Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) - Health Presentation PDF

Non-Communicable Diseases BPH 206 February 11, 2025  Reminders:  Only the most recent submission is graded  Must submit in provided matrix format! SLP  Group submissions turned in after the deadline will receive a zero  Submissions receive an individual grade...

Non-Communicable Diseases BPH 206 February 11, 2025  Reminders:  Only the most recent submission is graded  Must submit in provided matrix format! SLP  Group submissions turned in after the deadline will receive a zero  Submissions receive an individual grade  Problem Matrix – submitted as 1 group assignment  Only 1 submission (the most recent) is graded  Problem Matrix - redo for credit  Due Thursday, 2/13 at 11:59pm  Will have class time to work on this + assignment on SLP Thursday  For credit, you MUST:  Fix issues I go over in class  Fix feedback given on the original submission  Highlight changes in yellow  1. AI should help you think, not think for you. AI tools may be used to help generate ideas, frame problems, and perform research. It can be a starting point for your own thought process, analysis, and discovery. Do not use them to do your work for you, e.g., do not enter an assignment question into ChatGPT and copy and paste the response as your answer. 2. The use of AI must be open and documented. The use of any AI in the creation of your work must be declared in your submission and explained. Your faculty can provide guidance as to the format and contents of the disclosure. The undeclared use of any AI (including text, images, program code, musical notation, etc) in any work may be considered as plagiarism. 3. Engage with AI Responsibly and Ethically. Engage with AI technologies responsibly, critically evaluating AI-generated outputs and considering potential biases, limitations, and ethical implications in your analysis and discussions. Ensure that the data used for AI applications are obtained and shared responsibly. Never pass off as your own work generated by AI. AI Research 4. You are 100% responsible for your final product. You are the user; if the AI tool makes a mistake, and you use it, then it’s your Principles mistake. If you don’t know whether a statement about any item in the output is true, then it is your responsibility to research it. If you cannot verify it as factual, you should delete it. You hold full responsibility for AI-generated content. Ideas must be attributed, and sources must be verified. 5. These principles are in effect unless the instructor gives you specific guidelines for an assignment or exam. It is your responsibility to ensure you are following the correct guidelines. Not following them will result in a breach of the Academic Integrity Policy. 6. Data that are confidential or personal should not be entered into generative AI tools. Putting confidential or personal data into these tools exposes you and others to the loss of important information. Therefore, do not do so. See point 3 above. 7. The rules and practices on the use of AI may vary from class to class, discipline to discipline. Do not assume that what is acceptable in a Computer Science class will be acceptable in a Philosophy class. It is the student’s responsibility to stay informed as to the instructor’s expectations. When in doubt, ask. SLP   Name (First Last) + would be helpful to indicate which type of article it is  APA Citation: Purdue Owl SLP  Purpose  Variables: Independent, Dependent  Population: Age, Gender, Location, Disease Condition  Helpful to indicate SLP   Scope: Helpful to indicate (bolding, italics, underline, different color – any way you want to do it) SLP  Conclusions: Main takeaways  Implications !! Non- Communicable Diseases  A medical condition or disease, which:  Is not communicable (contagious, infectious) What are NCDs?  Has relatively slow progression  Has a long duration  May be incurable  NCDs are the leading causes of death in the U.S. (CDC, 2020) Leading causes of death Leading causes of death NCDs by Age Group CDC NVSR, 2023 NCDs by Age Group CDC NVSR, 2023 Dementia Mortality by Gender, Race/Ethnici ty CDC NVSR, 2023 Leading causes of death CDC NVSR, 2022  Shifting trends & prevalence by geography Lebakula, V., & Cosby, A. G. (2023). Geographic disparities of cardiovascular and cancer mortality in the USA: 1981-2019. Journal of public health (Oxford, England), 45(4), 799–803. NCDs are the most rapidly growing cause of disability  U.S.  90% of health care spending All these is on people with 1+ NCDs NCDs are a Examples:  CVD  $254 billion/yr costly  Cancer  $240 billion by 2030 economic  Diabetes  $413 billion/yr burden  Obesity  $173 billion/yr  Arthritis  $300 billion/yr  Indirect costs  Example: Lost productivity NCDs are largely preventable (Schroeder, 2007) There are several behavioral contributory causes of NCDs So, how do we deal with NCDs? Cardiovascular Disease Edition Diet NCDs have complex etiologies   Address multiple risk factors Multi-level simultaneously intervention s maximize  Account for the multiple systems in the which behaviors occur (not blaming individuals) potential for success  Systems approach thinking  Socio-Ecological Model Multi-level intervention s Multiple 5 interventions combining 4 health care, traditional public health 3 approaches, & social 2 interventions are often 1 needed  - Primary: aims to prevent disease before it occurs - Secondary: focuses on early Levels of detection & treatment prevention - Tertiary: aims to eliminate or moderate disease or disability associated with advanced disease   Screening for disease can result in detection at How Can an early stage, under the assumption that early Screening detection will allow for treatment that will improve outcomes. for Disease  Successes: colon cancer, hypertension, vision, Address the hearing, etc. Burden of  Successful screening programs will reduce NCDs? disability and/or death due to these diseases.  1. Disease produces substantial death or disability There are 2. Early detection is possible & four improves outcomes criterions for an ideal 3. There is a feasible testing strategy screening for the disease screening program 4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, & patient acceptance A suitable screening test should have high sensitivity and specificity (as much as possible)  Early Screening is Substanti detection is Screenin acceptable in al possible & g is terms of harms, mortality/ alters feasible costs, & patient morbidity Screening outcome acceptance for hypertension Contributory High blood pressure Test Screening itself is free cause of everyone— of harms, low cost, & meets the strokes, precedes bad desirable acceptable to patients. outcomes often ideal criteria myocardial infarctions, by decades, & range has been Treatments, however, may be complicated & effective kidney establishe have harms, costs, & treatment is disease d side effects. available. Breast cancer is the number one cause of cancer death among young women. Which of the following criteria for an ideal screening program is best illustrated by this statement?  A. Substantial mortality and/or morbidity  B. Early detection improves outcome  C. Screening is feasible  D. Screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance Screening have been shown to detect the vast majority of cancers among women older than 50 years at a stage in which effective treatment is available. Which of the following criteria for an ideal screening program is best illustrated by this statement?  A. Substantial mortality and/or morbidity  B. Early detection improves outcome  C. Screening is feasible  D. Screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance X-ray screening of smokers has been beneficial only in terms of early detection. By the time lung cancer can be seen via chest X-ray, it is already too late to cure. This is an example of how which criteria is not met?  A. Substantial mortality and/or morbidity  B. Early detection improves outcome  C. Screening is feasible  D. Screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance How Can  Cost-effectiveness combines issues of Cost- benefits and harms with issues of financial costs. Effective Intervention  Compares a new intervention to the current s Help Us or standard intervention. Address the  Is the additional net-benefit of an intervention worth the additional cost? Burden of  Is a small loss of net-effectiveness worth the considerable savings in cost? NCDs? How Can  Need to distinguish three potential Cost- meanings of cost-effective: Effective 1. Interventions that reduce costs and Intervention increase net-benefit. 2. Interventions that increase costs but are s Help Us considered worth the increased costs. Address the 3. Interventions that somewhat reduce the net-benefits but are considered worth Burden of the large reduction in costs. NCDs Interventions must be cost- effective to warrant implementat ion  Routine SMALL costs childhood More immunization BIG health gainsCost-Effective (attractive) Examples MRI for HUGE costs Less a routine Cost-Effective TINY (less attractive) tension health gains headache Reminders for next time  Issue Brief due Thursday  Geared toward UM policymakers  See examples in Blackboard (under Assignments)  Resubmission of Problem Matrix also due Thursday