Endocrine, Blood, and Heart Anatomy (PDF)

Final Madelads del Truss Exam Endocrine vertices 847 Hormones if it six hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior Pituitary i Gonadotropin rel...

Final Madelads del Truss Exam Endocrine vertices 847 Hormones if it six hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior Pituitary i Gonadotropin releasing GnRH stimulates release of 24 gonadotropins FSH07 LH from anterior Pituitary Thyro tropin releasing TRH stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone TSH thurotropin from anterior Pituitary o o Corticotropin releasing CRH stimulates release of 270 1 hormone adrenocorticotropic ACTH corticotropin from anterior Pituitary 2 90 Prolactin inhibiting 180 PIM inhibits release of Prolactin from anterior pituitary 3 Growth hormone releasing GNRH stimulates release of Bugs growthhormone GH from anterior pituitary somatostatin Orifice para inhibits release of GH and TSH from anterior Pituitary pen adv conextrema brillante Two hypothalamic hormones are stored in Posterio 26.5mm released on demand Pituitary oxytocin OT stimulates labor contractions uterus and milk release mammary glands produced by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone ADH stimulates water retention by the kidneys Produced by supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus Anterior lobe of the Pituitary synthesizes and secretes six major hormones follicle stimulating FSH stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones development of ovarian  Madeladsand follicles sperm production del Truss vertices luteinizing hormone LH stimulates ovulation 847 corpus luteum ifsecretion of Progesterone and testosterone secretion FSHand theytarget the oovaries o it i24 by testes 07LH collectively called gonadotropins and testes gonads 1 270 Thyroid 2stimulating90 hormone TSH or thyrotropin stimulates 3 180 secretion of thyroid Bugs hormone TH from thyroid gland Orifice para Adrenocorticotropic pen hormone ACTH or conextrema brillanteadv Corticorticotropin stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete 26.5mm glucocorticoids Prolactin PRL after birth stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk Growth hormone GH or somatotropin stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation Endocrine organs  Blood lads del Truss Made Features of blood vertices 847 4 componentsif of blood i24blood cells Erythrocytes red Platelets 07 it fragments of certain bone marrow cells leukocyteso White o blood cells WBCs 1 270 Granulocytes 2 90 neutrophils eosinophils basophils Agranulocytes 3 180 agranulocytes lymphocytes Bugs monocytes Orifice para Adults containpen 4 to 6 liters of blood adv conextrema brillante 26.5mm BloodTypes Antigens Complex molecules on surface of cell membrane Agglutinogens antigens on the surface of RBC that trigger agglutination clumping Antibodies proteins that bind to antigen marking them for destructions Agglutination antibody binds multiple foreign cells ladssticks and Made them together large clumps may del Truss vertices result 847 if Agglutins antibodies that bind agglutinogens universal donor universal recipient o o i24 universal donor universal 07 Type 0 Type recipient AB it 1 270 who can donate 2 90to who who can receive from who 3 180 Bugs Orifice para pen adv conextrema brillante 26.5mm  cardiac lads del Truss Made Blood flow through847 the heart vertices 1 blood enters if right atrium from superior and Inferior 2 blood in right right Av valveo into i venae cavae 24 07 atrium flows through o right it ventricle 1 270 3 contraction of ventricle 2 right 90 forces pulmonary 3 180 valve open 4Bugs bloodflows through pulmonary valve Orifice para into Pulmonary pentrunk conextrema brillanteadv 5 blood is distributed by right and pulmonary arteries to the left26.5mm lungs Where it unloads co and loads 02 6bloodreturns from lungs Via pulmonary veins into left atrium 1 blood in left atrium flowsthrouah left AV valve into left ventricle 8 Contraction of left ventricle forces aortic valve open 9 blood flows aorticvalve ascending aorta 10blood in aorta is distributed to every organ in body unloads loadscon II bloodreturnsto right atrium  Madelads del Truss vertices 847 if 07 o o i24 it 1 270 2 90 3 180 Bugs Orifice para pen adv conextrema brillante What causes sounds associated with blood 26.5mm flow through the heart Cardiac cycle one complete contraction and relaxation of all 4 Chambers of heart 2 to 3 heart sounds heard through stethoscope during cycle Heart sounds First heart sound s louder and longer tub occurs with closure of AV valves turbulence in the bloodstream and movements of the heart Wall second heart sound S2 softer and sharper dupp occurs with closure of semilunar values turbulence in bloodstream movements  lads wall of Made heart del Truss vertices Third heart847 heard in if its presence may indicate sounds S3 rarely it People over 30 i enlarged 07failing24 heart or Anatomy oofo the heart 1 270 2 90 3 180 Bugs Orifice para pen adv conextrema brillante 26.5mm Blood Madeladsvessels del Truss Anatomy of blood vessels vertices 847 Three categoriesif blood Arteries carry it i24 away from heart Veins07Carry blood back to heart Capillaries o o connect smallest veins to 1 270 create2 circuits 90 Healthy BP3 180 Bugs Normal BP value for young adult 120 75 mmHg Orifice para Hypertension pen conextrema brillanteadv Chronic resting blood Pressure higher than 13026.5mm 80 can weaken arteries cause aneurysms Promote atherosclerosis lymphatic system function of a lymph node bean shaped structures that cleanse lymph and are sites of lymphocyte activation several functions filtering Producing immunity Returning fluid to the bloodstream Aiding lymph drainage Anatomy lymph node ofTruss Madelads del vertices 847 if 07 o o i24 it 1 270 2 90 3 180 Bugs lymphatic organs and associated components Orifice components para ofpenlymphoid system conextrema brillanteadv lumph recovered fluid lymphaticVessels transport the lumph 26.5mm lymphoid tissue aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs lymphoid organs organswhere lymphoid cells are concentrated surrounded by connective tissue capsules Primary include red bonemarrow thymus Secondary include lymph nodes tonsils L ion where immunocompetent cells migrate and Populate able to Te B cells immunocompetent recognize respond Tonsils Madelads del Truss Patches of lymphoid tissue located at vertices 847 the entranceifto the pharynx Guard against covered07 it i24ingested or inhaled Pathogens with epithelium and has deep pits tonsillarocrypts o lined by lymphoid nodules 1 270 Incomplete 2 90 fibrous capsule Three main sets of tonsils 3 180 Bugs Single pharyngeal tonsils adenoids on Orifice para Wall of pen Pharynx adv conextrema brillante Pair of Palatine tonsils at Posterior 26.5mmmargin of Oral cavity Numerous lingual tonsils concentrated on each side of base of tongue Tonsillitis acute inflammation Of Palatine tonsils spleen body's largest lymphoid organ inferior to diaphragm and posterolateral to Stomach Medial hilum for Passage of splenic artery and Vein and lymphatic vessels Parenchyma exhibits two tissue Red Pulp Sinuses filled with erythrocytes  White Madelads pulp del Truss lymphocytes macrophages vertices surrounding small branches of Splenic 847 if Artery Natural Killer Cellsi Continually and diseased ohost o cells it 07Patrol24 body looking for Pathogens 1 270 Attack and 2destroy 90 microbes transplanted cells cells infected with 3 180viruses and cancer cells Bugs Recognize infected cell and bind to it Orifice para Release proteinspen called Perforins which Polymerize toadv conextrema brillante form a ring and create a hole in its Plasma membrane 26.5mm secrete a group of protein degrading enzyme granzymes Enter through Pore and degrade cellular enzymes and induce apoptosis Programmed cell death Forms of Adaptive Immunity Two types of adaptive immunity cellular cell mediated immunity Lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells Rids thebody of Pathogens that reside inside human cells where they inaccessible to antibodies  Also ladsacts Made against Parasitic del Truss worms cancer cells and transplanted cells vertices 847 if Humoral antibody mediated immunity destroy a 07 i24 mediated by antibodies it that do not directly Pathogen but tag it for destruction Effective oagainst o extracellular Viruses bacteria 1 270 yeasts Protozoans 2 90 and molecular noncellular 3 180 such as toxins venoms and disease agents Bugs allergens FormsOrifice of Adaptive para penImmunity extrema brillanteadv otherscon forms of classifying immunity Natural 26.5mm active Immunity Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen Artifical active immunity Production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease Vaccine consists of dead or attenuated weakened Pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causing disease Booster shots may be given to restimulate immune memory to maintain a high  level Protection of Truss lads del Made Natural Passive vertices Immunity 847 if Temporary immunity that results from antibodies Produced 07 Fetus acquires through Placentao o baby it i24 by another Person antibodies from mother acquires them during 1 270 breast feeding 2 90 Artifical 3Passive 180 Immunity Bugs Temporary immunity that results from the Orifice para injection pen of immune serum antibodies conextrema brillanteadv from another Person or animal Emergency treatment for snakebite botulism 26.5mm tetanus rabies and other diseases Respiratory system Anatomy of respiratory system organsystem that takes in air and expels it from body Respiration refers to ventilation of the lungs breathing functions Gas exchange Or and Co exchanged between blood and air communication speech and other vocalizations Olfaction sense of smell  Acid Madelads Trussbalance delbase influences pH of body fluids vertices by eliminating CO2 847 if Blood pressure regulation assists with regulates Blood and i24 synthesis of angiotensin 07 blood pressure it1 a hormone that o o lymph flow breathing creates 1 270 pressure2 gradients 90 between thorax and abdomen 3 180that promote flow of lymph Bugs and blood Orifice para Platelet pen Production more than half of conextrema brillanteadv platelets are made by megakaryocytes in 26.5mmlungs not bone marrow Blood filtration lungs filter small clots Explusion of abdominal contents breath holding assists in urination defecation and childbirth conducting zone Respiratory zone Passages that regions that serve only for Participate in airflow gas exchange upper respiratory lower respiratory Airway from regions from nosethrough trachea through larynx lungs Respiratory Volume Madelads del Truss Alveolar ventilation vertices 847 if Alveolar ventilation rate AVR amount of air AVR is crucially ability to geto oxygen o i24 per minute ventilating alveoli 07 it relevant to the body's to thetissues and dispose 1 270 of carbon dioxide 2 90 3 180 leftover air that cannot be Residualvolume Bugs exhaled even with maximum effort Orifice para Measurement pen of Pulmonary ventilation adv conextrema brillante Respiratoryvolumes Tidal volume TV Volume of air inhaled and 26.5mm exhaled in one cycle of breathing 500 mL Inspiratory reserve volume IRV air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort 3,000mL Expiratory reserve volume ERV air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort 1,200mL Residualvolume RV air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration 1.300 ml Allows gas exchange with blood before next breath laws Madelads del Truss Boyle's law governs air flow into and out of vertices 847 if the lungs At a constanttemperature the pressure of a given proportional07 Charles's law to its volume o o volume of it i24quantity of gas is inversely a gas is directly 1 270 Proportional to 2 90 its absolute temperature Dalton's law3 total 180 atmospheric pressure is the Bugs sum of the contributions of the individual Orifice para gases pen Henry's law atadvair water interface for given conextrema brillante temperature 26.5mm amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in the air Digestive system Digestion and when it occurs Five stages of digestion Ingestion selective intake of food Digestion mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body Absorption uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood and lymph Compaction absorbing water and consolidating theMadelads del Truss residue into feces indigestible Defecation elimination of feces vertices 847 Peristalsis and if when it occurs Esophageal Phasei Wave of07 Coordinated o o by 24 it involuntary contractions peristalsis both swallowing center and 1 270 my enteric plexus 2 90 in esophageal wall Ensures you swallow regardless of body position 3 180 Bugs When most Orifice paranutrients have been absorbed and pen little remains butadv conextrema brillante undigested residue segmentation declines and peristalsis begins 26.5mm Absorption and when it occurs Primary occurs in small intestine where the broken down nutrients from food are taken Up by the intestinal lining and transported into the bloodstream allowing the body to utilize them for energy and growth Anatomy of digestive system Two subdivisions digestive tract and accessory organs Digestive tract alimentary canal 30ft tube mouth to anus Mouth Pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine and large Intestine  Acessory lads del organ Made Truss Teeth tongue Salivary glands liver gallbladder vertices 847 and Pancreas if mucosa 07 Epithelium 24 it Digestive tract walli consisting of layers o o lamina Propria muscularis mucosal 1 270 Submucosa 2 90 Muscular is 3externa 180 BugsInner circular layer outer longitudinal layer Orifice Serosa para pen Areolar tissueadvmesothelium conextrema brillante Functions 26.5mm of digestive organs mouth oral cavity Ingestion food intake taste and other sensory responses to food Chewing and Chemical digestion Swallowing Speech and respiration Enclosed by cheeks lips palate and tongue Esophagus straight muscular tube 25 to 30 cm long between pharynx and stomach lower esophageal sphincter LES at inferior end of esophagus liver Bile canaliculi narrow channels into which the liver Madesecretes bile lads del Truss vertices Bile passes into bile ductulesbetween the lobules 847 and ultimately if into right and left hepatic ducts common hepatic duct it i24 formed from convergence of right and07left hepatic ducts on inferior side of the liver o o 1 270 Cystic duct coming 2 90 from gallbladder joins common hepatic duct 3 180 Bugs Bile duct formed from union of cystic and Orifice para common hepatic penducts descends through lesser conextrema brillanteadv omentum toward the duodenum Gallbladder 26.5mm Pear shaped sac on underside of liver that stores and concentrates bile concentrates bile by absorbing water and electrolytes Bile fluid secreted by liver containing minerals cholesterol neutrals fats Phospholipids bile pigments and bile acids Bilirubin Primary bile pigment from hemoglobin decomposition Bile acids bile salts steroids synthesized from cholesterol aid in fat digestion along w lecithin  Pancreas Madelads del Truss vertices flattened Spongy retroperitoneal 847 gland Posterior if to greater curvature of stomach Duct system of Pancreas i24 it Pancreatic07duct runs length wise through middle of theo gland o 1 270 Accessory pancreatic 2 90 duct smaller duct that branches from 3 180 the main pancreatic duct Bugs Pancreatic juice alkaline mixture of water Orifice para enzymes zymogens pen sodium bicarbonate and conextrema brillanteadv other electrolytes Pancreatic zymogen s trypsin ogen 26.5mm Chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase Other Pancreatic enzymes Pancreatic amylase digests starch Pancreatic lipase digest fat Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease digest RNA and DNA respectively small Intestine Site of nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient Absorption Longest part of digestive tract Three regions duodenum jejunum and ileum Duodenum Madelads del Truss vertices Receives stomach contents pancreatic juice and 847 bile if Jejunum here Most digestion i24 it 07 and nutrient absorption occurs o o 1 270 ileum 2 90 Neocecal junction 3 180 end of small intestine where Bugs the ileum joins the cecum of the LI IlealOrifice Papilla paraformed pen by the thickened muscularis of theadv conextrema brillante ileum regulates passage of food 26.5mminto the LI residue Large Intestine Taenia coli longitudinal fibers concentrated in three thickened ribbon like strips Haustra Pouches in the colon caused by the muscle tone of the taeniae coli Anus is regulated by two spinsters Internal smooth muscle of muscular is externa External Skeletal muscle of pelvic diaphragm  Madelads system Urinary del Truss vertices Anatomy of Nephron 847 if Renal corpuscle consists 07 o o i24 it of the glomerulus and a two layered Glomerular capsule that encloses 1 270 2 90 glomerulus 3 180 Structure of capsule Bugs Parietal outer layer of Orifice para pen is simple squamous epithelium adv conextrema brillante Visceral inner layer 26.5mm consists of elaborate cells called Podocytes that wrap Vascular Pole side around capillaries of glomerulus of renal corpuscle Capsular space separate where the afferent the two layers of glomerulus arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole arteriole exits Urinary pole side of the renal corpuscle where the renal tubule begins Mesangial cells Pack the spaces among the  glomerular Madelads del capillaries Truss regulate blood flow and Phagocytize debris vertices 847 Renal tubule if duct leading away from the glomerular capsulei and ending at the 07 tip of the medullary pyramid four regionso o 24 it 1 270 PCT nephron 2 90loop DCT collecting 3duct 180 receives fluid from Bugs nephrons many Orifice para Proximal convoluted pen tubule PCT arises conextrema brillanteadv from glomerular capsule Nephron 26.5mm loop U shaped portion of renal tubule with a descending limb and ascending limb Thick segments have simple cuboidal epithelium heavily engaged in active transport of salts have many mitochondria Thin segment has simple squamous epithelium Cells very permeable to water Distal convoluted tubule DCT begins shortly after ascending limb reenters the cortex Collecting duct receives fluid from the DOTS of several del Trussas it passes back into the medulla nephrons Madelads Papillary duct formed by merger of several vertices 847 collecting duct if urine formation i kidneys 4 stages 07 converts o o 24 blood Plasma to it urine in 1 270 Glomerular2 filtration 90 tubular reabsorption 3 180 and water conservation tubular secretion Bugs Orifice para pen adv conextrema brillante 26.5mm male Madereproductive lads del Truss system vertices Anatomy 847 if 07 o o i24 it 1 270 2 90 3 180 Bugs Orifice para pen adv conextrema brillante What is manipulated when male has a 26.5mm vasectomy Vas deferens Where do sperm mature Epididymis Anatomy of a sperm Head contains nucleus holds sperm's DNA an acrosome Midpiece contains Mitochondria Produce sperm movement Tail flagellum helpspermpenetrate an egg What del Trusshelps regulate the temperature muscle Madelads of testes vertices 847 Cremasterifmuscle i24 what can un descended it testes caused 07to a range of health problems linked and conditions o o hernia testicular cancer 1 270 infertility and 2 90 Glands and what they Produce 3 180 Bugs Testes Produce sperm cells and testo erone Orifice para Seminal vesiclespen Two sac like glands that conextrema brillanteadv Produce a fluid that nourishes sperm with fructose 26.5mm and Prostaglandins Prostate gland Walnut sized Gland that Produces a milky colored fluid that enhances sperm motility Bulbo urethral Glands known as Cowper's gland Produce a clear slippery fluid that empties into the urethra Pituitary gland Produces hormones that stimulate the testicles to Produce testosterone Hormones associated and where they are Produce Testosterone Produced in testes responsible For developing male characteristics  Follicle Madelads del Stimulating Truss hormone FSH secreted by anterior Pituitary gland vertices 847 LH if Luteinizing hormone Produced by anterior Pituitary gland i Gonadotropin Released from o hypothalamus o 24 07 releasing it hormone GnRH triggers Pituitary 1 270 gland to release 2 90 FSH and LH Blood testis barrier 3 180 and the Importance Bugs Primarily formed by tight Junctions between Orifice para Sertoli cells acts penas a Protective barrier to isolate developing sperm adv conextrema brillante cells from the bloodstream preventing 26.5mm immune system from attacking them and ensuring proper environment for sperm maturation capacitation series of changes that sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract to prepare them to fertilize egg How long is sperm viable after ejaculation up to five days after Female Reproductive system Anatomy  Madelads del Truss vertices 847 if 07 o o i24 it 1 270 2 90 Functions 3 180 Bugs ovulation release of a mature egg from an OvaryOrifice para pen tube into fallopian conextrema brillanteadv Fertilization union of a sperm with an egg within the26.5mm fallopian tube Implantation Attachment of fertilized egg to the lining of the uterus Menstruation shedding of uterine lining if fertilization does not occur Pregnancy and childbirth carrying and delivery of a baby within the uterus External Genitals Mons Pubis fatty pad covering the Pubic bone Labia Majojora outer fleshly folds of skin Protecting other genital organs labia minora Inner folds of skin located within  theMade labia lads del majora Truss surrounding the vaginal vertices opening 847 Clitoris sensory if organ highly sensitive to Stimulation Internal Genitals Ovaries Producing 07 o o i24 eggs it and sex hormones 1 270 fallopian tubes2 fertilization 90 occurs Uterus Fetus develops 3 180 during Pregnancy Bugs cervix opening of uterus vaginaOrifice serving as birth canal para pen conextrema brillanteadv Primary function of uterus 26.5mm and Protect a developing fetus until nourish birth Human eggs and sperm simirality They both have the same number of Chromosome where does fertilization occur In fallopian tubes Hormones Estrogen regulates the endometrium Progesterone helps create a healthy uterine lining to support a fertilized egg Testosterone helps regulate the menstrual cycle sex drive and general health Follicle stimulating hormone FSH stimulates theMade lads del Truss of follicles eggs and causes development vertices estrogen levels to rise 847 Luteinizing if hormone LH Aids in egg maturation and causes Gonadotropin FSH and LH o o i24 it ovulation 07 releasing hormone GnRH Produce 1 270 What is Poly2spermy 90 Results in human Condition where 3 180 more than one sperm fertilizes Bugs an egg resulting in an embryo with an Orifice para abnormal number pen of Chrosomes conextrema brillanteadv What causes milk letdown 26.5mm of oxytocin Release What is the corpus later What is its function Produces the hormone Progesterone that makes your uterus a healthy environment for a developing fetus How long are eggs viable after ovulation 12 24 hours How does the female propel sperm through fallopian tubes Through the coordinated action of tiny hair like structures called cilia lining the tube walls