Intelligence and Psychological Testing Notes PDF

Week 1 psych Intelligence and psychologicaltesting a psychological test is a standardized measure of a sample of a persons behaviour Intelligencetests measure generalability aptitudetests assess specific types ofmentalabilities achievementtests gauge a persons mas...

Week 1 psych Intelligence and psychologicaltesting a psychological test is a standardized measure of a sample of a persons behaviour Intelligencetests measure generalability aptitudetests assess specific types ofmentalabilities achievementtests gauge a persons mastery and knowledge of variousparticipan personality tests measure various aspects of personality including motives interests values and attitudes Standardization refers to theuniformprocedures used in the administration and scoring of a test testnorms provide information about where a score on a psychological test ranks in relation to other scores on thattest percentile score indicates thepercentage ofpeople who score at or below the score one has obtained reliability refers to the measurement consistency of a test orofother kindsof measurement techniques contentvalidity refers to the degree to which the content of test a is representative of the domain its supposedto cover icipatsscores treesrelatetil ir timatieda aI ielatgerPr anothermeasor of the trait assessed by the test Construct validity the extent to which there is evidence that a testmeasur a particular hypothetical construct a childsmetal ageindicated that they displayed the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological actual age an intelligence quotient IQ is a childs mental divided age by chronologic age multiplied by100 factoranalysis correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closelyrelated clusters of variables fluid intelligence involves JbEtyd of information processing Cregsaiiect.intkighneeInv affly acquiredknowledge andskills in problemsolving emotional intelligence consists of theabilityto perceive and express emotion assimulateemotion in thought understand and reason with emotion and regulateemotion the normal distribution is a symmetric bell shaped curve thatrepresents thepattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population deviation IQ scores that locateparticipants precisely within the normaldistribu using the standard deviation as the unitof measurement intellectual disability refers to generalmental deficiencies in adaptive skills ability before accompanied 18 by originating age a heritability ratio is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance refers to these genetically determined limits on IQ orother Fraction range  tr Lecturenotes face isnt always valid validityseems appealing nature and nurture influences intelligencebehaviour what is inherited taughtat a youngage mentalabilitytests Intelligence Aptitude Achievement Personalitytests measuremotives interestsvalues andattitudes ex myers briggs Validity theres more to a scale than a name idea Standardization procedures used to administer a testscale Norms taking something and compare it to the norm ex testscores percentile is a scale of 100 value on a thatindicates thepercent of a distribution that is equal or below it LESSON 1 - CHAPTER 9 – PART 1 Intelligence and Psychological Testing © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 1 Intelligence & Psychological Testing: Why does this topic matter? § Society focused on measurement and testing everything in our lives § Misconceptions, perspectives § We assess all the time § Impact – Automatically view of others and of ourselves (biases, filters) © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 2  Intelligence & Psychological Testing: Objectives of this Chapter § What is trusted measurement? § How did intelligence develop? Many aspects? – Cultural and sociohistorical context – Tool, concept, not a concrete object § Develop critical thinking – The good, the bad and the ugly § Nature and nurture jointly influence intelligence and other behaviours © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 3  § Mental ability tests Intelligence—general mental ability or potential Aptitude—specific mental abilities Achievement—previous learning and mastery First things Personality tests first … Key Measure motives, interests, values, and attitudes Concepts in Psychological MMPI Myers-Briggs Life Change Beck DI Testing © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 4  Building good scales/test and getting meaningful results Key requirements: ”How would I § Reliability score on that web § Validity test?” § Standardization Click © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 5  Reliability: Consistency of measurement § ”Expect the same result time after time”? § Test-retest reliability – Same people, tested twice § Correlation Coefficient – but not perfect – Direction (- / +), Strength (0.00 – 1.00) © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 6  Reliability: Consistency of measurement — Test-retest reliability ◦ Is construct measured in a consistent way? ◦ “Low” reliability: small + correlation ◦ “High” reliability: large + correlation ◦ Not perfect: e.g. anxiety, motivation © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 7  Validity: “What you see is what you get” § There’s more to a scale than a name, idea § Face validity: Does it appear to be valid? Hacks – IQ: Choose a number between 1 and 10 § Construct validity – Does it measure what it is supposed to § Content validity – Measure all skills that define a construct e.g. math § Criterion-related validity – Predict criterion measure of related behaviour – E.g. IQ, job performance, graduate school § Never perfect correlations, other factors – Accuracy versus coverage: item overlap between constructs © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 8  Making scores comparable and meaningful: Standardization and Norms § How does my score compare to that of my peers § Standardization – Same procedure used to administer the test/scale § Norms – Where does my score rank relative to peers? “Normal”, above, below e.g. assertiveness, creativity, IQ Score meaningful à e.g. converted to percentile – Percentage of scores below yours – Large sample representative of specific groups Age, gender, other segments – Other measures … © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 9 LESSON 1 - CHAPTER 9 – PART 2 Intelligence and Psychological Testing © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 1  Intelligence and Psychological Testing: What is intelligence § What is intelligence – Personal meaning – Cultural differences § Chinese word à not Western concept – “Good brain and talented” – Imitation, effort, social responsibility § A lot of debate in the West © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 2  Intelligence and Psychological Testing:... Begs more questions... § Different forms? – e.g. Emotional IQ, everyday life § Scores and testing – Purpose?, valid scores, used appropriately § Nature vs nurture – Genetics – Environment § Theories and extreme forms © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 3  Intelligence: A definition “Intelligence is the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.” (David Wechsler) § Effective thinking to interact with the world § Modern viewpoint – Complexity, cultural and social factors § Not a physical thing (“reification”) § Hypothetical abstract construct © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 4  The Evolution of Well, I was born like Intelligence Testing that Sir Francis Galton (1869) Genius through heredity Set the stage with first studies “Runs in the family” Coined the expression “nature vs. nurture” Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon (1905) Forerunner on modern intelligence testing Tests to identify students in need of assistance Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale Mental abilities develop with age – Mental age © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 5  The Evolution of Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman (1916) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) = MA/CA × 100 Big promoter of IQ testing in US schools David Wechsler (1955) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Less dependent on verbal abilities Discarded IQ score in favour of deviation IQ © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 6 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 7 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 8  The Debate about the Structure of Intelligence Charles Spearman Invented factor analysis Found mental abilities positively correlated Labelled general mental ability “g” and specific mental abilities “s” L. L. Thurstone Too much emphasis on general mental ability 7 primary mental abilities © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 9  Broadening the Concept of Intelligence Increased emphasis on specific abilities Moving beyond Spearman’s g Guilford’s 150 distinct mental abilities Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence Biological indexes of intelligence Brain size and brain volume Childhood IQ and later physical health © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 10 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 11  Expanding the Concept of Intelligence Cognitive conceptualizations of intelligence Sternberg’s triarchic theory and successful intelligence Gardner’s multiple intelligences Goleman’s emotional intelligence Salovey’s essential components of emotional intelligence © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 12 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 13 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 14  Basic Issues in Intelligence Testing § Intelligence testing based on normal distribution and standard deviation. § Most scores fall near the centre of distribution, declining as one moves towards tails. § WAIS raw score translated into deviation IQ scores (Mean = 100, SD = 15). Deviation IQ score converted to percentile score. © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 15 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 16  Reliability and Validity of IQ Tests Exceptionally reliable—correlations into the 0.90s Qualified validity—valid indicators of academic/ verbal intelligence, not practical/social intelligence Correlations: 0.40s–0.50s with school success 0.60s–0.80s with number of years in school Predictive of occupational attainment, debate about predictiveness of performance IQ tests in other cultures © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 17 LESSON 1 - CHAPTER 9 – PART 3 Intelligence and Psychological Testing © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 1  Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual Disability Diagnosis based on IQ and adaptive skills tests IQ 2 or more SD below mean Adaptive skill deficits Origination before age 18 4 levels: mild, moderate, severe, profound Mild most common by far Causes: Environmental and biological © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 2 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 3 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 4 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 5  Giftedness Identification issues—ideals vs. practice IQ 2 SD above the mean Creativity, leadership, special talent rarely included Stereotypes—weak, socially inept, emotional issues, bookworms (M Gladwell, “Outliers”) Terman (1925): largely contradicted stereotypes Winner (1997): moderately vs. profoundly gifted Giftedness and achievement in life—beyond IQ Renzulli (2002): intersection of three factors Lupart and Pyryt: “Hidden gifted” © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 6 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 7  Heredity and Environment as Determinants of Intelligence Heredity Family and twin studies Heritability estimates Environment Adoption studies Cumulative deprivation hypothesis The Flynn effect Interaction The concept of the reaction range © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 8 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 9 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 10 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 11  Cultural Differences in IQ Heritability as an explanation Research flaws, decreased over time Arthur Jensen (1969) Herrnstein and Murray (1994)—The Bell Curve Environment as an explanation Kamin’s cornfield analogy—within-group and between-group differences Role of socioeconomic disadvantage © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 12 © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 13 Socioeconomic Disadvantage as an Explanation IQ scores for some cultural backgrounds are lower due to deprived environments. Deprived environments can produce a myriad of disadvantages. Low SES associated with a 15-point deficit in average IQ scores. Steele—stereotype vulnerability correlated with academic underperformance. © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 14  Cultural Bias on IQ Tests IQ tests represent experiences, knowledge, and language of their White creators. Fagan and Hollard (2002/2007) IQ score gap between White and Black students is by-product of culturally biased tests. Disparities in IQ reflect differences in knowledge rather than ability. © 2022 Peter Aubin, PhD 15