Notes on Thomas Jefferson, James Madison & James Monroe PDF

A. The Election of 1800 was a turning point in U.S. history 1. This “Revolution of 1800” marked the first time in U.S. history when one political party transferred power to another C. Adams’ “Midnight Judges,” The Rise of John Marshall, & the Marbury v. Madison Case 1. But, the Fed...

A. The Election of 1800 was a turning point in U.S. history 1. This “Revolution of 1800” marked the first time in U.S. history when one political party transferred power to another C. Adams’ “Midnight Judges,” The Rise of John Marshall, & the Marbury v. Madison Case 1. But, the Federalists did not want to see their policies destroyed by Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans 2. In the months before leaving office, President Adams appointed numerous Federalists to become judges in federal courts (the “Midnight Judges”) 3. Jefferson opposed these appointments and ordered his Secretary of State James Madison to deny some of these judge appointments…One of these potential judges was William Marbury who sued Madison when he was deprived of his position 4. Marbury v. Madison (1803) was one of the most important Supreme Court cases in U.S. history a. The Supreme Court ruled that President Jefferson’s decision to deny Marbury his judicial appointment did not violate the Judiciary Act or the Constitution b. The Marbury v. Madison case established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional D. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) 1. During Jefferson’s presidency, the U.S. population was growing and people were moving West... Jefferson was worried about French control of New Orleans and the Mississippi 2. Jefferson sent a delegation to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans …Napoleon wanted to sell all French territories in America to fund his war 3. In 1803, Congress approved the purchase of Louisiana from the French for $15 million a. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the USA b. Americans were excited about gaining new western lands, but the Louisiana Purchase presented problems i. Despite his belief in strict interpretation, Jefferson used the elastic clause to buy it ii. Despite his belief in protecting liberty, Jefferson did not grant foreigners citizenship iii. No one knew what resources existed in the Louisiana territory 4. Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory E. Jefferson’s Second Term (1805-1809) 1. Jefferson was popular and easily won the election of 1804…But, Jefferson’s second term was plagued by foreign policy problems a. The war between England and France led to more attacks on U.S. trade ships The British navy impressed more than 1,000 American merchant sailors per year from 1803 to 1807 b. Jefferson was frustrated with his inability to get England or France to stop attacking U.S. ships 2. In 1807, he ordered an embargo and banned all U.S. trade with England and France a. The embargo failed, merchants smuggled goods to continue trading with Europe, and the embargo hurt U.S. trade more than England or France b. Jefferson had to increase the size of the gov’t and military to enforce the law A. Jefferson’s hand-picked successor, James Madison, won the presidency in 1808 & 1812 1. Madison was well-qualified: He was the architect of the Constitution, served in Congress, and served as Jefferson’s Secretary of State B. The War of 1812 1. But, the war between England and France continued to cause America problems: a. England and France continued to violate American free trade... The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants b. Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor c. In 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war against England d. Patriotism surged as Americans claimed the War of 1812 was a “Second American Revolution” 2. The U.S. had a small navy and poorly trained army when the war began…Meanwhile, Britain’s well-trained army had been fighting France for a decade 3. The war went badly in the early years  a. The British attacked and burned the national capital Washington, D.C. b. When the British laid siege to Fort McHenry, American Francis Scott Key wrote the “The Star Spangled Banner” c. Though Britain was winning, they were also fighting France and wanted to quickly end the War of 1812 4. In 1814, Britain and the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war 5. Before news arrived, the Americans beat the British at the Battle of New Orleans a. General Andrew Jackson emerged as a war hero b. The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war C. The Treaty of Ghent (1814) 2. Effects of the War of 1812: a. Americans were united in a sense of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British b. America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president and a booming national economy III. The Presidency of James Monroe: 1817-1825 A. James Monroe was overwhelmingly elected president in 1816 and 1820 1. Monroe’s presidency began during an era of increased nationalism after the War of 1812 known as the “Era of Good Feelings” (1815-1825) 2. Monroe’s goals as president were to promote national unity and America’s place in the world 3. By 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Democratic-Republicans could do almost anything 4. Monroe and the Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism B. Monroe and the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in three ways: 1. Government: Increase the power of the national government over the states a. John Marshall (1801-1835) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national government 2. Economy: Encourage industry and transportation to link the South, North, and West a. In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West i. Create a Second Bank of the U.S. ii. Create a tariff to promote U.S. industry and limit British manufactured goods iii. Improve transportation with roads and canals b. The American System allowed the US to create a national market economy for the first time i. Southern cotton was used in northern textiles factories ii. Northern factories made manufactured goods that were sold throughout the country iii. Western farms grew grains and raised livestock that fed the nation 3. Expanding America’s borders and increasing America’s role in world affairs a. After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the population lived in the West; This economic and territorial growth created a need to settle America’s national borders b. President Monroe & his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used foreign policy to promote nationalism & territorial expansion i. In 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the US/Britain border set at 49º ii. In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty c. When Latin American nations gained independence, the USA wanted to support the new republics and keep European nations from colonizing Latin America d. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine warned European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere and that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe C. Era of Good Feelings was a time of nationalism, but there were growing problems between North and South (called sectionalism) 1. Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, taxes, and the role of government 2. These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860 3. Missouri Compromise (also known as the Compromise of 1820) a. When Missouri applied to become a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged i. Northerners did not want Southern states to increase power in the national gov’t  ii. If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more senators than the North b. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820) i. Missouri became a slave state… Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state ii. Slavery was outlawedin all western territories above the latitude of 36º30