Albert Einstein's Notable Achievements PDF

ALBERT EINSTEIN Notable Achievements Published the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for the photoelectric effect Notable Achievements Published the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 and the General T...

ALBERT EINSTEIN Notable Achievements Published the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for the photoelectric effect Notable Achievements Published the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 and the General Theory of Relativity in 1915. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for the photoelectric effect “Gedankenexperiment” as popularized by Albert Einstein is a hypothetical scenario that illustrates and contemplates scientific principles and theories. “The Light Beam, ” “The Train and Lightning Strikes, ” and “The Twin Paradox” thought experiments. “Gedankenexperiment” as popularized by Albert Einstein is a hypothetical scenario that illustrates and contemplates scientific principles and theories. “The Light Beam, ” “The Train and Lightning Strikes, ” and “The Twin Paradox” thought experiments. THOUGHT EXPERIMENT THOUGHT EXPERIMENT Schrödinger’s cat The Trolley Problem THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY it is an explanation of how speed affects mass, time and space small amounts of mass can be interchangeable with enormous amounts of energy, which is expressed as: it is an explanation of how speed affects mass, time and space small amounts of mass can be interchangeable with enormous amounts of energy, which is expressed as: E = mc2 where: E = energy m = mass c = speed of light (299,792,458 m/s) where: E = energy m = mass c = speed of light (299,792,458 m/s) LAW describes observable phenomena and predicts outcomes under specific conditions describes observable phenomena and predicts outcomes under specific conditions THEORY explains the underlying reasons for phenomena, providing a framework for understanding "why" and "how" things happen. explains the underlying reasons for phenomena, providing a framework for understanding "why" and "how" things happen. Newton’s Laws of Motion describe how objects move under various forces Newton’s Laws of Motion describe how objects move under various forces Einstein's Theory of Relativity explains how space, time, and gravity interact. Einstein's Theory of Relativity explains how space, time, and gravity interact. Special relativity applies to "special" cases — it's mostly used when discussing huge energies, ultra-fast speeds and astronomical distances, all without the complications of gravity. Special relativity applies to "special" cases — it's mostly used when discussing huge energies, ultra-fast speeds and astronomical distances, all without the complications of gravity. DID YOU KNOW? THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY it is an explanation of how speed affects mass, time and space small amounts of mass can be interchangeable with enormous amounts of energy, which is expressed as: it is an explanation of how speed affects mass, time and space small amounts of mass can be interchangeable with enormous amounts of energy, which is expressed as: E = mc2 where: E = energy m = mass c = speed of light (299,792,458 m) where: E = energy m = mass c = speed of light (299,792,458 m) POSTULATES OF SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY FIRST POSTULATE Principle of Relativity “The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frames of reference. ” Principle of Relativity “The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frames of reference. ” An inertial frame of reference is a frame where Newton's law holds true. That means if no external force is acting on a body it will stay at rest or remain in uniform motion. An inertial frame of reference is a frame where Newton's law holds true. That means if no external force is acting on a body it will stay at rest or remain in uniform motion. DID YOU KNOW? SECOND POSTULATE “The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source. ” “The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source. ” TIME HISTORY T h e S t o r y o f t h e E t h e r MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT This was a controlled experiment to detect the presence of the aether, the hypothetical medium filled in space that was believed to be the carrier of electromagnetic waves. Michelson interferometer CONCLUSION The null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment showed that: 1. The aether did not exist. 2. The speed of light was somehow constant, regardless of the observer's motion relative to the ether. SECOND POSTULATE “The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source. ” “The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source. ” c = 299,792,458 m/s Postulate 1: The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frames of reference. Postulate 2: The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source. Postulate 1: The laws of physics are the same in every inertial frames of reference. Postulate 2: The speed of light in vacuum is the same in all inertial frames of reference and is independent of the motion of the source. THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY TIME DILATION It is a phenomenon where time is observed to pass at different rates for observers in different reference frames. Time dilation occurs for an object moving at a velocity close to the speed of light relative to another observer (v→c). It is a phenomenon where time is observed to pass at different rates for observers in different reference frames. Time dilation occurs for an object moving at a velocity close to the speed of light relative to another observer (v→c). TIME DILATION The twin paradox theory is a special relativity thought experiment involving identical twins, one of whom travels into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to discover that the twin who stayed on Earth has aged more. The twin paradox theory is a special relativity thought experiment involving identical twins, one of whom travels into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to discover that the twin who stayed on Earth has aged more. TWIN PARADOX It is a phenomenon where time is observed to pass at different rates for observers in different reference frames. Time dilation occurs for an object moving at a velocity close to the speed of light relative to another observer (v→c). It is a phenomenon where time is observed to pass at different rates for observers in different reference frames. Time dilation occurs for an object moving at a velocity close to the speed of light relative to another observer (v→c). TIME DILATION △t = △t0 TIME DILATION 1 - v2 c2 where: △t = dilated time (time measured by an observer who sees the object moving relative to them) △t0 = proper time (time measured in the rest frame of the moving object) v = relative velocity between observers c = speed of light (3x108 m/s) where: △t = dilated time (time measured by an observer who sees the object moving relative to them) △t0 = proper time (time measured in the rest frame of the moving object) v = relative velocity between observers c = speed of light (3x108 m/s) SAMPLE PROBLEM A spaceship is traveling at v=0.6c relative to Earth. The astronauts onboard measure a proper time of △t0 = 2 hours for a certain journey. How much time △t does the journey take as measured by an observer on Earth? A spaceship is traveling at v=0.6c relative to Earth. The astronauts onboard measure a proper time of △t0 = 2 hours for a certain journey. How much time △t does the journey take as measured by an observer on Earth? SAMPLE PROBLEM An astronaut travels on a spaceship moving at 0.95c relative to Earth. For the astronaut, a trip lasts 5 years. How much time passes for observers on Earth? An astronaut travels on a spaceship moving at 0.95c relative to Earth. For the astronaut, a trip lasts 5 years. How much time passes for observers on Earth? LENGTH CONTRACTION the shortening of the measured length of an object moving relative to the observer's frame only occurs along the direction of relative motion the shortening of the measured length of an object moving relative to the observer's frame only occurs along the direction of relative motion LENGTH CONTRACTION LENGTH CONTRACTION L = LENGTH CONTRACTION LENGTH CONTRACTION 1 - v2 c2 where: L0 = proper length (length of an object measured in the object's rest frame) L = observed length (length of the object measured from a frame where the object is in motion) v = relative velocity c = speed of light (3x108 m/s) where: L0 = proper length (length of an object measured in the object's rest frame) L = observed length (length of the object measured from a frame where the object is in motion) v = relative velocity c = speed of light (3x108 m/s) L0 SAMPLE PROBLEM A spaceship travels past the Earth at a speed of 0.8c. The length of the spaceship is measured to be 60 meters. What is the proper length of the spaceship? 1. How much is the length contracted as observed from Earth? 2. A spaceship travels past the Earth at a speed of 0.8c. The length of the spaceship is measured to be 60 meters. What is the proper length of the spaceship? 1. How much is the length contracted as observed from Earth? 2. RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY ADDITION The relativistic velocity addition formula accounts for the effects of special relativity when combining velocities in different reference frames. Unlike classical velocity addition, which simply sums velocities, the relativistic formula ensures that no object exceeds the speed of light, c. The relativistic velocity addition formula accounts for the effects of special relativity when combining velocities in different reference frames. Unlike classical velocity addition, which simply sums velocities, the relativistic formula ensures that no object exceeds the speed of light, c. RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY ADDITION RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY ADDITION u’ = RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY ADDITION RELATIVISTIC VELOCITY ADDITION 1 + u + v uv where: u’ = velocity of the object in the second frame u = velocity of the object relative to the first frame v = velocity of the first frame relative to the second c = speed of light (3x108 m/s) where: u’ = velocity of the object in the second frame u = velocity of the object relative to the first frame v = velocity of the first frame relative to the second c = speed of light (3x108 m/s) c2 RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER EFFECT The relativistic Doppler effect describes how the frequency of light or electromagnetic waves changes due to the relative motion between the source and the observer, considering the effects of special relativity. The relativistic Doppler effect describes how the frequency of light or electromagnetic waves changes due to the relative motion between the source and the observer, considering the effects of special relativity. RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER EFFECT RELATIVISTIC DOPPLER EFFECT A. Motion toward the observer (Blue Shift): If the source is moving toward the observer, v is positive and the frequency increases, leading to a blue shift. B. Motion away from the observer (Red Shift): If the source is moving away from the observer, v is negative and the frequency decreases, leading to a red shift.