in business and - By the mid-19th century, numerous lithographic communication in colonial India. editions were produced, notably by: -------------------------------------------------------- - Naval Kishore Press (Lucknow) - Shri Venkateshwar Press (Bombay) 7 Religious Reform and Public Debates - Impact of Print - Overview - Printed materials allowed for: - The 19th century saw intense debates surrounding - Easy access to religious texts for the faithful. religious issues within colonial society. - Public readings for illiterate individuals, enhancing - Various groups confronted societal changes with participation in religious discourse. differing interpretations and responses. - Encouragement of discussions and controversies across different religions. - Key Developments 1. Emergence of Reform Movements: - Print media helped create connections among diverse - Some groups criticized existing religious practices communities throughout India, contributing to a sense and advocated for reform. of pan-Indian identity by sharing news and ideas - There were public and print-based across regions. counterarguments from traditionalists and orthodox groups. Conclusion The interplay of religious reform, public debates, and 2. Role of Print Media: the emergence of print media in the 19th century - Newspapers and printed tracts facilitated the spread played a crucial role in shaping religious identities and of new ideas and shaped public debates. fostering discussions that transcended traditional - The language used was often the vernacular, boundaries. This period laid the groundwork for more making ideas accessible to a broad audience. extensive social and cultural transformations in Indian society. 3. Notable Publications: - Rammohun Roy's Sambad Kaumudi (1821): A progressive voice advocating for reform. - Samachar Chandrika: Commissioned by Hindu orthodox groups in response to Roy. - Persian Newspapers: SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 13 Source D Conclusion - Newspapers were not only instruments for Notes on the Role and Purpose of Newspapers in information but also critical political entities that the 19th Century India shaped public opinion and governance in 19th century India. They played a crucial role in the quest for social - Introduction and political reforms, emphasizing the importance of - Key Figure: Krishnaji Trimbuck Ranade from Poona. informed public discussions and community support in - Objective: To publish a Marathi-language newspaper advancing knowledge and welfare. aimed at providing useful information on local --------------------------------------------------------- interests. 8. New Forms of Publication - Purpose of the Newspaper - Information Dissemination: Focus on providing Study Notes: Evolution of Literary Forms and information on a variety of subjects, including: Visual Culture in the 19th Century - Local interest topics. - Scientific investigations. - 1. Impact of New Forms of Publication - Antiquities, statistics, curiosities, history, and - The advent of new printing technologies created a geography of India, particularly the Deccan region. demand for diverse types of writing. - Increased literacy rates led people to seek - Open Discussion Platform: The newspaper was representation of their own lives and emotions in intended to be a venue for free discussions on issues of literature. general utility. - 2. Development of the Novel - Community Engagement: Solicited support from the - The novel became a prominent literary form that public for the dissemination of knowledge and the catered to the needs of readers during this period. welfare of the people. - Indian forms and styles began to emerge, adapting the novel to reflect local experiences and narratives. - Role of Newspapers in Society - Novels provided readers with new experiences and - Political Role: showcased the diversity of human life. - Newspapers and political associations serve a role similar to the Opposition in the British Parliament. - 3. Other Literary Forms - Responsibilities include: - Alongside novels, new genres emerged including: - Critically examining government policies. - Lyrics: Poetic expressions of personal feelings. - Suggesting improvements for the benefit of the - Short Stories: Concise narratives exploring populace. various themes. - Advocating for the elimination of detrimental - Essays: Discussions on social and political policies. matters, emphasizing human experiences. - Ensuring timely implementation of positive changes. - 4. Visual Culture - By the late 19th century, a new visual culture began - Research and Advocacy: to take form due to the proliferation of printing - Newspapers are expected to: presses. - Investigate particular issues. - Visual images started to be reproduced widely, - Gather diverse and relevant information on making art accessible to the masses. national matters. - Artists like Raja Ravi Varma contributed to mass - Propose desirable improvements that reflect the circulation prints, creating images that resonated with needs of the people. popular culture. - Influence of Newspapers - 5. Affordable Art - Impact: Effective newspapers can gain considerable - Wood engravers produced affordable woodblocks influence by: for print shops. - Focusing on the needs and welfare of the - Cheap prints and calendars became available in community. bazaars, allowing even the impoverished to adorn their - Actively engaging in the political discourse and living and working spaces. policy advocacy. - 6. Influence on Societal Perceptions - These visual prints influenced ideas about: - Modernity vs. Tradition SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 14 - Religion and Politics - Society and Culture - Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai: - Expressed anger over the plight of upper-caste - 7. Caricatures and Cartoons Hindu women, focusing on issues such as widowhood - By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons began to in the 1880s. publish in journals and newspapers. - They served as social and political commentaries: - 5. Cultural Impact of Literature - Critiques of educated Indians adopting Western - Tamil novels highlighted the importance of reading styles. for women confined by societal restrictions. - Expressions of anxiety over social changes. - Print culture flourished in multiple languages: - Imperial caricatures mocked nationalists, while - Urdu, Tamil, Bengali, and Marathi had early nationalist cartoons criticized imperial governance. developments. - Hindi printing gained momentum from the 1870s, - 8. Conclusion focusing significantly on women’s education. - The 19th century marked a significant shift in both literary and visual culture, fostering a dynamic - 6. Rise of Women-Centric Journals environment where diverse narratives flourished - Early 20th-century journals for women became alongside critical visual commentary on contemporary popular, discussing several key issues: issues. This period set the stage for continued - Women’s education evolution in literature and art, reflecting the - Widowhood and widow remarriage complexities of human experience. - The national movement ------------------------------------------------------ - These journals often included household tips, fashion advice, and entertainment through stories and 8.1 Women and Print serialized novels. - 1. Increasing Literacy and Reading Among - 7. Regional Contributions Women - In Punjab, publications like Ram Chaddha's "Istri - Middle-class women began to read extensively, Dharm Vichar" aimed to instruct women on being encouraged by liberal family members. obedient wives. - Education for women started to take shape with the - The Khalsa Tract Society produced booklets establishment of women’s schools in cities and towns promoting similar ideals. post mid-19th century. - In Calcutta, the Battala area specialized in printing accessible literature, including both religious and - 2. Role of Journals and Publications controversial texts. - Many journals began to publish writings by women, advocating for their education. - 8. Visual Appeal and Accessibility - Journals provided syllabi and reading materials for - By the late 19th century, printed materials featured home-based education, promoting women’s literacy. illustrations, enhancing their appeal. - Pedlars distributed books from the Battala area, - 3. Resistance to Women’s Education allowing women to read at home during leisure hours. - Conservative beliefs among Hindus and Muslims led to fears surrounding educated women: These notes encapsulate key developments relating to - Hindus worried that literate girls would face women’s education and print culture during the 19th widowhood. century, highlighting the challenges, notable - Muslims feared corruption through reading Urdu contributors, and the societal impact of women's romances. literacy and narratives. - Despite prohibitions, some women defied norms to learn reading and writing. Source E - 4. Notable Figures in Women's Literacy Key Notes on Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein and - Rashsundari Debi: Women’s Education - Learned to read secretly in her kitchen. - Authored "Amar Jiban," the first full-length Bengali - Background autobiography published in 1876. - Name: Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein - Year: 1926 - Kailashbashini Debi: - Role: Educationist and Literary Figure - Wrote about women's experiences of domestic - Cultural Context: Prominent figure in Bengal, confinement and ignorance. advocating for women's rights and education. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 15 - 2. Caste Discrimination and Literature - Main Themes - Emergence of Caste Discourse: The late nineteenth 1. Condemnation of Gender Discrimination: century saw a rise in literature addressing caste - Rokeya condemned the practice of withholding discrimination. education from women. - Key Figures: - Criticized the justification of denying education on - Jyotiba Phule: Authored Gulamgiri (1871), religious grounds. critiquing the caste system and advocating for the rights of 'low caste' communities. 2. Address at the Bengal Women’s Education - B.R. Ambedkar: Prominent activist and advocate Conference: for Dalit rights, he published significant works - Platform for advocating women's rights and addressing social inequalities. education. - E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker (Periyar): Critically examined caste issues through his writings. 3. Key Arguments: - Opponents of female education claimed it would - 3. Local Protest Movements lead to women becoming "unruly". - Various local movements and sects published - Rokeya rebutted this by stressing that educated men journals and tracts challenging orthodox beliefs and do not become unruly, questioning why the same presenting visions for an equitable future. would not apply to women. - Highlighted the connection between caste and class - Emphasized the equality taught in Islam regarding struggles, aiming to uplift marginalized communities. education for both genders: - Highlighted that Islam supports equal rights to - 4. Voices from the Working Class education for women. - Factory Workers' Literature: Many workers were too overworked to document their experiences. - Significance - Kashibaba: A millworker from Kanpur, who - Advocacy for Women's Rights: published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal (1938), - Rokeya's stance was a pivotal moment in the illustrating the relationship between caste and class women's education movement in Bengal. exploitation. - Her arguments laid the groundwork for future - Sudarshan Chakr: Another Kanpur millworker discussions on gender equality in education. who wrote poetry (1935-1955), later compiled into Sacchi Kavitayan. - Key Takeaway - Education is a fundamental right for all, regardless of - 5. Educational Initiatives gender, and societal progress is contingent upon the - By the 1930s, cotton millworkers in Bangalore empowerment of women through education. established libraries, inspired by the Bombay workers' model. Conclusion - Emphasis on education was combined with social Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein remains an iconic reform efforts, such as curbing excessive drinking, figure in the fight for women's education and rights, promoting literacy, and spreading nationalist challenging societal norms and promoting the belief ideologies. that education should not be restricted by gender. ------------------------------------------------------- Conclusion The print culture in India during the 19th and 20th 8.2 Print and the Poor People centuries played a pivotal role in highlighting social injustices, particularly caste discrimination, and Notes on Print Culture and Social Reform in 19th empowering the working class through literature and and 20th Century India education. Key figures and local movements utilized print media to advocate for change and foster - 1. Cheap Literature Accessibility community awareness, ultimately contributing to - Small Books Distribution: Affordable books broader social reform efforts. became available in nineteenth-century Madras, often ----------------------------------------------------------- sold at crossroads for easy access by poor travelers. - Public Libraries: Established in the early 20th century, these libraries aimed to improve access to literature, primarily located in cities and affluent villages. They served as community resources for education. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 16 9. Print and Censorship - 18 newspapers ceased operations instead of complying. Notes on Print and Censorship in Colonial India - Sedition Committee Report (1919): Strengthened (Before 1798 - 1942) control measures with penalties for various newspapers. Early Period of Censorship (Before 1798) - World War II Regulations: - Colonial State Focus: The East India Company was - Defence of India Act allowed extensive censorship initially indifferent to censorship. of war-related news. - Targeted Criticism: Early censorship efforts were - The Quit India movement reports faced severe directed against English critics of Company misrule, censorship; approximately 90 newspapers were concerned about critiques impacting trade in England. suppressed in August 1942. Development of Press Regulation (1820s - 1835) Conclusion - Calcutta Supreme Court: Regulations were - The regulation and suppression of print media reflect introduced to control press freedom. the power dynamics of colonial governance, - Support for Loyalist Publications: The Company illustrating the tension between government control encouraged newspapers that celebrated British rule. and the burgeoning nationalist sentiment among the - Governor-General Bentinck (1835): Responded to Indian populace. petitions by editors, leading to revised press laws. - Thomas Macaulay: Formulated new rules that Key Terms restored earlier press freedoms. - Vernacular Press Act: A significant piece of legislation regulating vernacular newspapers. Changes Post-Revolt of 1857 - Balgangadhar Tilak: Influential nationalist leader - Shift in Attitude: Following the revolt, English whose writings incited protests. sentiments turned against the 'native' press. - Defence of India Act: Legislation providing authority - Vernacular Press Act (1878): for censorship during wartime. - Modeled on Irish Press Laws. - Nationalist Press: Newspapers that advocated for - Gave the government extensive rights to censor Indian nationalism and criticized colonial rule. vernacular press. - Enabled monitoring of vernacular newspapers Source F across provinces. - Seditious reports led to warnings, and potential Key Notes on Freedom of Speech and Expression in seizure of the press. the Context of Indian Independence Rise of Nationalist Newspapers - Historical Context - Growth of Nationalism: Despite censorship, - Year Mentioned: 1922 nationalist newspapers proliferated, criticizing colonial - Key Figure: Mahatma Gandhi rule and promoting nationalist agendas. - Political Climate: The struggle for Indian - Response to Nationalism: Increased repression led to independence during British colonial rule. protests; significant events included: - Balgangadhar Tilak: Wrote sympathetically about - Core Concepts deported Punjab revolutionaries in Kesari, leading to 1. Liberty of Speech: his imprisonment in 1908, igniting widespread - Fundamental right to express opinions without protests. censorship or restraint. - Vital for democracy and open discourse. Challenges for Loyalist Publications - Editor Recruitment Difficulties: Editors of loyalist 2. Liberty of the Press: papers were reluctant to compromise their freedom for - Essential for journalism's role in informing the government subsidies. public. - Example: Sanders of the Statesman demanded - Acts as a watchdog on government and society, compensation for loss of freedom. promoting transparency. - The Friend of India turned down government financial assistance to maintain editorial independence. 3. Freedom of Association: - Right to gather and form groups for social, Government Regulation of Print (1914 - 1942) political, and cultural purposes. - World War I Impact: - Facilitates collective action and movement- - Under Defence of India Rules, 22 newspapers had building. to furnish securities. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj  Ravi Sir’s Notes - SP Coaching Classes- Katraj (Private Circulation Only) 17 - Central Themes - Consolidation of Power: - The British Government's attempts to suppress these freedoms as a means to maintain control over the Indian populace. - Swaraj Movement: - Swaraj translates to "self-rule" and signifies the Indian independence movement's broader goals. - Encompasses the aspiration for autonomy and the right for Indians to govern themselves. - Khilafat Movement: SP Coaching Classes Katraj - A movement to protect the Ottoman Empire's caliphate post World War I, linked with Indian Director- Prof. Milind Patil Sir Muslims. - Advocated for the rights of Muslims in India and sought to unite Hindus and Muslims in the fight against colonial rule. - Summary of Gandhi's Position - Gandhi emphasizes that the protection of free speech, press, and association is paramount in the struggle for Swaraj. - The fight for independence is intertwined with the defense of civil liberties and human rights, which were under threat from colonial governance. - Significance of the Message - This statement underscores the importance of fundamental rights in any political struggle. - Highlights the interconnectedness of various movement goals (Swaraj and Khilafat). - Serves as a reminder of the historical battles faced in the pursuit of democracy and freedom of expression. Conclusion This perspective is vital for understanding the broader ramifications of civil liberties in political movements, particularly in the context of colonial India. The ideals presented continue to resonate in contemporary discussions about democracy, rights, and freedom of expression globally. SP Coaching Classes-Katraj