Non-Communicable Diseases PDF

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES By: Dr. Zuhair Abdelfattah ⦿ Non-communicable disease: a disease that can NOT be spread from person to person. Ex: cancer, heart disease, cirrhosis, etc. ⦿ which is not infectious ⦿ with long duration ⦿ relatively slow in progress ⦿ which a person is...

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES By: Dr. Zuhair Abdelfattah ⦿ Non-communicable disease: a disease that can NOT be spread from person to person. Ex: cancer, heart disease, cirrhosis, etc. ⦿ which is not infectious ⦿ with long duration ⦿ relatively slow in progress ⦿ which a person is unaware of the disease unless or otherwise examined ⦿ a silent killer of people NCD DISTRIBUTION A/C TO AGE Younger Age-group Elderly ⦿ Accidents and Injuries ⦿ Hypertension ⦿ Rheumatic Heart Disease ⦿ Coronary Heart Disease ⦿ Diabetes ⦿ Diabetes Mellitus ⦿ Blindness ⦿ Stroke ⦿ Psychiatric disorders ⦿ Malignancies ⦿ Obesity ⦿ Blindness ⦿ Psychiatric disorders ⦿ Others ⦿ Respiratory Diseases NCDs- Dr. Anindya 23 November 2024 3 COMMON RISK FACTORS NON-MODIFIABLE MODIFIABLE ⦿ Age ⦿ Cigarette Smoking ⦿ Sex ⦿ Alcohol Abuse ⦿ Dyslipidemia ⦿ Family History ⦿ Sedentary Life Style ⦿ Genetic Factors ⦿ Stress ⦿ Personality ⦿ Environmental Risk Factors ⦿ Inability to avail preventive health care services NCDs- Dr. Anindya 23 November 2024 4 CAUSES/ RISK FACTORS ⦿ Unhealthy diet ⦿ Tobacco usage ⦿ Physical inactivity ⦿ Stress factors ⦿ Overweighed (obese) ⦿ Genetics ⦿ Harmful use of alcohol ⦿ Environmental factors RISK FACTOR CLASSIFICATION ⦿ Background risk factors- age, sex, level of education and genetic composition -cannot be changed ⦿ Behavioral risk factors- tobacco and alcohol use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity -can be modified ⦿ Intermediate risk factors- elevated blood lipids, diabetes, high blood pressure and overweight/obesity -can be controlled CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES Cardiovascular disease is caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and includes 1.coronary heart disease (heart attacks), ⦿ 2.cerebrovascular disease (stroke), ⦿ 3.Raised blood pressure (hypertension), 4.peripheral artery disease, ⦿ 5.rheumatic heart disease, ⦿ 6. congenital heart disease ⦿ 7. Heart failure. ⦿ Although heart attacks and strokes are major killers in all parts of the world, 80% of premature deaths from these causes could be avoided by controlling the main risk factors: tobacco, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. 7 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: CONTRIBUTING FACTORS ⚫ Genetic make-up of a person ⚫ Life style habits early age ⚫ Socioeconomic status ⚫ Mental health ⚫ Diet ⚫ Overweight and obesity ⚫ Occupation ⚫ Smoking ⚫ Alcohol Abuse ⚫ Diabetes ⚫ Urbanization 8 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: PREVENTION ⦿ Maintaining a healthy life style habits ⦿ Focusing on a combination of risk factors for cardiovascular disease ⦿ Regular medical screening for individuals at risk ⦿ Providing effective and affordable treatment to those who require it to avoid further complications. 9  CANCER ⦿ Cancer is the abnormal growth and spread of cells that arises from a change in one single cell. The change may be started by external agents and inherited genetic factors and can affect almost any part of the body. The transformation from a normal cell into a tumour cell is a multistage process where growths often invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize to distant sites. 10 CANCER: CAUSES ⦿ Physical carcinogens, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation or asbestos; ⦿ Chemical carcinogens, such as vinyl chloride, or betnapthylamine (both rated by the International Agency for Research into Cancer as carcinogenic), components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food contaminant) and arsenic (a drinking-water contaminant); and ⦿ Biological carcinogens, such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria or parasites. Most chemicals to which people are exposed in everyday life have not been tested for their long-term impact on human health. 11  contd Major organs affected ⦿ Lung, breast, colorectal, stomach and liver cancers ⦿ In high-income countries, the leading causes of cancer deaths are lung cancer among men and breast cancer among women. ⦿ In low- and middle-income countries cancer levels vary according to the prevailing underlying risks. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women. 12  CANCER: RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER ⦿ tobacco use ⦿ unhealthy diet ⦿ insufficient physical activity ⦿ the harmful use of alcohol ⦿ Infections (hepatitis B, hepatitis C (liver cancer), human papillomavirus (HPV; cervical cancer), Helicobacter pylori (stomach cancer) ⦿ Radiation ⦿ variety of environmental and occupational exposures of varying importance 13 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES: ⦿ Chronic respiratory diseases like Asthma, COPD, lung cancer , etc are caused due to exposure to tobacco, that affects lungs. ⦿ Second-hand smoke causes severe respiratory health problems in children, such as asthma and reduced lung function; and asthma is now the most common chronic disease among children throughout the Region. 14 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES: ⦿ Children are particularly susceptible to the health effects of damp, which include respiratory disorders such as irritation of the respiratory tract, allergies and exacerbation of asthma. Damp is often associated with poor housing and social conditions, poor indoor air quality and inadequate housing hygiene. 15  DIABETES ⦿ Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar) or alternatively, when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least double the risk of their peers without diabetes. 16 DIABETES: ⦿ About 347 million people worldwide have diabetes. ⦿ There is an emerging global epidemic of diabetes that can be traced back to rapid increases in overweight, obesity and physical inactivity. 17 DIABETES: ⦿ 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. ⦿ In developed countries most people with diabetes are above the age of retirement, whereas in developing countries those most frequently affected are aged between 35 and 64. 18 DIABETES: Elevated blood sugar is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, and over time can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Some health complications from diabetes include: ⦿ Diabetic retinopathy ⦿ Diabetic neuropathy ⦿ Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure; 10-20% of people with diabetes die of kidney failure. ⦿ Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke; 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke). 19 DIABETES: PREVENTION Without urgent action, diabetes-related deaths will increase by more than 50% in the next 10 years. To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should: ⦿ Achieve and maintain healthy body weight. ⦿ Be physically active - at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity activity on most days. ⦿ Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive blood testing. ⦿ Treatment of diabetes involves lowering blood sugar and the levels of other known risk factors that damage blood vessels. ⦿ Tobacco cessation is also important to avoid complications. 20  DIABETES: CONTROL ⦿ People with type 1 diabetes require insulin; people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication, but may also require insulin. ⦿ Blood pressure control ⦿ Foot care Other cost saving interventions include: ⦿ Screening and treatment for retinopathy (which causes blindness); ⦿ Blood lipid control (to regulate cholesterol levels); ⦿ Screening for early signs of diabetes-related kidney disease and treatment. These measures should be supported by a healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use. 21 OBESITY ⦿ Obesity is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. Its prevalence has tripled in many countries of the WHO European Region since the 1980s, and the numbers of those affected continue to rise at an alarming rate, particularly among children. ⦿ In addition to causing various physical disabilities and psychological problems, excess weight drastically increases a person’s risk of developing a number of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. ⦿ The risk of developing more than one of these diseases (co-morbidity) also increases with increasing body weight. 22 OBESITY ⚫ Overweight and obesity are defined as "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health“ ⚫ Body mass index (BMI) – the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2) – is a commonly used index to classify overweight and obesity in adults. WHO defines overweight as a BMI equal to or more than 25, and obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30. 23 OBESITY: ⚫ Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Overweight children are likely to become obese adults. They are more likely than non-overweight children to develop diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age, which in turn are associated with a higher chance of premature death and disability. ⚫ Supportive environments and communities are fundamental in shaping people’s choices and preventing obesity 24 OBESITY: ⚫ Individual responsibility can only have its full effect where people have access to a healthy lifestyle, and are supported to make healthy choices. ⚫ WHO mobilizes the range of stakeholders who have vital roles to play in shaping healthy environments and making healthier diet options affordable and easily accessible. 25  NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES: PREVENTION AND CONTROL ⦿ Millions of deaths can be prevented by stronger implementation of measures that exist today. ⦿ These include policies that promote government-wide action against NCDs: 1. stronger anti-tobacco controls 2. promoting healthier diets, 3. physical activity, 4. reducing harmful use of alcohol; 5. along with improving people's access to essential health care. 26 PREVENTION ⦿ Ways to prevent Non-Infectious or Non-Communicable diseases – Avoiding triggers of allergies or asthma – Having a healthy diet, getting plenty of exercise to prevent high blood pressure, cancer, heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. – Taking medication for diseases you are born with, like asthma, allergies, and type 1 diabetes – Going to the doctor regularly to get tested for things that may run in your family, like high blood pressure, cancer, heart disease, etc. STRATEGIES TO PREVENT PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES ⦿ 1. Individual-Level Strategies ⦿ Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep. Avoid substance abuse, including alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. Practice stress management through mindfulness, meditation, or yoga. ⦿ Enhance Resilience: Develop coping mechanisms and problem-solving skills. Build a strong support network with friends and family. ⦿ Early Intervention: Seek help for mental health concerns early. Attend counseling or therapy sessions if needed. ⦿ Education and Awareness:Learn about mental health and common psychiatric illnesses to recognize warning signs. ⦿ 2. Community-Level Strategies: ⦿ Mental Health Education Programs:Organize workshops in schools, workplaces, and communities to reduce stigma. ⦿ Support Networks: Create peer support groups for vulnerable populations (e.g., youth, elderly, or trauma survivors). ⦿ Accessible Mental Health Services: Increase availability of affordable counseling and psychiatric care. ⦿ Safe Environment: Promote safe spaces free from bullying, violence, and discrimination. ⦿ 3. Policy-Level Strategies: ⦿ Universal Healthcare Coverage for Mental Health: Integrate mental health services into primary healthcare. ⦿ Promotion of Workplace Mental Health: Mandate employee wellness programs and stress-reduction initiatives. ⦿ Social Determinants of Health: Address poverty, unemployment, and housing insecurity to reduce stressors. ⦿ Suicide Prevention Plans: Implement crisis helplines, restriction of access to means, and public awareness campaigns. ⦿ Screening Programs: Establish screening for mental health conditions in schools, workplaces, and health clinics. ⦿ Legislation Against Discrimination: Enforce anti-discrimination laws for individuals with mental illnesses. ⦿ 4. Special Focus Areas: ⦿ Childhood Interventions: Support parenting programs and early childhood education. ⦿ Identify and assist children exposed to trauma or neglect. ⦿ School-Based Programs: Promote social-emotional learning (SEL) and anti-bullying initiatives. ⦿ Trauma-Informed Care: Provide trauma-informed services for survivors of abuse, violence, or disasters. ⦿ A combination of these strategies, tailored to the specific needs of individuals and communities, can effectively reduce the incidence of psychiatric illnesses and promote overall mental well-being. PREVENTING BLINDNESS ⦿ Preventing blindness involves strategies targeted at both individual and population levels. These strategies can be categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention: ⦿ 1. Primary Prevention: Focuses on preventing the onset of eye diseases or conditions that can lead to blindness. ⦿ Health Promotion and Education: Raise awareness about the importance of regular eye check-ups. ⦿ Promote protective measures like wearing sunglasses to prevent UV damage. ⦿ Encourage good hygiene practices to prevent infections such as trachoma. ⦿ Vaccination: Immunize children against measles to prevent blindness from complications. ⦿ Nutritional Interventions: Promote diets rich in vitamin A to prevent xerophthalmia and night blindness. ⦿ Address malnutrition in vulnerable populations. ⦿ Injury Prevention: Implement safety measures to reduce workplace or household eye injuries. Promote the use of protective eyewear in hazardous environments. ⦿ Control of Risk Factors: Manage systemic diseases like diabetes and hypertension to prevent diabetic retinopathy and hypertensive retinopathy. Reduce smoking and alcohol consumption, as they are risk factors for conditions like macular degeneration and cataracts. ⦿ 2. Secondary Prevention: ⦿ Aims to detect and treat eye conditions early to prevent progression to blindness. ⦿ Early Screening Programs: Regular vision screening for children to detect refractive errors and amblyopia. Screening for glaucoma, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy in at-risk populations. ⦿ Access to Treatment: Provide affordable and accessible treatments like spectacles for refractive errors and medications for glaucoma. ⦿ Community-Based Interventions: Utilize mobile clinics and telemedicine to provide eye care in remote areas. ⦿ 3. Tertiary Prevention: ⦿ Focuses on reducing the impact of blindness and improving quality of life. ⦿ Surgical Interventions: Conduct cataract surgeries to restore vision. Provide laser treatment or injections for conditions like diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration. ⦿ Rehabilitation Services: Train individuals with blindness in mobility and daily living skills. Provide assistive devices such as Braille, magnifiers, and screen readers. ⦿ Social and Psychological Support:Offer counseling and support groups to help individuals adapt to vision loss. ⦿ Public Health Approaches ⦿ Policy and Advocacy: Support global initiatives like WHO’s “Vision 2020: The Right to Sight.” ⦿ Advocate for integrating eye care into primary healthcare systems. ⦿ Research and Innovation: Invest in the development of new treatments and technologies for eye care. ⦿ Conduct epidemiological studies to identify risk factors and design tailored interventions. ⦿ By combining these strategies, it is possible to significantly reduce the global burden of preventable blindness.