Exam Review Notes Jan 18, 2025 PDF

ExamIReviewinn Chapter units of measurement Bacteria Mm Viruses nm Protists Mm nm Fungi Mm Helminths mm cm Energy flow flow of energy through ecosystem 1 photosynthesis autotrophs convert light energy to chem energy 2 heterotrophs consume...

ExamIReviewinn Chapter units of measurement Bacteria Mm Viruses nm Protists Mm nm Fungi Mm Helminths mm cm Energy flow flow of energy through ecosystem 1 photosynthesis autotrophs convert light energy to chem energy 2 heterotrophs consume 3 decomposers break down dead matter returns energy to ecosystem in soil Branches revolving microbio microbes can be used to derive desired product Biotechnology natural abilities of microbes Genetic alter genetic makeup Industrialmicrobiology produce large quantities of desired product Immunology protective substances caused bymicrobes i e vaccines blood testing Publichealth protecting health of populations epidemiology how disease spreads in populations Microbial structure Eukaryotes nucleus membraneboundorganelles Fungi moldsbyeast mushrooms puff balls Protozoa unicellular Parasites helminths pathogenic protozoa Algae photosynthetic Prokaryotes no nucleus Bacteria unicellular Archaea unicellular  Spontaneous generation life from non living matter disproved by Louis Pasteur theory of biogenesis life from living matter Leeuwenhoek created magnifying lens used in first microscope discovered many microbes in pond water w lens Important people Jenner smallpox vaccine Tyndall Cohn heat resistance of microbes bacterial endospores Aseptic technique Hohmes infection of hospital births than home births Semmelweis infections from autopsy rooms to maternity ward hand washing Lister introduced aseptic technique disinfection sterilization  Germ theory of disease disease caused by microbes Pasteur Koch proved Pasteur prop used developed pasteurization microbes from fermentation spoilage Redi flies of maggots source Needham cloudiness from poor experimentation Spallanzani completed needhams experiment proper experimentation Koch disease etiology culturing Kluyver use microbes to understand life processes Woese determined domains no sequence of species Fleming Penicillin Gram staining Aristotle spontaneous generation Taxonomy D K P C G F G S By carl von Linnaeus Classification identification nomenclature Scientific names binomial Genus by species italicized or underlined Domains bacteria true archaea odd extremophiles eukarya nucleus Chapter 3 Six I's p inoculum Inoculation placing sample on medium Incubation promotes growth Isolation separation to isolate colonies Inspection macroscopic appearance of Check for contaminants  may be chanced by staining Information may include additional tests for specific information Identification attach name or identity to microble Isolation techniques Streak plate isolate individual bacterial colonies for identification Pour plate to count of viable microbes liquid sample in Spread plate to isolate count colonies Identification morphology staining characteristics DNA sequence Biochemical tests chem metabolic characteristics immunological tests Media Physical liquid broth  e g nutrient broth contains beef extract peptone semisolid solid liquifiable non liquifiable e g agar most common melts at 100 C solidifies at 42 C holds nutrients moisture undigestible nutrient agar contains beef extract peptone agar Chemical Synthetic every ingredient known chemicallydefinable e g specific chemicals salts sugar AA Nonsynthetic complex not every ingredient known natural e g beef broth yeast extract Functional type General purpose grows broad range of microbes Enriched contains substances  or special growth factors fastidious microbe needs s.pe demanding growth factors Selective contains ingredients inhibiting growth of one encourage gn growth of other Differential allows growth of several microbes produce visible differences Miscellaneous Carbohydratefermentation contains sugars that can be fermented converted to acids pH indicator Microscope Simple one lens low magnification Compound two lenses high magnification Magnification enlargement Resolution detail depends on wavelength shorter wavelength higher resolution  higher aperture higher resolution Focus clarity sharpness Real image by objective lens Virtual image by ocular lens Total magnification eq obj ocu total 4 140 scanning 10x 100 low power 40 1400 x high power 100 1000 oil immersion Oil immersion improves resolution for high objective lens reduces refraction as light passes through glass slide Variations of optical microscopes Bright field light most common darker specimen than field for live unstained and preserved stained specimens Dark field illuminated specimen dark field  live unstained specimen Phase contrast to view intracellular detail changeslight into different brightness levels live unstained F worescence light microscope UV radiation source shortest wavelength emitting visible light use dyes when bombarded w fluorescent infection diagnostics Scanning Confocal laser beam to scan specimen allows focus on multipledepths or planes Electron beam of e to form images wavelike pattern in high acceleration 100000 shorter than visible light 5000 1 milx  g can view much smaller types Transmission 2d image can view internal structure Scanning 3d image cell shape 1 morphology Atomic force Visualize DNA Y enzymes Remarkable detail Specimen preparation for optical microscopes Wet mount hanging drop live cells view size motilityshape 7 arrangement Fixed mount dried heated film of specimen stained for visualization preserved Staining creates contrast to view details easier  Basic cationic charge positive staining specimen attracts basic dyes stains specimen Acidic anionic charge negative staining specimen repels dye stains background types of stains Simple one dye reveals TIFF morphology arrangement Differential primary counter stain distinguishes cell types parts Gram stain differentiates gram b gram Acid fast stain distinguish acid fast bacteria e.g mycobacteriumTB Endospore stain identify endospore forming bacteria Structural reveals parts not seen by conventional methods e g capsule flagella  I pure culture one species mixed culture several species contaminants unwanted species Non culturable do not grow on any medium Resolving power e Gram q stain IEtm steps 1 Crystal violet stain purple 2 Mordant iodine to form large crystals extensive entrapment in 3 alcohol removes dye by dissolving lipid membrane or leaves colorless 4 safranin to colorize