Latin Lexical Norms Analysis PDF
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Summary
This document explores the lexical changes from Latin to other languages, principally Spanish, through a series of examples highlighting the evolution of vowels, consonants, and diphthongs. It outlines phonetic shifts and grammatical changes, providing insights into the historical development of the Spanish language, offering an overview of the rules governing how Latin words morph over time.
Full Transcript
Okay, here is the information extracted and converted into a structured markdown format. ### Vocal and consonant changes: 1. The final m is not pronounced in the late period: alam > ala. 2. The final consonants, in general, are lost: amat > ama. 3. The voiceless occlusive consonants in interv...
Okay, here is the information extracted and converted into a structured markdown format. ### Vocal and consonant changes: 1. The final m is not pronounced in the late period: alam > ala. 2. The final consonants, in general, are lost: amat > ama. 3. The voiceless occlusive consonants in intervocalic position are voiced: | Voiceless: | p | t | c | | | ---------- | ---- | ---- | --- | ---------------- | | | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | | | Voiced: | b | d | g | | | | | | | lupam > loba. | | | | | | acūtam > aguda. | | | | | | micam > miga. | 4. The initial f- usually changes to h-: fabam > haba. 5. The diphthongs are monophthongized: ae > e; oe > e; au > o: saetam > seda; comoediam > comedia; causam > cosa. The diphthong ae also evolves, sometimes, to ie: graecam > griega. 6. The tonic o diphthongs in ue: novam > nueva. 7. The tonic e diphthongs in ie: terram > tierra. 8. The pretonic and postonic vowels tend to syncopate (disappear): saeculāre > seglar; dexteram > diestra. 9. The intervocalic voiced occlusive consonants are sometimes lost: cadere > caer; and sometimes are preserved: fustigāre > hostigar. 10. The voiceless occlusive consonants before / (el) evolve to //: clavem > llave. 11. The initial group s- plus consonant develops an e- prosthetic (it is added at the beginning): spiritum > espíritu. 12. The final -r of the word, by metathesis (change of place), passes to the interior of the word: inter > entre. 13. The voiceless and voiced consonants, preceded by vowel and followed by r, evolve as if they were between vowels: latrāre > ladrar. 14. The -I and -n endings of the theme are preserved: consŭl-em > cónsul; legiōn-em > legión. 15. In the final position of the subject, the -c evolves to -z: cruc-em > cruz. 16. The -t in the final position of the subject and preceded by a vowel is voiced and evolves to -d: salūt-em > salud. 17. The groups mn, nn, gn, ni or ne (plus vowel) evolve to ñ: damnum > daño; dom(i)num > dueño; annum > año; cannam > caña; pugnum > puño; stagnum > estaño; Hispaniam > España; vineam > viña. 18. The group ct evolves to ch: lectum > lecho; lactes > leche. 19. The group li plus vowel passes to j: filiam > hija; concilium > consejo. 20. The group -cul- preceded by a vowel evolves to -j-: articŭlum > artejo. 21. The groups formed by the consonants c, t before i (ci, ti) evolve to z o c: ratiōnem > razón; acutiāre > sharpen; natiōnem > nation. 22. The intervocalic -x- gives -j-: maxillam > mejilla. 23. The intervocalic -g- is usually lost: legere > leer.
