NL Eng 2023.pdf

Nautical Licence Malta Sailing Academy COURSE INFORMATION 1 Nautical Licence required for: Following the course: The operation of engines of a total of 30 Hp and You will be given a Certificate o...

Nautical Licence Malta Sailing Academy COURSE INFORMATION 1 Nautical Licence required for: Following the course: The operation of engines of a total of 30 Hp and You will be given a Certificate of Attendance over after the course – Keep this safe! Navigation within Maltese Territorial waters – You are to inform us of your non availability for Limits of navigation are 12Nm the four weeks after course completion. Once application is submitted at TM and you cannot The Nautical License cannot be used to: make the exam date issued by TM your exam fee Carry out commercial activity is forefitted. Make international voyages or offshore trips MSA will receive your exam date from Transport Malta Sailing Academy provides additional RYA Malta & will communicate it to you via e-mail certificates for International Voyages and You must reply to the email communication and commercial activity – contact them! let MSA know whether or not you can attend. COURSE INFORMATION 2 Exam is usually held at Transport Malta Offices, Lija You can apply for your licence card from the following (Near Pama) working day You must take: Oral Exam are held on a one-to-one basis. Stamped Certificate of Attendance Sessions are held on weekdays and start at ID Card approximately 15:30. Your exam can last up to 20 mins. €23.29 – (Cheque or card only - no cash currently accepted) You will be examined on a first-come first-served basis. 1 passport size photo You must take your ID card and Certificate of Transport Malta will send your Nautical Licence by Attendance to the exam. post within approximately 3 weeks. Receipt cannot be used as Temporary Licence. The examiner will let you know whether you passed the If you do not pass the exam, you will need to apply exam at the end of your session – your certificate of directly with TM. (€40) attendance will be stamped upon passing. If you are a no show for the practical you will be charged €30..  3 Photo TERMINOLOGY – 4 THE BASICS Nautical Mile – Distance. 1NM = 1.1508 Land Mile. A Nautical Bow Mile is based on the circumference of the earth, and is equal to one minute of latitude. Knot – Speed. 1 nautical Mile per hour. Fairway – The fairway is a section of a marine waterway designed for safe navigation of vessels in one or two-way traffic. All lights to be shown from sunset to sunrise Port Starboard Navigation Lights – Lights to be shown by a vessel at night when Side Side a vessel is underway. Masthead light – Light to be shown at night when a vessel is making way with its engine Anchor Light – Singular all-round light to be shown at night when a vessel is at anchor Stern Working lights – Combination of all-round lights to be shown by commercial vessels engaged in specific tasks, in addition to their LOCAL REGULATIONS – 5 SPEED LIMITS In terms of the yachting centre regulations, the speed limit in the approaches to the fairways near yachting centres, marinas, mooring areas and anchorages shall be a maximum of 3 knots. A craft must not exceed 10 knots when close than 300m to a sandy beach and 200m from the foreshore. A craft should not exceed 5 knots within any of the following harbours: The Grand Harbour, Marsamxett Harbour, St Julians’ Bay, St George’s bay – Birżebbugia, Pretty Bay, Marsaxlokk, Xlendi Bay, Marsalforn and Mġarr Harbour. (3 – 5 – 10 – 2 – 3) LOCAL REGULATIONS – 6 GENERAL Transport Malta sets up Swimmer Zones during the summer period. There were 52 in 2022. Swimmer’s Zones are off limits to any objects which may endanger the safety of bathers including all craft (mechanical/wind driven, wind surfers etc..), fishing gear, etc… Craft may not anchor inside these zones. Some zones have Launching Lanes to allow beach-access to vessels. The zones are not lit up at night. Transport Malta’s Notices to Mariners assist in the safety of navigation and related matters. In some parts around the island anchoring is not permitted due to cables and pipes. These areas are marked on charts and large signs on the shore also indicate their location. IRPCS 7 A proper lookout by sight and sound should be kept at all times. Proceed at a safe speed and adjust your speed to the conditions, especially if visibility is poor. Consider slowing down at night Be aware of blind spots caused by sails, spray hoods etc… IRPCS 8 All vessels have a duty to avoid collision. Assess the risk of collision early. Don’t leave avoiding action too late or a collision may become unavoidable. Beware of faster vessels overtaking. If you are the stand off (give way) vessel, make your intentions clear and in plenty of time. If you are the stand on vessel, you must monitor the other vessels at all times. NARROW CHANNELS 9 A Narrow Channel is one within which certain vessels are only able to manoever within a fairway. These may appear to be a vast open-water like expanse to a small boat, but larger craft are constrained to the fairways within these narrow channels. Common sense dictates that if you are able to travel outside these fairways then it is not only safer, but you will not cause concern to other users. In general you should: Cross the narrow channel at right angles. Keep clear of large vessels constrained by their draught and do not impede their passage. If it is deep enough, use the water outside the main channel. NARROW CHANNELS 10 What seems like a wide expanse of water from the deck of a yacht looks like a very narrow channel from the bridge of a ship. Visibility from the bridge is limited - Prudent small-craft skippers should keep well clear of large vessels. Small craft must keep clear of shipping vessels in narrow channels – Ships have large turning circles and are slow to accelerate decelerate and stop LIGHTS 11 MASTHEAD LIGHT 225° PORT STARBOARD NAVIGATION LIGHT NAVIGATION LIGHT 135° STERN LIGHT - NAVIGATION LIGHT LIGHTS – 12 COLOURS AND SHAPES Masthead light Port light Starboard 225° All round light 112.5° light White 360° Red 112.5° White Green Stern light 135° White Working light Working light 360° 360° Towing light Red Green 135° Yellow COLLISION REGULATIONS – 13 EXCEPTIONS & OTHER INFORMATION A power driven vessel must give way to a vessel under sail. The stand on vessel should hold its course and speed while continuing to monitor the action of the give way vessel. If the give way vessel does not stand off, the stand on vessel is obliged to avoid a collision at all times. In restricted visibility, for example heavy rain or fog, every vessel becomes a give way vessels. Proceed at slow speed. Use all available means of lookout, including sound (and instruments/radar.) Consider heading towards shallow water where there are no large vessels, if it is safe to do so. COLLISION REGULATIONS – 14 TWO POWER DRIVEN VESSELS – HEAD ON A Power Vessel Each vessel must make a clear and visible turn to starboard in order to pass port to port. If there is no risk of collision, well clear craft can pass starboard to starboard. B Power Vessel COLLISION REGULATIONS – 15 TWO POWER DRIVEN VESSELS – CROSSING You are the give way vessel if you see B Power Vessel another vessel approaching from your starboard side – you can therefore see its port side/port light. If it is approaching from the port then you are the stand on vessel. A Power Vessel IRPCS – 16 ASSESSING THE RISK OF COLLISION Risk of Collision No Risk of Collision COLLISION REGULATIONS – 17 TWO DIFFERENT VESSELS – CROSSING If the same situation were to happen between a power driven vessel and a vessel under sail, power gives way to sail. A Sail Vessel A Sail Vessel B Power Vessel B Power Vessel The power driven vessel should pass astern of the vessel under sail. COLLISION REGULATIONS – 18 OVERTAKING VESSELS An overtaking vessel is one that falls into the overtaking arc (135° - Stern Light Sector). An overtaking vessel may overtake to port or B Power OR Sail Vessel starboard and must keep clear and not impede the vessel they are overtaking. The vessel being overtaken must maintain its course and speed. A Power OR Sail Vessel Vessels in an overtaking situation have no priority, even if they are sailing vessels. COLLISION REGULATIONS – 19 TWO SAIL VESSELS – ON THE SAME TACK WIND When sailing vessels meet, the way they turn is governed by whether they are the stand on or give way Windward vessels. This is detemined by which tack they are on. The tack is the side on which the boat recieves the wind. Wind coming over the starboard side (sails on port side) = B Sail Vessel starboard tack. Wind coming over the port side (sails on starboard side) = port tack. When on the same tack, the yacht closest to the wind is called the windward yacht and must keep clear. A Sail Vessel COLLISION REGULATIONS – 20 TWO SAIL VESSELS – ON OPPOSING TACKS WIND When two vessels are on opposing tacks, the vessel on the Port Tack must give Windward way. B Sail Vessel On a Starboard Tack A On a Port Tack Sail Vessel  21 All vessels should give way by: Passing astern of the stand on vessel Reducing your speed. __________________________________ If the give way vessel does not give way, the stand on vessel should put in a 360 turn. NAVIGATION LIGHTS – 22 SAILING VESSELS This applies to sailing vessels under sail ONLY. BOW STERN STARBOARD BEAM PORT BEAM NAVIGATION LIGHTS – 23 SAILING VESSELS BY DAY Motoring Cone – to be displayed by all vessels under sail and motor only, by day. Sailing vessel under power Lights and shapes Do not Less Light Steaming than asuse a power 20 light, the metres tricolour bicolour driven in length vessel and withstern the steaming light light! NAVIGATION LIGHTS – 25 POWER DRIVEN VESSELS UP TO 12M BOW STERN STARBOARD BEAM PORT BEAM NAVIGATION LIGHTS – 26 POWER DRIVEN VESSELS 12M TO 50M BOW STERN STARBOARD BEAM PORT BEAM NAVIGATION LIGHTS – 27 POWER DRIVEN VESSELS PROBABLY OVER 50M BOW STERN STARBOARD BEAM PORT BEAM NAVIGATION LIGHTS – 28 VESSELS AT ANCHOR 1 ALL ROUND WHITE LIGHT - ANCHORED VESSEL UP TO 50M 2 ALL ROUND WHITE LIGHTS – ANCHORED VESSEL OVER 50M BOW STERN BEAM  29 2ND MASTHEAD BOAT TYPE NAVIGATION LIGHTS MASTHEAD LIGHT ANCHOR LIGHT LIGHT Sailing Vessel Yes No No Yes (under sail only) Power Driven Vessel Yes Yes No Yes – Up to 50m Power Driven Vessel Yes Yes Yes Yes x 2 – Probably over 50m WORKING LIGHTS – 30 RESTRICTED IN HER ABILITY TO MANOEUVRE (RAM) BOW STERN BOW STERN BEAM BEAM WORKING LIGHTS – 31 CARRYING OUT UNDERWATER WORKS (DREDGER) BOW STERN BOW STERN BEAM BEAM WORKING LIGHTS – 32 NOT UNDER COMMAND (NUC) BOW STERN BOW STERN BEAM BEAM WORKING LIGHTS – 33 CONSTRAINED BY HER DRAUGHT (CBD) BOW STERN BOW STERN BEAM BEAM WORKING LIGHTS – 34 FISHING AND TRAWLING RED OVER WHITE FISHING BY NIGHT BOW STERN BEAM BEAM TRAWLING VESSEL FISHING VESSEL WORKING LIGHTS – 35 PILOT VESSEL ON DUTY WHITE OVER RED PILOT AHEAD BOW STERN BEAM WORKING LIGHTS – 36 HIGH SPEED VESSEL BOW STERN BEAM WORKING LIGHTS – 37 TOWING VESSELS BEAM LENGTH OF TOW UP TO 200 M – STERN TO STERN WORKING LIGHTS – 38 TOWING VESSELS WORKING LIGHTS – 39 DIVING VESSEL Alpha Flag I have a diver down – Keep well clear and at slow speeds NTM – 03/2023 WORKING VESSELS – 40 HIERARCHY NUC Small power vessels v (including yachts under power) are at the bottom CBD/RAM of the list. Fishing A more manoeuvrable vessel must not impede Sailing yacht the passage of a less Power-driven manoeuvrable one. vessels  SOUND SIGNALS 41 MANOEUVRING SIGNALS Operating engines astern - Three Short blasts - Your intentions are not clear - Five short blasts - Turning to starboard Turning to port - One short blast - - Two short blasts - FOG SIGNALS 42 One Long Blast – 5 Seconds every 2 minutes One Long Blast + Two Short – 5 Seconds + 1+ 1 every 2 minutes Power Driven Vessels Sailing Vessels, RAM, Underwater Works, CBD, NUC, Towing, Fishing BUOYS – 43 LATERAL MARKS Malta uses IALA A system. Lateral marks are used to mark channels in the sea or harbour Always enter and exit the channel by keeping to your starboard side to the buoy. This means you will be keeping closest to the starboard mark on entering the channel and closest to the port mark when exiting. BUOYS – 44 LATERAL MARKS Port Lateral Mark Starboard Lateral Mark Cylindrical top mark Conical top mark All red buoy All green buoy Flashes red Flashes green BUOYS – 45 CARDINAL MARKS Cardinal Buoys are used to indicate an extended area of danger. Buoys indicate the cardinal direction you should follow to avoid the danger. 0 N Recognising the buoys is important. Flashing Characteristics: Cardinal marks always flash 9 W DANGER E3 white. The number of flashes corresponds to the number on the clock face laid over the compass. S 6 Colour Characteristics: Cardinal marks are black and yellow. The points of the topmark indicate where the colour black on the buoy is. BUOYS – 46 NORTH CARDINAL MARK Colour: Black on top, yellow at the bottom Top Mark: Two black triangles pointing upwards Flashing Characteristics: Continuous short white flashes How to Use: North Cardinal Buoy- - Pass Compass North off the buoy BUOYS – 47 SOUTH CARDINAL MARK Colour: Yellow on top, black below Top Mark: Two triangles pointing downwards Flashing Characteristics: Six short + One long white flashes (6 + 1L) How to Use: South Cardinal Buoy- Pass Compass South BUOYS – 48 EAST CARDINAL MARK Colour: Black - Yellow - Black Top Mark: Two triangles with their points facing away from each other. Flashing Characteristics: Three short white flashes. (3) How to Use: East Cardinal Buoy- Pass Compass East BUOYS – 49 WEST CARDINAL MARK Colour: Yellow – Black - Yellow Top Mark: Two triangles with their points touching Flashing Characteristics: Nine short white flashes. ;. (9) How to Use: West Cardinal Buoy - Pass Compass West BUOYS – 50 ISOLATED DANGER MARK IDM An Isolated Danger Mark is used to mark the location of an isolated hazard such as a wreck, isolated reef etc…. Colour: Black and red horizontal stripes Top Mark: Two black spheres, one above the other Flashing Characteristics: White in pairs. ;.;. How to Use: Avoid the area directly surrounding the mark. BUOYS – 51 FAIRWAY BUOY / SAFE WATER MARK Safe Water Marks are used at the start of a buoyed channel or Pilot Station. Colour: Red and white vertical stripes Top Mark: Red Sphere ;.;. Flashing Characteristics: Length of light equal to length of darkness (isophase) or Morse A (. -) How to Use: Observe and be aware of larger vessels entering the channel. BUOYS – 52 SPECIAL MARK Special marks are used for a variety of purposes including marking oceanographic buoys, racing marks, speed limit areas, fish farms, non-dangerous wrecks etc… Colour: Yellow Top Mark: Yellow St. Andrew’s Cross Flashing Characteristics: Yellow, any rhythm How to Use: Observe and look out for objects of interest or look up notice to mariners BUOYS – 53 LOCATIONS Cardinal Marks Special Marks (This list is not Isolated Danger Marks North Cardinal exhaustive) Mellieħa Bay – Inner Għallis Rocks Dragut point/Tigne – Speed Birżebbuġa Bay (Seasonal) Ġnejna Bay - Outer Off St Julian’s Point – Wreck mark South Cardinal Fairway Buoys Off Qawra Point – Imperial Eagle Delimara Point Wreck Mark Grand Harbour – 1Nm NE of entrance Ħaġra – Off Il-Ponta L-Kbira St Paul’s Bay – Outer – Fish Farms x 3 Ellis Rock Mellieħa Bay – Various – Speed Lateral Marks Xlendy Bay - Outer markers Grand harbour - Main Channel East Cardinal Ċirkewwa/Paradise Bay – Nature Kalkara – Main Channel Il-Merkanti – Ruined beacon reserve & Wreck markers Ċirkewwa Point – Port Laterals only Bengħajsa Point – 1Nm SE Ras il-Bajjada – Um el Faroud & Marsalforn Bay – Port Lateral only Outer Munxar Rocks conservation area Sta Maria Point - Marsalforn Taħt il-Mazz – P31 Wreck, West Cardinal Conservation area Marsaxlokk Bay Blue Lagoon – Fairways and mooring Comino (1) area Comino (2) Ix-Xatt l-Aħmar – Wreck Marks VHF – 54 GENERAL INFORMATION VHF: Very High Frequency (156MHz – 174MHz) Waterproof Easy to use Clear display Menu Driven Low Power 1Watt/Range 5Nm Power 1Watt – 1 Nm High Power 25 Watts/ Range 35Nm Power 5W – 5 Nm VHF – 55 IMPORTANT CHANNELS CHANNEL USE CH 16 Distress & Calling Channel (Voice) CH 70 Digital Selective Calling Channel – Distress Button CH 12 Valletta Harbour VTS - Commercial CH 14 Marsaxlokk VTS - Commercial CH 69 Malta Small Ships VTS - Pleasure CH 13 Marinas around Malta & Gozo VHF – 56 ROUTINE CALL Moonbeam, June. Moonbeam, Moonbeam My AIS shows that you are anchored in This is June, June Mellieħa. I would like to anchor there Over too. Could you confirm that there is Channel 16 Channel 72 enough room for a 13m vessel Over? June, this is Moonbeam Over June, this is Moonbeam Confirming ample swing room and depth. Moonbeam, June. The bay is nearly empty. See you soon. Please switch to channel 72 Over Out. Moonbeam, thank you for your assistance. Please drop by once we’re Both switch to channel 72 anchored. Out. VHF – 57 DIGITAL DISTRESS CALL An MMSI consists of a 9 digit registration number assigned to the VHF (boat specific). Your MMSI is registered to your boat, in turn registered to the owner. This helps to identify vessels in distress. The Distress Button automatically selects channel 70 and sends a Digital Distress Alert consisting of: The DSC button cannot be tested 1. MMSI of your boat. 2. Location (Coordinates, Latitude & Longitude) 3. Time of distress call 4. Nature of distress (if manually selected) This digital burst of information alerts the Coast Guard and nearby ships to your distress and changes all other VHFs to channel. 16. VHF – 58 CALL TYPES STATUS CALL TYPE CHANNEL Distress Distress Alert, Digital CH 70 Distress MayDay Call - Voice CH 16 Urgency PanPan CH 16 Safety Securite CH 16 /(72) VHF – 59 MAYDAY - DISTRESS CALL & VOICE MESSAGE - CHANNEL 16 M Mayday, Mayday, Mayday I This is June June June DISTRESS CALL MMSI 235899982 Pause for Reaction Time Mayday June MMSI 235899982 VOICE MESSAGE P In position 36°00’.32N 014°17’.55E POSITION (approximately 1 mile West off the Blue Lagoon) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION D Fire on Board NATURE OF DISTRESS A I require immediate assistance ASSISTANCE REQUIRED N Eight persons on board NO. OF PAX. ON BOARD I Abandoning to Life Raft NEXT COURSE OF ACTION O Over VHF – 60 PANPAN CALL - CHANNEL 16 PanPan, PanPan, PanPan This is NoGo NoGo NoGo PANPAN CALL MMSI 396492877 Pause for Reaction Time PanPan NoGo MMSI 396492877 VOICE MESSAGE In position 36°00’.32N 014°17’.55E POSITION Three miles South West of the Blue Lagoon GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION I have engine failure and require a tow NATURE OF DISTRESS Seven meters in length VESSEL LENGTH – AND OTHER DETAILS Four persons on board NO. OF PAX. ON BOARD Over VHF – 61 MAYDAY VS. PANPAN When would I use a Mayday Call? When would I use a PanPan Call? ↳ In cases of grave and imminent danger. ↳ In cases of urgency which will not result in ↳ In cases which justify immediate attention. loss of life Man Overboard ↳ In cases which do not justify immediate attention Uncontrollable fire on board Medical assistance Heart Attacks Fractures and minor medical situations Severe bleeding Engine Failure – with offshore wind Engine Failure – with onshore wind SAFETY EQUIPMENT 62 Safety equipment What is it used for? Know how to use before you need it. In date Regular maintenance – this differs according to item Keep in an accessible, useful place Keep a maintenance log FLARES - 63 GENERAL INFORMATION Just like a Mayday call, flares are distress signals. They are to be used in case of grave and imminent danger. Flares are part of your safety equipment and you should: Brief all crew on where the flares are kept. Keep flares in a waterproof container, out of the damp and the sunlight. Regularly check your flares’ expiry date. Flares expire approximately every 4 years. They must be disposed of upon expiry - Wastserve Remember to use gloves and googles. All flares are fired downwind – the angle depends on wind strength. Transport Malta recommends at least one smoke and one hand flare. FLARES - 64 ORANGE SMOKE Use by day if close to help, or to alert rescuers to which vessel requires assistance. Good for indicating wind direction to a helicopter when it is approaching. Burn time of approximatley 3 min Throw it in the water downwind Not effective in strong winds Not effective at night. FLARES - 65 RED HAND HELD FLARE Highly visible by night to pinpoint your location. Also visible by day. Visibility of 3 Nm with a burn time of ±1 minute Gloves and protective goggles should be used when firing. Fire downwind and do not look at the flare while it is burning. May be safely used with a helicopter overhead. FLARES - 66 PARACHUTE ROCKET Use if help is not nearby. Climbs up to 300m - has a visible range of 25Nm. Burn time of 1 minute Exercise caution when using. Point rocket end away from you and prepare for a slight recoil. Do not use when a helicopter is approaching. OTHER DISTRESS SIGNALS 67 SOS – by light or sound EPIRB/PLB – Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon or Personal Locator Beacon Code flags November over Charlie or a sphere over a square Continual sounding of a foghorn/horn Raising & lowering of arms Mobile Ocean signal PLB LIFEJACKETS - 68 LIFEJACKETS Provide a minimum of 150N (15KG) buoyancy Lifejackets are designed to turn the wearer face up in the water Suitable for swimmers and non swimmers Best, recommended option for offshore trips. Lifejackets must be worn as the topmost layer - If the bladder is trapped beneath the wearer’s waterproof clothing this may prevent the jacket from fully inflating and righting the person immediately. It will also restrict breathing. LIFEJACKETS - 69 LIFEJACKETS Two types – Foam and Inflatable. Both will right the wearer in the water Life Jackets All lifejackets must be brightly coloured, have retro- reflective tape, a whistle and a light, a chest strap and a crotch strap. Lifejacket donning Inflatable lifejackets may be automatic or manual. In addition to the above features, both types must have a manual inflation toggle, an inflation tube and a CO2 cylinder. Ensure that the Manual Inflation Toggle is always accessible, especially after use or maintenance. LIFEJACKETS - 70 GENERAL INFORMATION 1. You must carry one lifejacket per person on board plus one spare for any casualties you may encounter, or in case of malfunction. 2. You must also carry correctly fitted children's life jackets according to their weight and size +1 3. Check your lifejacket before donning (wearing) (but also before putting it away after use) 4. Your lifejacket should be regularly maintained. 5. Your lifejacket will only work if worn correctly, as the outermost layer and with straps correctly tightened. 6. Ensure the lifejacket has a crotch strap and adjust both straps to the wearer. LIFEJACKETS - 71 LIFEJACKET CHARACTERISTICS Lifejacket Characteristics: 1. Brightly coloured 2. Retroreflective tape FOAM INFLATABLE 3. Whistle LIFEJACKETS LIFEJACKETS 4. Light 5. Chest strap & Crotch strap 6. Manual inflation toggle 7. Manual inflation tube 8. Gas bottle and set off system. LIFEJACKETS - 72 GENERAL INFORMATION Skipper should issue a Lifejacket to each member of the crew before going to sea. They should be adjusted at that time to ensure correct fitting. When to wear a life jacket: When the skipper says so In the dark In rough seas When you are feeling tired, unwell or seasick Whenever you feel the need to Remember - A life jacket won’t work unless worn…and properly adjusted! LIFEJACKETS - 73 BUOYANCY AIDS **This is not a life jacket** Provide 50N (5KG) buoyancy Buoyancy aids will not turn the the wearer face up in the water Buoyancy aids are not to be worn by non-swimmers. They are designed for competent swimmers as an aid to flotation in inshore waters where help is close at hand. Suitable for dinghy sailors, kayakers, water skiers. BUILDERS’ NAME PLATE & CE CERTIFICATION 74 CE Certification Meaning Ocean: covers largely self-sufficient boats designed for extended voyages with winds of over Beaufort Force 8 (over 40 A knots), and significant wave heights above 13 feet, but excluding abnormal conditions such as hurricanes. B Offshore: includes boats operating offshore with winds to 40 knots and significant seas to 13 feet. Inshore: is for boats operating in coastal waters and large bays and lakes with winds to Force 6, up to 27 knots, and C significant seas 7 feet high. Inland or sheltered coastal waters: is for boats in small lakes and rivers with winds to Force 4 and significant wave D heights to 18 inches. FIRE CONTROL 75 There are five possible types of fire extinguishers; three cannisters, a bucket and a fire blanket. Cannister fire extinguishers must be serviced annually. To extinguish a fire, we must elimiate one element on the fire triangle. FIRE CONTROL - 76 FIRE TRIANGLE N HE E YG AT OX FUEL FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 77 DRY POWDER Dry Powder Most versatile fire extinguisher – General purpose extinguisher Good for use on electrical fires. Not to be used on flammable liquids in close proximity to avoid fanning the fire. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 78 CO2 CO2 Great for use on engine fires in enclosed spaces. Also very good for electrical fires. Not effective/less effective in open spaces. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 79 EXTINGUISHING AN ENGINE FIRE Vessels with an inboard engine should have an automatic fire extinguisher fitted in the engine compartment. When you realise that the engine might be on fire: 1. DO NOT open the engine compartment to check on the fire. This will reintroduce oxygen to the flame 2. Switch off your engine 3. Close the fuel shut off valve 4. Ensure the automatic extinguisher has been set off. If not set it off manually 5. Make a Mayday call. 6. Prepare additional extinguishers 7. Prepare any safety equipment should you need to abandon the vessel. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 80 AQUEOUS FILM FORMING FOAM AFFF Good for flammable liquids Not to be used on electrical fires. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 81 FIRE BLANKET Fire Blanket Good for smothering pan fires and galley fires. Place fire blanket away from hob/fire source, but in the vicinity of where you might need it. Good for extinguishing clothing fires. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 82 BUCKET Bucket Great for use on soft furnishing fires, wood, fibreglass etc... Ideally, splash water on as oppose to throwing whoel bucket. Shoud not be used on cooking/oil fires. FUEL PRECAUTIONS 83 When refuelling: to be refuelled. Shut off engines Start up all blowers and extractors before Prepare fire extinguishers starting an engine and whilst refuelling. Non-essential personelle should disembark Check for fuel fumes prior to starting up an engine. Nobody may smoke whilst taking fuel Know your tank’s capacity and do not overfill to Naked flames to be extinguished avoid fuel spillage Close all hatches, portholes and doors. Ensure adequate fuel for your voyage – apply Portable fuel jerrycans should be taken ashore rule of thirds 1/3 - Destination 1/3 - Return 1/3 - Reserve FIRE EXTINGUISHERS – 84 WHAT DO I NEED? BOAT SIZE / TYPE RECOMMENDED EXTINGUISHERS Open – Up to 20ft At least 1 x 2Kg Dry Powder At least 2 x 2Kg Dry Powder, with additional extinguishers Open over 20ft according to the vessel size Self igniting CO2/FM 200 – Size varies according to engine room Enclosed Engine size 1 DP per cabin and any enclosed space. Size varies according to Enclosed Vessels vessel size Vessel with galley Fire blanket mounted in easily accessibly area All vessels X2 buckets minimum LIFE RAFTS 85 Taking to the life raft is the absolute last resort – stay with the boat unless its actually sinking or on fire! Life rafts come in canisters and valises. Canisters are designed to be fitted outside and are waterproof. Valises are kept in lockers. Don’t stow gear on top, you may damage it. Tie your life Raft to your boat before you launch. Use a round turn and two half hitches. LIFE RAFTS 86 Launch the life raft on the downwind side so the boat does not get blown away from it, the only exception to this is if the boat is on fire As with other safety equipment, life rafts need to be maintained every two years. GRAB BAGS 87 A grab bag is a waterproof container or bag Sea Anchor containing emergency essentials. This should be Copies of passports and documents kept in an easily accessible and can include: Insulation (TPAs) Flares Portable VHF + Batteries EPIRB/PLB Signalling mirror + Flashlight + Batteries Basic First Aid Kit Anti-seasickness tablets, painkillers, sunblock, lip balm, feminine products Water and food rations Polythene bags and water collection system Diving knife Sponges/Bailer HELICOPTER RESCUE 88 The helicopter crew will make contact and give a brief of their intentions. If Your boat is able to move they will give you a course and speed. Follow this information correctly. Allow the crew member’s winch line to earth in the water to release satic. Do not attach it to the boat – gloves are useful for hadlind the line. The winchman will land on the deck, and assess the situation. He is now in control of your boat. When the winchman leaves with the casualty, the weighted line is used to control the ascent. 89 MAN OVERBOARD 90 SHOUT Shout man overboard to warn everybody POINT Nominate a crewmember to point at the person THROW Throw man overboard equipment Mayday call if necessary Press MOB button GPS and distress alert button on VHF KILL CORDS 91 Kill cords must be worn by helmsmen of small, open power craft. Recommended that the kill cord is worn around the leg. If the helmsman fells overboard or falls away from the helm, the kill cord pin is pulled away from the console, killing the engine. You need a spare kill cord aboard Ensure that your kill cord is always spring coiled and maintains elasticity, non-rusted metal crimps and correct colour. Ideally, have a kill cord produced by your engine’s manufacturer. BOAT CONTROLS 92 Before starting check that: 1. It is not in gear 2. Propeller is clear 3. Start whilst in neutral 4. Check cooling water 5. Use gear leaver interlock correctly (to squeeze it to engage gear) 6. Release after each engagement of gears 7. Always allow a pause from forward to astern 8. Use a solid push to put craft into gear without dragging the gears 9. Check that the steering operates smoothly 10.Steer and gear KNOTS – 93 CLOVE HITCH Clove Hitch Great for tying fenders and light loads for short periods of time. May work loose over time. KNOTS – 94 ROUND TURN & TWO HALF HITCHES Round Turn and Two Half Hitches Excellent for holding heavy loads for extended periods of time. Easy to tie and untie. Can be untied under load Should be used to tie liferaft to vessel. KNOTS – 95 SHEET BEND Sheet Bend Good for joining two lines together, especially of different diameters. Can only be undone without load on. Explain that this can also be reef knot KNOTS – 96 BOWLINE Bowline Good for mooring lines. Will take a great load and can still be released. Can only be undone when there is no load. Most commonly used knot in boating. KNOTS – 97 REEF KNOT Reef Knot Good for tying two lines of similar diameter together. This knot is normally asked by the examiner and tell him that it has no use at sea. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALS 98 A B C D F H J N O U V W INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALS 99 FLAG MEANING FLAG MEANING FLAG Alfa – I have a diver down. Keep Bravo – I am taking in, discharging Charlie - Affirmative well clear and at slow speeds. or carrying dangerous goods. Delta - Keep clear of me, I am Echo – I am altering my course to Foxtrot – I am disabled, manoeuvring with difficulty. Starboard communicate with me. India – I am altering my Golf – I require a pilot Hotel – I have a pilot on board course to Port Juliet – I am on fire and have Kilo – I wish to communicate with Lima - the ship is under dangerous cargo on board. / I am you. quarantine. leaking dangerous cargo. Mike – My vessel is stopped and Oscar – Man Overboard November - Negative making no way through the water INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SIGNALS 100 FLAG MEANING FLAG MEANING FLAG Papa – The crew should report on Quebec – My vessel is healthy and Romeo – The way is off my board as the vessel is about to I request free pratique ship proceed to sea Sierra – I am operating in astern Tango – Keep clear of me, I am Uniform – You are running propulsion engaged in pair trawling. into danger Xray – Stop carrying out your Whiskey – I require medical Victor – I require assistance intentions and watch for my assistance signals. Yankee – I am dragging my anchor Zulu – I require a tug ANCHORING 101 There are a variety of anchors for small boats. All work well provided that there is enough chain and rope (scope) let out for the depth of water. The amount is different when using rope and chain than when using all chain. An anchor works by having a horizontal pull. A rope/chain acts as a shock absorber, adds weight and reduces chafe. Anchoring https://youtu.be/n0H52wcKHl0?t=24 102 WEATHER SOURCES 103 You must check the weather for the duration of your trip - prior to departure! You should use: A reliable, local weather source such as the Malta International Airport weather page Apps – recommend using more than one and comparing information VHF Navtex Familiarise yourself with the Beaufort scale. BEFORE YOU LEAVE 104 Weather – Have I checked it for the duration of my trip? Notice to Mariners – Have I checked for notices relevant to my journey? Inform someone where you’re going, when you plan to return and how many people will be on board. Is someone (Coastguard, family, friends, employers) aware of the passage, its route and estimated timings? Check your instruments & engine Fuel – Have I taken enough? (1/3 to go, 1/3 to return & 1/3 spare) Clothing and supplies for the duration of the trip and spare TYPES OF CRAFT 105 Inboard engine with shaft drive Engine is within the hull and drives a gearbox and shaft. The shaft passes through the hull on a fitting called a stern gland making a watertight seal. Steering is achieved with a rudder. A simple system that is reliable and generally low maintenance. TYPES OF CRAFT 106 An outdrive or Stern drive Engine is within the hull but this time it drives an outdrive on the back of the hull. While steering the unit pivots from side to side and can be tilted enabling it to travel through shallow water. However this system means that there are lots of mechanical parts in the water all the time. TYPES OF CRAFT 107 Outboard Whole engine and drive train are carried on the stern of the boat. A self- contained unit that pivots and tilts just like an outdrive, but has the benefit that the drive can be tilted clear of the water when not in us. Smaller ones are tiller steered and can be stolen. Larger ones usually have wheel steering and a seated driving position. TYPES OF CRAFT 108 Jet Drive Very powerful pump that sucks water from under the boat and pushes it out of the nozzle that emerges from the stern. This system provides manoeuvring and reverse and very good for the shallow water. In stormy seas, it can lose strength when the pump comes out of the water. ENGINE CARE 109 ENGINE CARE 110 Water - Oil – Check your enegine oil is at an adequate level Belts – Should not twist more than 90 ° Bilges/Batteries – Check that bilges are clean and free of oil or fluid drips. Check that engine batteries are in good condition. Keep on top of replaments. Lines – This includes water lines and filters, Electrics (??) HULL TYPES – 111 RIGID HULL INFLATABLE BOAT - RHIB Vee hull with inlatable tubes for buoyancy and stability. Tubes also cushion the ride when it’s rough, however this creates less internal volume as tubes take up space. Good rescue boat but now also popular as a family and fishing boat. A well-designed and driven RIB can handle seas far in excess of those handled by other comparable sized boats. Usually fitted with outboard, engines,some larger boats are fitted with inboard engines. CRAFT TYPES – 112 SPORT BOAT Good all round family craft in flat to slight seas. Better internal volume than a RIB and usually drier however, ultimately have poorer sea keeping. Available with outboard or inboard engines. Great beginner boat. Both RIBs and sportsboats have a planing hull, this can be shallow or deep vee. Shallow vees plane easily and give flatter wake but slam more in poor sea conditions. Flatter panels aft allow the hull to skim across the surface. Deep vee gives a smooth ride in rougher water but requires more power to propel it. CRAFT TYPES – 113 DISPLACEMENT HULL The classic fishing hull and more rounded (duck shape). Works by pushing water out of the way as they move. Good sea boats but are slow and inclined to roll. Will never plane due to hull shape. CRAFT TYPES – 114 SEMI-DISPLACEMENT HULL Combines some of the features of both the displacement and the vee hull. Good sea keeping with moderate speed. Require a lot of power to go increase velocity. Use a lot of fuel and are ineficient but can get onto the plane. TRAILING – 115 BENEFITS Trailing allows you to explore many boating areas Reduce boating costs and no marina fees Practice driving a car with the trailer on the tow bar Remember unit is much larger and require more room to maneuver Advise your insurance that you can pull trailers Get the third number plate Allow bearings to cool down before launching Assess the launch area before launching Know where to leave the parked trailer Start up the engine momentarily so that all will be ready once in the water TRAILING – 116 LAUNCHING Pre-Launch Checks Launching Remove trailer board straps Aim to float the boat off the trailer Insert bung You may need a long rope or a bar to keep the tow vehicle out of the water Check the boat engine for damage during transportation. When it is afloat release the winch strap push the boat off or start the engine with Start up the engine momentarily to the engine partially raised and reverse it ensure that it fires up when in the clear. water Now either tell your crew to hold the boat in deeper water or move it to a pontoon. Make sure that the tow vehicle and trailer are not in the way of other slip users. TRAILING – 117 RECOVERY This is the reversal of the launch process. Stay clear of the boat and the shore especially on a lee shore Raise the engine whilst approaching the trailer but keep cooling water suction in the water. Unwind winch strap Keep hands clear. Attach winch strap and second line on to the trailer. BOAT HANDLING 118 Points to consider during boat handling : Windage Stream Prop effect/Prop Walk Pivot Points How the vessel is steered BOAT HANDLING – 119 PROP WALK Propellers can be right handed or left handed. This refers to the direction in which they spin in forward gear. In astern, a right handed propeller will spin to the left. Prop walk is the tendency of a propeller to push your boat’s stern sideways due to the construction of the propeller itself. This affects shaft drive boats more than outboard or stern. On duoprops and sail drive it is non existent. BOAT HANDLING – 120 PROP WALK Engine put into gear and propeller turns it It tries to walk the stern to the left (port) provides forward thrust. Rotation of prop tries to move the stern to It is usual for this to be more noticeable in astern one side due to the paddle wheel effect. gear BOAT HANDLING – 121 PIVOT POINTS Going Ahead steer from the stern Going Astern Pivot point is about one third back from the When going astern the pivot point moves bow and putting the wheel hard over to the aft and when the wheel is hard over to the left(port) and engage ahead gear roughly left (port)with astern gear engaged one one third of the vessel turns to port and the third of the vessel moves to port, the remainder goes to starboard. remainder to starboard BOAT HANDLING – 122 COMING ALONGSIDE Outboards/Outdrives Approach as far off the pontoon as practical Approach should be 30-40 degrees to the pontoon Use neutral to keep speed and momentum low. When you are a boats length away steer away from pontoon and give a touch ahead this will straighten the boat try to to let the boat stop without using astern gear. Engage astern gear with wheel locked towards the pontoon. SECURING THE BOAT 123 PICKING UP A MOORING BUOY 124 Ensure you know which part of the buoy to make fast to. Watch out for trailing lines on the down-wind side. Inform crew of your intentions, prepare a line and boat-hook early. Before you start, plan an escape route. If wind and stream are together approach into them, they will help you slow down. Keep a slow speed, using sideways observation to help judge your speed. Turn the boat slightly at the moment to bring the buoy in on the bow area. If wind is against the stream, judge which is stronger, approach into it, remember you may need to use astern to stop. Use a round turn and two half hitches to tie to the mooring ring. If lassoing, allow line to sink before securing to the cleat. HIGH SPEED MANOEUVRES 125 If faced with rougher conditions, ask yourself: Is your passage necessary ? Knowing when to stay in port is the sign of a good skipper. Is there a safer alternative route? Is the craft suitable to face expected conditions? Are seating positions suitable to minimize fatigue and sustained wave impact? Are the crew fit enough, experienced, suitable clothed and understand the conditions? OPERATING AT PLANING SPEEDS 126 When intending to travel at high speed you must: 1. Keep a real all round lookout 2. Check surroundings are clear before you turn 3. Be aware of other water users and the effect of your wash 4. Load and trim the boat according to the conditions 5. Operators of powerful engines should know the handling characteristics of the boat. 6. Ensure all crew are properly seated with secure handholds 7. When operating at speed motion on the bow is different to the stern 8. Seat them aft rather than forward 9. Don’t go boating when it is beyond your boats capabilities HIGH SPEED HANDLING 127 Where fitted kill cords must be used Choose suitable area Show awareness of other water users. Warn crew of each maneuver Look around before S and U turns. HIGH SPEED HANDLING 128 Boats don’t have breaks You have to learn to use neutral. Be able to assess how quickly it would stop. Good boat handlers spend time in neutral. Craft in neutral will keep moving until momentum is lost (carrying way). Large vessel needs more power to move & stopping. Sometimes you may need small engine power to halt the last of this momentum. HIGH SPEED HANDLING 129 Generally, you should throttle on through and ease off towards the crest then put the throttle on again. It may be necessary to increase powet to punch through the top of the wave. Take larger, breaking waves head –on. Consider waiting and allowing the wave to break, and then power through the white water. The impact on ther boat/crew is always greater as the wave breaks than just afterwards. BIGGER SEA CONDITIONS 130 TRIM – 131 POWER TRIM Outdrive boats have trim for the outdrive legs, this allows you to change the angle of the propellers’ thrust. Trimming https://youtu.be/3Vt8zuL6Y34 For maximum acceleration biring the legs in, this helps keep the propellers immersed and gets the boat planing quicker. TRIM – 132 PLANING AND ADJUSTMENT Once on the plane, ease the leg out to If you raise the legs too much the propellers ahieve the best speed, if adjusted correctly will start to lose grip and suck air down the revs will rise slightly without any from the surface. The revs will rise but boat increase in throttle. speed will drop, the boat may also This gives best speed and hence fuel porpoise. Trim the leg in to regain control. consumption for those revs. BEFORE YOU LEAVE & SAFETY 133 BEFORE YOU LEAVE & SAFETY 134 HOW TO STUDY 135 Navigation Lights Working Lights Vessel propulsion (Power driven/Sail) Day Shapes/Flags Length Working Lights Aspect All round/Angled? Buoys Flags Colour/s of the buoy Letter Topmark – Shape and colour Phonetic Name Flashing Characteristics Meaning Colour of light Visual Identification Number of flashes Length of flashes USEFUL LINKS 136 Red Hand Held Flare – Video Beaufort Scale Orange Smoke – Video Safety At Sea – TM Checklist Parachute Rocket – Video Why wear a killcord? Malta International Airport - Weather Animated Knots Navionics Chart Viewer How to use a Fire Blanket Transport Malta – Notices to Mariners Kill Cord Use Special Marks - Speed CONTACT US 137 Malta Sailing Academy [email protected] c/o Borg Cardona Co Ltd, Triq l-Idward, Ta' Qali Attard ATD 4000 +356 79 432 526 +356 79 500 502 Malta Sailing Academy