New Syllabus SS NAVY.PDF

NATIONAL CADET CORPS HEAD QUARTERS DG NCC National Cadet Corps Edition 2017, HQ DG NCC, India Copies: This book or part there of may not be reproduced by any person or agency in any manner. Published By: The Director General, National Cadets Corps Delhi-110030 Desi...

NATIONAL CADET CORPS HEAD QUARTERS DG NCC National Cadet Corps Edition 2017, HQ DG NCC, India Copies: This book or part there of may not be reproduced by any person or agency in any manner. Published By: The Director General, National Cadets Corps Delhi-110030 Design, Layout: NCC OTA, Kamptee Printed By: Shri Sai Enterprises RZ-147, Street-3, Dabri Indl. Area, New Delhi-110045 Ph. : 011-25381787, 9810274844  THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, Having Solemnly Resolved To Constitute India Into A 1[SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC] And To Secure To All Its Citizens : JUSTICE, Social, Economic And Political; LIBERTY Of Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith And Worship; EQUALITY Of Status And Of Opportunity; And To Promote Among Them All FRATERNITY Assuring The Dignity Of The Individual And The2 [Unity And Integrity Of The Nation]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY This Twenty-Sixth Day OfNovember, 1949, Do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 1Subs,By The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act.1976, Sec.2, For "Sovereign Democratic Republic” (W.E.F. 3.1.1977) 2Subs, By The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, Sec. 2, For "Unity Of The Nation” (W.E.F. 3.1.1977) THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA Chapter IV A FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES ARTICLE 51A Fundamental Duties - It Shall Be The Duty Of Every Citizen Of India- To Abide By The Constitution And Respect Its Ideals And Institutions, The National Flag And The National Anthem; To Cherish And Follow The Noble Ideals Which Inspired Our National Struggle For Freedom; To Uphold And Protect The Sovereignty, Unity And Integrity Of India; To Defend The Country And Render National Service When Called Upon To Do So; To Promote Harmony And The Spirit Of Common Brotherhood Amongst All The People Of India Transcending Religious, Linguistic And Regional Or Sectional Diversities; To Renounce Practices Derogatory To The Dignity Of Women; To Value And Preserve The Rich Heritage Of Our Composite Culture; To Protect And Improve The Natural Environment Including Forests, Lakes, Rivers, Wild Life And To Have Compassion For Living Creatures; To Develop The Scientific Temper, Humanism And The Spirit Of Inquiry And Reform; To Safeguard Public Property And To Abjure Violence; To Strive Towards Excellence In All Spheres Of Individual And Collective Activity So That The Nation Constantly Rises To Higher Levels Of Endeavour And Achievement; 1(K) Who Is A Parent Or Guardian To Provide Opportunities For Education To His/Her Child Or, As The Case May Be, Ward Between Age Of Six And Forteen Years. 1 Ins. By The Constitution (Eighty - Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 S.4 (W.E.F. 12.12.2002)  NATIONAL ANTHEM Jana Gana Mana Adhinaayak Jaya Hey, Bhaarat Bhaagya Vidhaataa Panjaab Sindhu Gujrat Maraatha Draavid Utkal Banga Vindhya Himaachal Yamuna Ganga, Uchchhal Jaladhi Taranga Tav Shubh Naamey Jaagey Tav Shubh Aashish Mange Gaayy Tav Jaya gaathaa Jana Gana Mangal Daayak Jaya Hey Bhaarat Bhagya Vidhaataa Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey, Jaya Hey, Jaya Jaya Jaya, Jaya Hey.  Preface 1. National Cadet Corps (NCC) came into existence on 15 July 1948 under an Act of Parliament. Over the years, NCC has spread its activities and values across the length and breath of the country, in schools and colleges in almost all the districts of India. It has attracted millions of young boys and girls to the very ethos espoused by its motto “Unity and Discipline” and moulded them into disciplined and responsible citizens of the country. NCC has attained an enviable brand value for itself in the Young India’s mind space. 2. National Cadet Corps (NCC) aims at character building and leadership in all walks of life and promotes the spirit of patriotism and National Integration among the youth of the country. Towards this end, it runs a multifaceted training, varied in content, style and processes with added emphasis on practical training, outdoor training and training as a community. 3. With the dawn of Third Millennia, there have been rapid strides in technology, information, social and economic fields bringing in a paradigm shift in the learning field too, NCC being no exception. A need was felt to change with times. NCC has introduced its New Training Philosophy, catering to all the new changes and developments taking place in Indian Society. It has streamlined and completely overhauled its training objectives, syllabus, methodology etc thus making it in sync with times. Subjects like National Integration, Personality Development and Life skills, Social Awareness etc have also been given prominent thrust. 4. Naval Wing specialised syllabus has been designed to generate interest among students about the defence forces and Indian Navy in particular. 5. The syllabus has been revised to make it cadet friendly, colourful, visually appealing with large number of photographs, charts, pictures etc. It is hoped that this will facilitate better assimilation and increased interest among the cadets. 6. Contents of this hard work must form the basis of Institutional Training with explicit commitment. (Vinod Vashisht) Lieutenant General Director General National Cadet Corps  1 INDEX CHAPTER-I Period Pg No. NAVAL ORIENTATION Section - 1 History of the Indian Navy 2 5–7 Section - 2 Organisation of Navy - NHQ, Commands, Ships &Shore 2 8 – 14 Establishment Section - 3 Types of Warships and their roles 2 15 – 17 Section - 4 Organisation of Army & Air Force 1 18 – 20 Section - 5 Naval Customs and Traditions 1 21 – 23 Section - 6 Ranks of Officers and Sailors, Equivalent Ranks 1 24 – 26 CHAPTER-II NAVAL WARFARE AND ITS COMPONENTS (NW) Section - 1 Introduction to Anti-Submarine Warfare & Fleet 2 28 – 32 Operation Section - 2 Elementary knowledge of Gunnery & Missile 2 33 –39 CHAPTER-III NAVAL COMMUNICATION Section - 1 Introduction to Naval Modern Communication 2 42 – 43 Section - 2 Phonetic Alphabets 1 44 – 46 Section - 3 Radio Telephony Procedure 1 47 Section - 4 Wearing National Flag, Ensign and Admiral’s Flag 1 48 - 49 CHAPTER-IV NAVIGATION Section - 1 Navigation of ship – Basic Requirements 2 52– 55 Section - 2 Types of Compass 1 56 – 57 Section - 3 Chart Work 1 58 – 60 Section - 4 Tides 1 61 – 62 CHAPTER-V SEAMANSHIP Section - 1 Anchor work – Parts of anchor and cable 1 64 – 65 Section - 2 Anchor work - Purpose of anchor and holding ground 1 66 Section - 3 Rigging – Types of ropes 1 67 – 68 Section - 4 Rigging – Bends and Hitches 1 69 – 70 Section - 5 Rigging – Introduction to Shackles 1 71 – 73 Section - 6 Boat work – Parts of Boat 1 74 Section - 7 Boat work – Boat Pulling Instruction 1 75 – 77 Section - 8 Boat work - Steering of Boat 2 78 Section - 9 Boat work – Whaler Sailing Instructions 1 79 CHAPTER-VI FIRE FIGHTING FLOODING & DAMAGE CONTROL Section - 1 Causes of damage, flooding and damage control 2 82 – 83  2 CHAPTER – VII SHIP AND BOAT MODELING Section - 1 Principal of Ship Modelling 1 86 – 88 Section - 2 Maintenance and Care of Tools 1 89 – 90 Section - 3 Types of Models 1 91 Section - 4 Introduction to ship model competition 1 92 – 93 Section - 5 Care and handling of power tools used 1 94 – 95 CHAPTER – VIII SEARCH AND RESCUE Section - 1 SAR organization in the Indian Ocean 1 98 CHAPTER – IX SWIMMING Section - 1 Swimming – Floating and Breathing techniques 3 100 – 102 Section - 2 Swimming – Floatation for 3 Mins and Swimming for 50 6 103 Mtr  3 CHAPTER - I NAVAL ORIENTATION  4 SECTION-1 HISTORY OF THE INDIAN NAVY 1. Introduction. On 26 January 1950 when India became a Republic, the Royal Indian Navy was re-designated as Indian Navy and the new Indian Naval Ensign (Naval Flag) was adopted on this date. The Indian National flag had earlier taken the place of Union Jack on 15th Aug 1947. Soon after independence the first cruiser INS Delhi and 03 ‘R’ class destroyers Rajput, Ranjit & Rana joined the Indian Navy. In the late 50’s the second cruiser INS Mysore & 02 Frigates INS Trishul & Talwar were acquired. This was followed by the acquisition of the anti Submarine Frigates INS Khukri, Kuthar, Kirpan & Anti Air Craft Frigates Brahmaputra, Beas & Betwa. With the joining of these ships the Indian Naval Flotilla was constituted into a Fleet. The Air Craft carrier INS Vikrant was commissioned in February 61. This added an Integral Air Defence & strike capability to our Fleet. 2. Goa Operation. Indian Naval Ships were deployed for operations for the first time in the liberation of Goa in Dec 1961. In the encounter that took place off Goa, Portuguese warship Albuquerque was sunk, after which the Indian Navy established its command of the Sea off Goa and was able to enforce a blockade of this port, there by denying the Portuguese any further assistance from the Sea. 3. In the mid 60’s the only addition to the Indian Navy was an oil tanker acquired from West Germany. With the addition of this oil tanker the range of the Fleet increased as also its capacity and endurance at Sea. 4. Indo- Pak War. With the change in the Geo political situation in the Indian Ocean there was a need for faster and more sophisticated ships to meet the maritime defence needs of the Indian Navy. The result was the acquisition of ships, missile boats and submarines in the late 60’s and early 70’s with systematic and sustained growth, proper training and courage and initiative in battle, it was possible for the Indian Navy to give a good account of itself both in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea in the 1971 conflict with Pakistan for the liberation of Bangladesh.  5 5. Post 1971. After the 1971 war, the Navy has been acquiring more ships and aircraft to enable itself for discharge of its responsibility effectively. It acquired an Aircraft Carrier from Britain which was christened as INS Viraat and two more ‘R’ class ships Ranvir & Ranvijay. The Indian Navy has also became self-sufficient in the building of frigates of Leander and Godavari Classes, Corvette of Khukri Class, Missile boats of Nishank Class, Submarine of Shalki class which were built indigenously and Helicopters of ‘Chetak’ class. We have increased our warship building capability phenomenally. The recent production of Destroyers INS Delhi, Mumbai & Mysore is an example of world class ships built indigenously. The Navy had acquired sophisticated vertical/ short take off and landing (VSTOL) ‘Sea Harrier’ Aircraft from Britain in the late 80s, which could take off from deck of ships. Maritime reconnaissance and anti submarine role Aircraft TU142 from Russia were also acquired to increase the capacity of our Navy by leaps and bounds making it a world class Navy. Sea Harrier fighter aircraft and TU 142 maritime reconnaissance aircraft have since been phased out of the Navy, replaced with modern Mig 29K and P 8 I aircraft respectively. 6. Present Status. Modernisation is a constant process. Indian Navy has acquired INS Vikramaditya from Russia. It is a modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier which entered into service with the Indian Navy in 2013. Originally built as Baku and commissioned in 1987, the carrier served with the Soviet Navy and later with the Russian Navy (as Admiral Gorshkov) before being decommissioned in 1996. She was commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia. On 14 June 2014, the Prime Minister of India formally inducted INS Vikramaditya into the Indian Navy and dedicated her to the nation. In addition, following new class of ships have been commissioned in recent times: - Ser Class of Ship Remarks (a) Jalashwa Landing Platform Dock (LPD) (b) Shivalik Class Stealth Guided Missile Frigates (c) Kolkata Class Stealth Guided Missile Destroyers  6 (d) Arihant Class Ballistic Missile Nuclear Submarine (SSBN) (e) Sumitra Class Offshore Patrol Vessel INS VIKRAMADITYA INS SHIVALIK INS KOLKATA INS SUMITRA 7. Post-Indo Pak war in 1971, Navy has been engaged in various operations like Pawan, Cactus, TASHA, etc. besides providing humanitarian assistance during Tsunami etc. During Kargil war, though no naval action took place, Navy embarked upon OP Talwar and brought all its force to bear upon Arabian Sea prompting Pakistan to desist from further misadventure. Presently, it is active in Anti-Piracy ops off Somalia as part of UN ops.  7 8. Gallantry Award Winners. Gallantry award winners of Indian Navy include: - (a) Capt Mahendra Nath Mulla, MVC (b) Capt S Prakash, MVC (c ) Capt Gopal Rao, MVC (d) Lt Arvind Singh, MVC (e ) Cdr SK Gupta, MVC (f ) Cdr MP Awati, VrC (g ) Cdr BB Yadav, Vr (h) Cdr B Bhagvat, VrC (i) Cdr Anoop Verma, VrC 9. Conclusion. Indian Navy has come a long way since our Independence. Starting with a small number of ships at the time of Independence, it has grown over the years both in terms of number and quality of platforms to become a three-dimensional Navy. It has covered itself with glory whenever called up to meet national contingencies both during war and peace. Comprehension Questions. Q1. Give an introduction of the IN in 50 words. Q2. What was Goa operation. Q3. Explain the role of the In in Indo-Pak war of 1971. Q4. Which major ships/submarines were acquired by the IN post 1971. Q5. What are the Classes of Ships in the IN?  8 SECTION- 2 ORGANISATION OF NAVY -NHQ, COMMANDS, SHIPS & ESTABLISHMENTS 1. Introduction. The Indian Navy is organized to meet its charter of duties as an important component of the Armed Forces of our country. The aim of the organization is for effective administrative control and functional operational efficiency from apex HQ to unit level. 2. Organisation of Integrated Headquarters of Ministry of Defence (Navy) (IHQ MoD(Navy). CNS VCNS DCNS COP COM WNC ENC SNC CINCAN (Training Command) (Unified Command) 3. The IHQ of MoD(Navy) is located at New Delhi and is over all responsible for smooth functioning of the Navy. The Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) controls the functioning of the Navy from IHQ and is assisted by Principal Staff Officer (PSO’s) namely VCNS, DCNS, COP and COM:- (a) Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS). The VCNS is the head of the Staff Branch - I. He is responsible for planning, programming and all administrative services. He co-ordinates the IHQ and officiates as CNS in his absence. (b) Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (DCNS).The DCNS is the head of Staff Branch – II. He is responsible for Operations, Intelligence, Communications, Submarine and Naval Aviation.  9 (c) Chief of Personnel (COP). The COP controls the manning requirement of the Navy. He is responsible for recruitment, training, welfare and discipline of naval personnel. (d) Chief of Material (COM). The Chief of Material is responsible for providing maintenance and assistance to the ships of the Indian Navy. He is also responsible for design, construction and maintenance of ships and craft including Engineering, Electrical and Weapon aspects. 4. Commands. The Indian Navy is divided into four Commands for administrative and operational purpose. Typical Organization of a Command is:- C-in-C CSO (OPS) CSO (TRG) CSO (TECH) CSO(P&A) SL. COMMAND HEADED HQ Remarks NO 1 Western Naval FOCINC(W) Mumbai 1. Commanded by a Vice Command (WNC) Admiral designated as the FOC- in-C West. 2. It is an operational Command and is responsible for naval operations on the Western coast of India. 2. Eastern Naval FOCINC(E) Visakhapatnam 1. Commanded by a Vice Command (ENC) Admiral designated as the FOC- in-C East. 2. It is an operational Command and is responsible for naval  10 operations on the East Coast of India 3 Southern Naval FOCINC Kochi 1. Commanded by a Vice Command(SNC) (South) Admiral designated as the FOC- in-C South. 2. It is a training command and all training establishments come under this Command. 4 Unified Command A & N Port Blair 1. Commanded by a Vice Islands Admiral designated as the CINCAN 2. The Command has the operational control of all Army, Navy, Airforce and Coast Guard components under respective component Commanders; ACC, NAVCC, AFCC, CGCC. 5. Fleets. Fleet is a group of various types of warships and aircraft organised as a unit to fight the battle/ war. The IN has two Fleets:- (a) Western Fleet. It is based at Mumbai and is commanded by a Rear Admiral designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet (FOCWF). (b) Eastern Fleet. It is based at Visakhapatnam and is Commanded by a Rear Admiral designated as the Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet (FOCEF).  11 WEST EASTE ERN RN FLEET FLEET 6. Flotilla. Flotilla is a group of small vessels organised in a group called Local Flotilla. These Local Flotillas are generally placed under the Command of NOIC (Naval Officer –in - Charge) who is the area Commander of a small area. The Biggest Local Flotilla is based at Mumbai under the Command of Flag Officer Maharashtra Area (FOMA). 7. Shore Establishments. Shore Establishments function under the Administrative Authority which is the respective C-in-C and undertake following functions:- (a) Training of officers and sailors. (b) Provide logistic support, berthing and allied harbour facilities to ships, such as playgrounds, recreation facilities etc. 8. The location and main function of the establishments of the Indian Navy are given below:- Ser NAME PURPOSE/FUNCTION (a) New Delhi INS India Administrative establishment of IHQ of MoD(Navy) (b) Mumbai INS Angre Administrative establishment of Western Naval Command  12 INS Agnibahu Administrative establishment for Local Flotilla(Small Ships) INS Kunjali Provost establishment, Naval Detention Quarter(Naval Jail), School for Naval Musicians INS Shikra Naval Air Station INS Trata Naval Missile Battery INS Vajrabahu Submarine Base INHS Asvini Naval Hospital and School for Medical Assistants INS Abhimanyu Marine Commando School INS Tunir Missile storage, assembling and servicing base INS Hamla School for Logistics branch INS Abhimanyu II Marine Commando school INS Tanaji Bureau of Sailors (c) Lonavala INS Shivaji Marine Engineering School, Naval Engineering College and NBCD School INHS Kasturi Naval Hospital (d) Jamnagar INS Valsura Training School for Electrical Branch Porbander INS Sardar Patel Base Depot ship and Logistics Support (e) Goa INS Mandovi College of Naval Warfare INS Gomantak Support base for ships and establishments, Hydrographical School INS Hansa Naval Air Station INHS Jeevanti Naval Hospital (f) Kochi INS Venduruthy Naval base, Semanship School, Communication School, ND School, PT School, ASW School, NIETT School, Diving School. INS Dronacharya Gunnery School, Naval Coast Battery INS Garuda Naval Air Station  13 INHS Sanjivani Naval Hospital (g) Visakhapatnam INS Circars Administrative establishment of Eastern Naval Command INS Virbahu Submarine base INS Satavahana Submarine Training School INS Kalinga Missile storage and servicing INS Kalyani Naval Hospital INS Dega Naval Air Station INS Eksila Marine Gas Turbine Overhauling Centre INS Vishwakarma Shipwright School INS Karna MARCOS Base (h) Port Blair INS Jarawa Support base INS Utkrosh Naval Air Station INHS Dhanvantri Naval Hospital INS Kardip Naval base INS Baaz Naval Air Station INS Shibpur Naval Air Station (i) Chennai INS Adyar Naval base INS Rajali Naval Air Station(Arakonam) (j) Kolkata INS Netaji Subash Naval Base (k) Chilka INS Chilka Sailors Basic Training School INHS Nivarini Naval Hospital (l) Coimbatore INS Agrani Leadership and Management course for sailors. (m) Dwarka INS Dwarka Administrative support to vessels on forward Area Deployment (n) Tirunelveli(IN) INS Kattabomman Low Frequency transmission centre  14 (o) Karwar INS Kadamba Base Depot Ship INHS Pattanjali Naval Hospital INS Vajrakosh Naval ammunition and missile depot (p) Ezhimala INA Zamorin Naval Base &Indian Naval Academy INHS Navjivni Naval Hospital (q) Lakshadweep INS Logistics and Maintenance support Dweeprakshak INS Minicoy Forward Operating Base INS Androth Forward Operating Base 9. Ship Organisation. The ship is commanded by a Commanding Officer under whom various officers head their respective departments. Executive Officer acts as the Second-in-Command of the ship after the Commanding Officer. The whole ship is divided into sub departments such as Executive (Navigation and Direction, Communication, ASW, Gunnery, Aviation, NBCD etc), Engineering, Electrical, Logistics, Hull etc. 10. Conclusion. At HQ, Command and Fleet level, the organisation of Navy is aimed at providing efficient administrative and logistics support to meet the operational need of its fighting units like Ships, Air Crafts & Submarines. Comprehension Questions. Q1. How is IHQ of MoD(Navy) organsied? Q2. Describe the duties of Principle Staff Officers in the IHQ of MoD(N). Q3. What is an operational Command in the Navy and where are they located? Q4. Explain the organization of a Fleet. How many Fleets are there in the Navy?  15 SECTION- 3 TYPES OF WARSHIPS AND THEIR ROLE 1. Introduction. Ships are designed for specific role. Indian Navy has various class and types of Ships, Submarines and aircraft for deployment to meet requirements of the nation. Ships can be classified into types and classes. (a) Types of Ships. Ship can be classified under a type based on the role and the purpose for which she has been built. For example an Aircraft carrier is built to operate aircrafts and submarines are built to operate under water. (b) Class of Ships. Ships of the same type can be grouped into classes based on their design and built i.e. similar ships built on same design belong to a particular class. 2. Type Class Names Aircraft Carrier Kiev Class Vikramaditya Destroyers 1) Rajput Class Rajput, Rana, Ranjit, Ranvir, Ranvijay 2) Delhi Class Delhi, Mysore, Mumbai 3) Kolkata Class Kolkata, Kochi, Chennai Frigates Godavari Class Ganga, Gomati Bhramaputra Class Brahmaputra, Beas, Betwa Talwar Class Talwar, Trishul, Tabar,Teg,Trikhand Shivalik Class Shivalik, Satpura, Sahyadri Corvettes Khukri Class Khukri, Kuthar, Kirpan, Khanjar, Kora, Kulish, Kamorta(asw), Kadmatt(asw) Missile Boats Veer Class Veer, Nirbhik, Nipat, Nishank, Nirghat, Vipul, Vinash, Vibhuti, Nashak, PE ASW Boats Abhay Class Ajay, Abhay, Akshay, Agray Patrol Vessels Sukanya class Sukanya, Suvarna, Sarada, Sujata, Subhadra, Savitri, SaryuSumitra Mine Sweepers Karwar Class Karwar, Kozhikode, Canannore, Konkan, Cuddalore, Kakinada  16 LPD Austin Class Jalashwa LST(L) Magar Class Magar, Gharial LST(L) Shardul Class Shardul, Kesari, Airavat LST(M) Ghorpad Class Ghorpad, Shardul, Sharabh LCU LCU L-32 to LCU L-39 Tankers Jyoti, Shakti, Deepak Survey ships Sandhayak class Sandhayak, Nirdeshak, Nirupak, Investigator, Jamuna, Sutlej, Sarvekshak Submarines Foxtrot class All decommissioned Kilo class Sindhughosh, Sindhuvir, Sindhurakshak, Sindhuraj, Sindhudhvaj, Shindhukeshri, Sindhukiriti, Sindhuvijay, Sindhuratna, Sindhushastra Shishumar class Shishumar, Sankush, Shalki, Shankul Nuclear Chakra ,Arihant Project Kalveri 75(I)Scorpion Cadet Training Tir Class Tir Ship Diving Support Nireekshak Vessel Fast Attack Craft T 80, T 81, Trinkat, Tillanchang, Tarasa Oceanographic Sagardhwani Research Vessel 3. Sail Training Ship Tarangini, Sudharshini, Mhadei, Tarini Role. (a) Aircraft Carrier. It is a floating air field. It can operate aircraft and helicopters. (b) Destroyers. These ships are lighter than cruisers and they are also general purpose fighting ships. They carry Surface to Surface Missile (SSM),  17 Surface to Air Missile (SAM), gun, rocket launchers, torpedoes and ASW helicopters. (c) Frigates. Frigates are smaller than Destroyers. These are basically escort ships, and are equipped with guns, missiles, torpedoes etc. They are classified as Anti Aircraft Frigate, Anti Submarine Frigate, Multipurpose Frigate etc based on their function and equipment carried onboard. (d) Cruisers.They are ships of surface action. They carry heavy guns, long range missiles, antisubmarine weapons, helicopters etc,.Presently there are no cruiser in the Indian Navy. (e) Corvettes. These ships are lighter than frigates and they are fitted either with antiaircraft weapons or with antisubmarine weapon. These ships have limited endurance. (f) Patrol Vessels. These are lighter vessels for patrolling coastal areas, oil field etc. (g) Mine Sweepers. These ships are fitted with special equipment to detect and sweep mines and keep the sea lanes open by clearing mines laid by enemy. (h) LSTs (Landing Ship Tank).These ships are specially constructed so that they can beach on shore and off load tanks, troops and other vehicles directly on to the beach. (j) LCU(Landing Craft Utility).These are smaller landing ships which can beach but cannot carry tanks; they are used to land trucks, jeeps and other utility items. These are small compared to LSTs. (k) Tankers. These ships can store fuel and fresh water and supply it to the fleet at sea by a method know as Replenishment at Sea(RAS), there by increasing the endurance of the ships. (l) Submarines. These vessels can operate under water, i.e. they can navigate and fire their torpedoes in a dived state. (m) Survey Ships. They carry out geographical survey of sea and coastal areas and prepare charts for navigation. 4. Conclusion. Indian Navy, in order to fulfill its charter of duties has various types of ships. Each class of Ship has a different role to play during peace and war. This gives flexibility to command for deploying them depending upon kind of mission and threat.  18 SECTION -4 ORGANISATION OF ARMY & AIR FORCE 1. Introduction. Indian Army is the third largest army in the world. Such a large Army needs to be managed efficiently not only in times of war but also in peace. The Army is organized in Combat Arms, which does the fighting, Combat Support Arms and the Services. ORGANISATION OF INDIAN ARMY. COAS VCOAS DCOAS DCOAS AG MS QMG MGO E-in-C (IS&T) (P&S) 2. (a) COAS - Chief of Army Staff (b) VCOAS - Vice Chief of Army Staff (c) DCOAS (IS&T) - Deputy Chief of Army Staff (d) DCOAS (P&S) - Deputy Chief of Army Staff (e) AG - Accountant General (f) MS - Military secretary (g) QMG - Quarter Master General (h) MGO - Master General Ordnance (I) E-in-C - Engineer in Chief 3. Commands. (a) Northern Command - Udhampur (b) Western Command - Chandigarh (c) Central Command - Lucknow (d) Eastern Command - Kolkata (e) Southern Command - Pune (f) Southern West Command - Jaipur (g) ARTRAC - Shimla  19 4. Branches of Indian Army are as follows:- (a) Arms. (i) Armoured Corps (ii) Artillery (iii) Army Air Defence (iv) Army Aviation (v) Engineers (vi) Corps of Signals (vii) Mech Infantry (viii) Infantry – Various Regiments (b) Services. (i) Army Supply Corps (ii) Army Ordnance Corps (iii) Corps of EME (iv) Remount and Veterinary Corps (v) Army Education Corps (vi) Corps of Military Police (vii) Army Medical Corps (viii) Army Dental Corps (ix) Pioneer Corps (x) Army Postal Service (xi) Territorial Army (xii) Defence Security Corps 5. Organisation of Indian Air Force  20 6. Commands of Indian Air Force Commands of Indian Air Force are as follows:- (i) Western Air Command - Chandigarh (ii) Eastern Air Command - Shillong (iii) Central Air Command - Delhi (iv) South Western Air Command - Jodhpur (v) Southern Air Command - Pune (vi) Maintenance Command - Bangalore 7. Conclusion. The Indian Army and Indian Air Force are the other two Arms of the Indian Armed Forces and work closely during Operations with the Indian Navy. Comprehension Questions. Q1. Draw a block diagram of organisation of Indian Army. Q2. Describe the organization of Commands in the Indian Army. Q3. Give two examples of Combat Arms, Combat Support Services and Services in the IA. Q4. Describe the organisation of IAF Q5. List out the Commands of IAF and their location.  21 SECTION -5 NAVAL CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS 1. Introduction. The tradition and customs of Indian Navy are expression of respect, Courtesy, rejoicing and have developed as part of a sea faring profession with international echo. Some of these are given in succeeding paras. 2. Commissioning Pennant. This pennant is hoisted on the main mast on the day of Commissioning of the ship and is not struck down till the ship is decommissioned. 3. Colours. This is a general term describing the ‘National Flag’ and the “Naval Ensign’ flown on ship between colours (0800 hrs) to sunset in harbour only. 4. Illuminating Ship. Ships are illuminated by flood lights or illuminating circuits on special occasions/ ceremony of festivity as and when ordered by Naval Headquarters/ Administrative Authorities. 5. Crossing the line Ceremony. Whenever Indian Naval Ships cross the Equator, this ceremony is observed. The ship goes out of routine and all officers and sailors join the Ceremony. 6. Piping the Side. Except for foreign Naval Officers, for whom the side is piped for all times, the side is only piped to the following persons, and only between the times of colours and sunset. (a) The President and Heads of States. (b) All the Flag Officers in Uniform. (c) All Commanding officers of commissioned Ships and Establishments. (d) The president or a member of a court martial proceeding to or returning from the court. (e) The officer of the guard when flying a pendant. (f) A body when being brought onboard or sent out of a ship.  22 7. Salutes between Warships. When a warship passes another in harbor/ sea they exchange salutes. It may include parading of guard and band or by sounding the alert on the bugle or piping the still. At sea, salutes are exchanged by pipe only. 8. Sunset. This is a ceremony where, the national Flag and the naval ensign is lowered during Sunset. 9. Dressing Ship. The Ship is dressed overall on special occasion like as Independence day, Republic day, National Maritime Day and Navy Day. 10. OOG. When a ship visits a foreign port, an officer of the executive branch is detailed as officer of the Guard. 11. Man and Cheer Ship. The Ships Company man the ship standing on the catwalks from foxle to Quarter deck facing towards the Ship which boards the dignitary. 12. Ringing in the New Year. During the midnight 0001 hrs on 01 Jan every year, the ships bell at gangway is rang eight times to mark the New Year. 13. Reception of Officers. The officers are received on different ceremonial occasions in the Navy as a tradition. 14. Launching Ceremony. This ceremony is conducted whenever the keel of a ship is launched for construction at shipyards.  23 15. Entering/ Leaving a Boat. All officers when getting into or leaving a boat are saluted by the coxswain. Officers enter a boat seniority wise , the senior most enters last and leaves first. 16. Boat Hailing. The coxswain of the boat while passing the warship or the boat carrying flag officers give the proper mark of respect after asking the identification being carried by saying boat hails. 17. Gun Salutes. Gun salutes are fired as National salute and in harbour for VIPs such as President, Flag Officers, Governors, and Ambassadors etc. The following are the personnel who are entitled to gun salutes. (a) President 21 gun Salutes (b) Admiral 17 gun Salutes (c ) Vice Admiral 15 gun Salutes (d) Rear Admiral 13 gun Salutes (e) Commodore 11 gun Salutes (f) Captain 7 gun Salutes 18. Conclusion. The customs and traditions of Indian Navy bind the community strongly. Besides being blended into everyday routine, the ceremonies involved are observed with precision and give indication of professional perfection and pride of the white uniform.  24 SECTION – 6 RANKS OF OFFICERS AND SAILORS, EQUIVALENT RANKS IN THE THREE SERVICES 1. Introduction. Every person in the Armed Forces is given a rank to denote his position and is recognized by it. It is the ‘rank’ which groups, the service personnel as Officers, Senior and Junior sailors. The word ‘promotion’ indicates a person moving up to a higher rank. 2. Officer. The rank Structure of Officer of IN and equivalent ranks in other services in descending order are as given below:- NAVY ARMY AIRFORCE Admiral of the Fleet Field Marshal Marshal of the Air Force Admiral General Air Chief Marshal Vice Admiral Lt General Air Marshal Rear Admiral Major General Air Vice Marshal Commodore Brigadier Air Commodore Captain Colonel Group Captain Commander Lt Colonel Wing Commander Lt Commander Major Squadron Leader Lieutenant Captain Flight Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Lieutenant Flying Officer Midshipman _ _ Cadet Gentleman Cadet Flight Cadet  25 Note. Th he Officers of the rankk of Commander and above are called ‘Sen nior Officer’’ and the Officcer of the ra ank of Rearr Admiral an nd above are called ‘F Flag Officer’. 3. S Sailors. Ran e of sailors of Seaman nk structure n Branch off IN and equivalent ran nk of other se ervices in de escending order o is as follows:- N NAVY ARMY Y A AIRFORCE E M MCPO I Sub Major M Master Warrrant Officerr M MCPO II Subedar W Warrant Offficer C Chief Petty Officer O Naib Subedar S J Junior Warrrant Officer P Petty Officerr Havald dar S Sergeant Leading Sea aman Naik C Corporal S I Sea Lance Naik L Leading Airman S II Sea Sepoy A Airman  26 Indian Navy N Rank k Insignia - Sailors Indian Airforce A Ra ank Insignia - Airmen n Note. Th he Sailors of the rankk of Petty Officer O and above a are called ‘Sen nior Sailors’’ and those off the rank of Leading and a below are a called ‘JJunior Sailo ors’. 4. C Conclusion n. The rankk structure in the Armed Forces denotes th he responsiibility and stattus of an officer or sa ailor. The hiierarchical structure of o Armed Fo orces facilittates its ease of discharg n a smooth manner. ging duty in ehension Questions. Compre Q Q1. What W does a Rank in Armed A Forcees denote? ? Q2. Write W rank equivalence e e of officers in the three e services. Q3. Write W rank equivalenc e e of Perso onnel Below w officer Rank R (PBOR) in the three t servicess.  27 CHAPTER-II NAVAL WARFARE AND ITS COMPONENTS (NW)  28 SECTION-1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTI-SUBMARINE WARFARE & FLEET OPERATION 1. Introduction. In its early years, this Branch of Naval warfare was referred to as ‘Torpedo & Anti- Submarine Warfare’. Today this is now termed as ‘Undersea Warfare’- the cat and mouse game, with the participants playing the rules of both the hunter and the hunted. From these facts it is easy to understand the great importance of Anti-submarine warfare in Naval Warfare. 2. Sonar. A system for detection of the submerged objects using sound pulses is called sonar. The purpose of it is to detect, classify and locate an underwater target. 3. Components of Sonar. The major components of sonar are mentioned below:- (a) Transducer. (b) Transmit/ Receive switch. (c) Transmitter. (d) Receiver. (e) Display. (f) Head phone. 4. Types of Sonar. Sonars, the world over, use different methods for transmission of sound energy, reception & processing of returning sound energy. Sonars are broadly classified depending on the type of method for search and detection of underwater target as follows:- (a) Step search Sonar. When the search underwater is all around the platform in limited steps, similar to search light system. (b) Panoramic Sonar. In this, ripple beams are formed to search the 360 deg arc around the platform. (c) The Convergence zone Sonar. These Sonars use the convergent zones which may exist in certain waters to enhance the detection range. (d) Bottom bounce Sonar. Which are used when bottom bounce condition in certain water (depending on the sea water) (e) Towed Arrays. These are small linear array which is streamed behind the ship. It receives noise radiated by ships and submarines underwater. Towed arrays operate in very low Frequency region and achieve long range detection of targets. 5. Classification of Sonars. Sonars are classified as Hull Mounted or Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) based on way it is out-fitted on a Ship.  29 (a) Hull Mounted. The hull mounted sonar has a transducer enclosed in a dome. Thus the dome is kept at a constant depth in the water when the sonar is operating. (b) Variable Depth Sonar (VDS). The VDS has a transducer which may be lowered at different depths to optimize to sonar performance in varying hydrological conditions such as:- (i) Towed array. (ii) Dunking sonars (iii) Sonobuoys 6. Modes of Sonar (a) Active Sonar. This system is based on the echo ranging principle where acoustic signal is radiated and returning echoes from the targets are received. (b) Passive Sonar. The passive sonar does not put any energy in to water but listen to the sound produced by ships and submarine. 7. MISCELLANEOUS SENSORS. (a) Sonobuoys. For underwater detections, these are smaller sonar sets dropped by aircrafts, which detect submarines by sonar and relay information to the aircraft by radio. They can be active or passive. Passive buoys have the advantage of concealing their presence from submarines. (b) Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD). To detect minute changes in the earth’s magnetic field caused by the presence of a submarine. The range is limited and depends on aircraft’s flying height. It is used mainly to confirm the presence of a contact and is very limited. (c) Exhaust Trail Indicator (ETI). To detect diesel fumes thereby indicating presence of a diesel powered submarine. It is not very accurate and in today’s context is very limited. 8. ASW Weapons. The following are the types of ASW weapons fitted on major IN surface platforms of Indian Navy:- (a) Torpedoes (A 244S, CET 53M, CET 53-65KE, CET 65E, AND SUT) (b) Rockets. (SR 375, RGB 60, RGB 12) (c) Depth Charge Mk 7*/11. (d) Mines. (MR 80, PBGM, PBMM AND PBEM (exercise version)). (e) PLAB Bombs. (f) APR 2E(UW Missiles).  30 9. Types of Attack. The underwater saboteurs can use any of the following means to carry out attack on ships in harbour. (a) Midget attack. (b) Chariot attack. (c) Swimmer attack. (d) Drifting charges. 10. Launching Platforms. The vessel from which a weapon is fired is called a launching platform. The launching platforms for the different weapons are as follows:- (a) Torpedo. A Torpedo can be fired from a ship, submarine or an aircraft. Depending on the depth of the submarine or the depth below the waterline of a target ship. It is essential that prior to launch the depth has tobeset on the Torpedo. The torpedo should also be able to correct itself at the running depth from external forces during its run. (b) Rocket. A rocket has got itsown propellant in the form of a booster which takes the rocket to its required range. The range is achieved elevating the angle of the launcher the maximum range is achieved at 45 degrees elevation of the launcher. AS ROCKET LAUNCHER (c) Depth Charges. Depth charges are depth bombs, which explodes on hydrostatic principle. It is one of the fool Proof Weapon systems, which can be effectively used as deterrent against submarines.  31 11. The Sonars &Weapons Indian Naval Ships: (a) Aircraft Carrier 1 x Graseby Type 184M hull-mounted (b) Delhi Class Sonar; 1 x Bharat HUMVAD/ HUMSA, 2 x RBU-6000 Anti-submarine mortars. 5 x PTA-21 inch torpedo tubes (c) Rajput Class Sonar; 1 x hull mounted Vycheda MG-311 (NATO: Wolf Paw) sonar. 1 x Vyega MG-325 (NATO: Mare Tail) variable depth sonar 1 x 533 mm PTA 533 quintuple torpedo tube launcher. 2 x RBU-6000 anti- submarine mortars. (d) Shivalik Class HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array). ATAS/Thales Sintra towed array systems. 2 × 2 DTA-53-956 torpedo launchers. 2 × RBU-6000 (RPK-8)rocket launchers (e) Talwar Class BEL HUMSA (HullmountedSonarAdvanced) 1 x RBU-6000 ASW launcher with 212mm 90R anti-submarine rocket. RGB-60 depth charges. (f) Barhmaputra Class 1 x Bharat HUMSA sonar. 1 x Thales Sintra sonar 6 x 324mm ILAS 3 (2 x triple tubes) with Whitehead A244S anti-submarine torpedoes (g) Godavari Class Bharat APSOH hull mounted sonar.  32 Fathoms Oceanic VDS and Type 162M sonar 6 x 324mm ILAS 3 torpedo tubes with Whitehead A244S NST 58 anti-submarine torpedoes (h) Abhay Class 1 x Rat Tail VDS sonar 4 x 533mm torpedo tubes, SET-65E anti-submarine torpedoes. 2 x RBU 1200 five-tubed rocket launcher (j) Pondicherry Class MG-69/79 High frequency, hull mounted, active mine detection 2 × RBU 1200 5-tubed ASW rocket 10 mines 12. Fleet Operations. Ships operate as a Fleet during operations. The Main Body comprises the high-value ships like the Tanker and Aircraft Carrier. They are protected by a screen comprising anti-ship and anti-submarine ships. In addition, ships are placed ahead of the formation as Pickets 13. Conclusion. Anti submarine warfare is a special operation to detect and engage a submarine. This involved special types of ships termed “Anti-Submarine Role Ships” which are fitted with sonars and anti-submarine weapons. Ships fitted with both anti- ship and anti-submarine weapons are called Multi-purpose ships. Comprehension Questions. Q1. Describe a sonar and its use. Q2. List the various components of sonar. Q3. List and explain the types of sonar. Q4. Explain the working of VDS. Q5. List types of ASW weapons.  33 SECTION-2 ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE OF GUNS & MISSILES 1. Introduction. In the days of Sailing Ships, Warships were fitted with guns on the weather deck, on either side of the Ship, to keep clear of the ship’s sails. With the advent of coal-fired ships, guns were optimally positioned to obtain optimal safe ‘firing- arcs’. In the initial period, guns were limited in size and firing range. With improved knowledge of metallurgy, priming and fusing, the size and range of Guns/Cannons increased exponentially. Despite the advent of the missile age and the rapid strides made in guided weapon technology, relevance of Surface guns, to a nation’s Fleet remains a vital component. Nature of Conflict at Sea, between Navies, in the present geo-political environment, is pre-dominantly of a “Low-Intensity” nature. Naval Guns provide a Fleet Commander, an instrument which is not only “flexible” but can be scaled-up or down, as appropriate, to a developing situation. 2. Close-in Weapon System (CIWS). These are guns which provide for action against targets which are within visual range at sea, typically 2 to 8 nautical miles. These guns have a very high rate of fire and are mostly, auto-controlled from a remote position. Common CIWS in the inventory of the Indian Navy are:- (a) 12.7mm HMG. (b) AK 630. (c) AK 230. (d) CRN-91 30 MM Medak. (e) 40 / 60 Bofors Gun. AK 630  34 40/60 Bofors 12.7 mm HMG 3. Medium Range Guns (MRG). Medium range Guns are those Gun systems, which have a MER (Maximum Effective Range) in excess of the Visual range. Typically the range is 10 to 15 nautical miles. The guns are associated with a Gunnery Radar and a weapon control system(WCS). Together they identify and acquire the target, and direct the best suited Gun on a Ship to engage. The MR Guns in the inventory of the Indian Navy are:- (a) AK 100 / A-190. (b) AK 176. (c) 76 MM OTO Melera Gun. (d) 4.5 Inch Gun. AK 100 Gun Mount  35 AK 726 MM Gun Mount 4. Guns fitted on surface platforms (a) Aircraft carrier - 30 MM (2 Nos) (b) Delhi class - AK 100 (1 No) 30 MM (4 Nos) (c ) Rajput class - AK 726 30 MM (4 Nos) (d) Shivalik class - 3’ Oto-MelaraGun (1No) (e) Talwar class - A- 190 (1 No) Kashtan30 MM (2 Nos) (f) Khukri class - AK 176 (1 No) 30 MM (2 Nos) (g) Veer class - AK 176 (1 No) 30 MM (2 Nos) 5. Organisation of Gunnery Dept. (a) EXO (b) Gunnery Officer (GO) (c) GO II/III/IV (d) COT/GI (Captain of Top/ Gunnery Instructor) 6. Command and Control Orders. Should be :- (a) As brief as possible. (b) Easy to understand. (c) Relatively simple to carry out. 7. Types of orders and reports (a) The preliminary command orders cover the following aspects:- (i) The degree of readiness. (ii) The state of preparedness. (iii) Policy orders.  36 (b) Action Command Orders (i) To confirm or if necessary, change the type of engagement or target given in the policy. (ii) To initiate as engagement using deliberate or alarm procedure. (iii) To interrupt an engagement, e.g by ordering Check-Check-Check. (iv) To terminate an engagement, e.g by Stop Loading - Stop Loading – Stop Loading or Cease firing 8. Stowage of Ammunition. (a) Magazine. A compartment or locker specially designed to be safe for the permanent or temporary stowage of any of the explosives. (b) Locker. The suffix ‘locker’ indicates that the particular magazine is free standing or recessed into the ships structure but its boundaries are not part of ship’s structure and it is surrounded by an air gap. (c) Ready Use. The term “Ready Use’ is used to indicate that boxed or unboxed explosives stores may only be stowed temporarily in that the particular magazine or locker. 9. Gunnery Terminology (a) Armour Piercing Projectiles (AP). Projectiles specially designed to pierce armour. (b) Caliber. The nominal diameter of the bore of a gun barrel measured across the bore. (c) Effective Range. The range within which accurate and lethal fire can be accomplished with a particular weapon, ammunition and sighting instruments in use. (d) Fixed Ammunition. A round of ammunition in which the projectile is secured with a cartridge case. (e) Hang Fire. When the time interval between the firing of a cartridge cap and the initiation of the propellant is excessive (f) ‘Hot Gun’. It is the condition of the gun when it becomes hot after firing certain number of rounds continuously resulting in cook off. The rate of fire and the number of rounds required to bring the gun condition varies from gun to gun. 10. Responsibility of Gunnery Officer. The Gunnery Officer is:- (a) Responsible for all explosives and explosive stores committed under his responsibility (b) To ensure safety or other regulations for explosives in his custody are drawn to the attention of the officers outside his department. (c) To inform OOW/ Duty Officer is informed before weapons or explosives are exposed on deck which requires Radio/ Radar restrictions transmission.  37 (d) To ensure explosives Log is up to date with regard to the explosives under his charge. 11 Watch and Quarter Bill. It is prepared by each department of the ship and displayed within the department. This is prepared by the senior most Gunnery sailor of the department. It indicates various quarters that is prepared and needs to be manned by a personnel during different states of readiness. It is prominently displayed, usually in the main alley-way of the Ship, on a White board. It carries the following information:- SNO, NAME, RANK, PART II ‘Q’, ACTION STATION, DEFENCE STATION, CRUSING STATION, ACTION MESSING, AND BOAT STATION. 12. Watch and Station Bill. Watch and Station bill is a record in which the information about the departmental organisation according to requirement of manning various stations in the ship at various states of readiness. This will be prepared by the Gunnery Officer after receiving data from other departments. The consolidated list will be displayed at a prominent location, below decks, as the ship’s watch and station bill. It is customary that this is updated, each time prior putting out to sea. Missiles 13 Background. Naval Gunnery has been a vital component of a Nation’s Navy, since centuries. With technological advances, Radar systems were increasingly able to detect targets, in particular air-borne targets at extended ranges. Guns have an intrinsic limitation of range and its explosive payload. Even the 10-inch Guns of the famous German dreadnought Bismarck had a range under 25 nautical miles. This paved the way to developments in missile technology. The Germans started a programme to develop missile based defense systems, originally called "anti-ballistic missile (ABM)" systems. The German V-2 short-range ballistic missile, launched against London and Antwerp by the Germans in the closing months of World War II, made it clear that long range missiles were the weapons of the 20th century. By 1950s, the technology was available to develop long-range missiles with accurate self- contained guidance systems and nuclear warheads. Parallely, there was progress being made to develop weapons to counter this threat, in the development of Surface-to-Air(SAM) missile systems to intercept missile threats. 14. Surface to Surface Missile (SSM). The following SSM missiles are fitted onboard ships of the Indian Navy: (a) Klub Vertical launch system (VLS) (b) BrahMos Supersonic Missile. (c) Uran-E. (d) P 21/ P22 (e) Dhanush.  38 15. Surface to Air Missile (SAM). The following SAM missiles are fitted onboard ships Indian Navy: (a) Barak Vertical launch (VL). (b) Shtil Missile. (c) SA-N-7(Kashmir) Missile. (d) Kashtan. (e) Igla 1E. 16. Missiles fitted on IN surface platforms (a) Aircraft Carrier Barak VL SAM 16 (b) Delhi Class 16 x Uran SSM Barak SAM Kashmir SAM (c) Rajput Class BrahMos SSM P 21/22 SSM (d) Shivalik Class 8 x Klub VLS (e) Khukri Class P 21/22 SSM 17. Function of various missiles and their range (a) Ballistic Missile.A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a sub- orbitalballistic flight path with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types. (b) Cruise missile. A cruise missile is a guided missile.The major portion of whose flight path to its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is conducted at approximately constant velocity; that relies on the dynamic reaction of air for lift, and upon propulsion forces to balance drag. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy. Modern cruise missiles can travel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and can fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low altitude trajectory. They are distinct from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in that they are used only as weapons and not for reconnaissance. In a cruise missile, the warhead is integrated into the vehicle and the vehicle is always sacrificed in the mission. (c) Guided Missile. Projectile provided with means for altering its direction after it leaves its launching device. Almost all modern missiles are propelled by rockets or jet engines and have guidance mechanisms, usually including sensors, to help the missile find its target. Heat-seeking missiles, for example, carry infrared sensors that allow them to home in on the exhaust of jet engines.  39 18. Range of Missiles (a) Ballistic missile. Ballistic missiles travel in a high trajectory, motor burns out partly through flight. (b) Tactical ballistic missile. Range between about 150 km and 300 km. (c) Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM). Range less than 200 km. (d) Theatre ballistic missile (TBM). Range between 300 km and 3500 km. (e) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM). Range 1000 km or less. (f) Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM). Range between 1000 km and 3500 km. (g) Long-range ballistic missile (LRBM). Range between 3500 km and 5500 km. (h) Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Range greater than 5500 km. (j) Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).Launched from ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range. (k) Cruise missiles. Cruise missiles travel low over the ground, motor burns during entire flight, typical range 2,500 km (1,500 NM) (l) Anti-ship missiles. Anti-ship missiles, also called ’Sea-Skimmers’ travel low over sea, and ‘pop-up’, when very close to the target. 19. Conclusion. Guns were used onboard ships extensively during World War II. Thereafter, missiles have been introduced in the Navy. The most celebrated Missile action, carried out by Ships of the Indian Navy, was the Attack on Karachi Harbour. On 04 Dec 1971, a squadron of four OSA-M class missile boats launched a salvo of P-21 SSMs on the oil farm at Keamari, near Karachi harbour, besides striking several Warships and Merchantmen in harbour. The Operation was codenamed ‘OP- TRIDENT’. Guns are however, still used for anti-ship as well as Naval Gunfire Support to land units. Comprehension Questions. Q1. Explain the following:- (a) Action Command Orders. (b) Magazine. (c) Effective range. (d) Hot gun. (e) Hang fire. Q2. List and explain the responsibilities of Gunnery Officer. Q3. What is Watch and Station Bill? 40  41 CHAPTER-III NAVAL COMMUNICATION  42 SECTION-1 INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL MODERN COMMUNICATION, PURPOSE AND PRINCIPLES 1. Introduction. Communication is the exchange of thought, idea, information and data. In Navy communication are the means whereby command is exercised or executed. In communication the message passed should be clear, brief and understandable between the sender and receiver. Orders and information must be passed rapidly, accurately and where possible, securely between ships, aircrafts and shore establishments. An efficient system of communication is vital for fighting efficiency of a modern fleet. The Signal Communication Officer(SCO) is the overall in charge of the communication department onboard a ship. 2. Purpose & Principles. In the modern world, most nations attempt to minimize the risk of war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication by pushing the limits of communication technology and systems. As a result, Naval Communication is more intense, complicated and often motivates the development of advanced technology for ships, submarines, aircraft as well as computers. Main aim is to achieve an uninterrupted and jamming less communication with full network centricity to achieve Maritime Domain Awareness(MDA). Naval Communication has undergone a sea change. Satellite Communication between ships, submarines, aircrafts as well as shore establishment have become faster and reliable using various types of secure modems. Effective and secure communication links have always been a fundamental requirement for navies with modern fleets relying heavily on radio and satellite technology. Rukmani, LINK II, MSS, SB(Satellite Broadcast) are the modern advanced communication equipments.  43 3. Duties of Various Communication Sub-departments. Further communication department is divided into three sub departments viz. Tactical, Radio and Special. The responsibility of each of three sub departments is given below:- (a) Tactical Fleet work, Visual Signalling, cryptography(offline) and traffic handling. (b) Radio Radio telegraphy, automatic telegraphy, radio telephony, cryptography(online) and traffic handling. (c) Special Electronic warfare and traffic handling. 4. Conclusion. Naval communication is essential for exchange of information from shore to sea, sea to sea and sea to shore. During war, important messages are passed which need to be received clearly, understood so that they can be acted upon to achieve the desired result. All cadets should be aware about the functioning of Naval communication.  44 SECTION -2 PHONETIC ALPHABETS 1. Introduction. Some of the alphabets sound very similar especially on radio circuits which cause confusion to the receiving operator, to avoid this standard phonetics are used. 2. Phonetic Alphabets. When the letters of the alphabet are read out it will be observed that some of them sound very similar especially on radio telephone. This can cause confusion when important messages are being passed. In order to eliminate the ambiguity phonetic alphabets are used so as to ensure clarity and exactness of messages. 3. The Phonetic alphabets are given below: A– Alfa J - Juliet S - Sierra B– Bravo K – Kilo T - Tango C– Charlie L – Lima U - Uniform D- Delta M – Mike V - Victor E– Echo N – November W - Whiskey F- Foxtrot O – Oscar X – X ray G- Golf P – Papa Y - Yankee H– Hotel Q – Quebec Z - Zulu I– India R – Romeo 45  46 4. Conclusion. It is the duty of every cadet to communicate in phonetics especially while receiving a semaphore so as the writer could frame the message without any ambiguity. They must also use phonetics while communicating on radio telephone circuits. Comprehension Questions. Q1. Describe what is communication. Q2. What is the aim of secure communication? Q3. What are the sub-departments of communication? Q4. What are phonetic alphabets?  47 SECTION - 3 RADIO TELEPHONY PROCEDURE 1. Introduction. When signalling by voice, greatest care is to be taken that the message is kept short and to the point. Voice procedure is simple and easily understood 2. RT Procedure. When signalling by voice, greatest care is to be taken that the message is kept short and to the point. The tendency to carry on a telephone conversation is to be avoided. Voice procedure is simple and easily understood. It is most important that this procedure is used at all times and the instruction in its use is given to all officers and ratings who may have to pass messages by radio telephone. Messages transmitted by voice are not invariably written down, but whenever practical a short note of their purpose should be made. Speech should be clear and slow with natural emphasis on each word. Messages should normally be spoken in natural phrases and not word by word. The phonetic alphabet and pronunciation of figures are to be used when applicable. 3. RT Practical. Voice procedure should generally be clear to the receiving operator. All the difficult words are to be spelt out. An example of a voice procedure is given below: - Collective DE (This is) Ctrl = Radio Check = K (over) DE A1 (Alfa One) = Roger = K DE Ctrl = Roger out. Time Check: Collective DE Ctrl = When I Say time it will be exactly 1030… 15 seconds… 10 seconds. 5 4 3 2 1 Time 1030 = A1 K Note: While calling collective we have to control one addressee 4. Conclusion. The Naval communication has a unique method of Radio Telephony. It is the duty of every cadet to learn simple voice procedures as used in Navy. Messages should be spoken in natural phrase and not word by word. The phonetic alphabet and pronunciation of figures are to be used wherever applicable.  48 SECTION - 4 WEARING NATIONAL FLAG, ENSIGN AND ADMIRAL’S FLAG 1. Introduction. National flag is flown on the jack staff and Naval Ensign on Ensign staff between colours and sunset. 2. Wearing of National Flag & Naval Ensign. National Flag is worn on the Jack staff and Naval Ensign on the Ensign staff between colours and sunset in harbour only. Naval Ensign is flown all the time whilst at sea. 3. Naval Ensigns. Naval Ensigns are worn by boats on the following occasions:- (a) When the Flag of the President or any other dignitary is also worn (b) When IN ships are dressed overall (c ) When in a foreign Port by day and night (d) When carrying a corpse (e) When going alongside a foreign warship by day or night 4. National Flags. National Flag is flown on the Jackstaff between colours to sunset in harbour only. It is flown at sea only on the following occasions:- (a) When the President is embarked (b) When escorting the Presidents ship (c) When engaged in a war 5. ‘Colours’ is the term which indicates collectively the National flag and Naval Ensign. Colours ceremony is the hoisting of colours in commissioned ships and establishments at 0800 Hrs daily, unless some other time is promulgated by higher authorities. 6. Sunset is similar to the colour ceremony and is not carried out at a fixed time, but at the time of sunset every evening. Instead of hoisting the colours they are hauled down. When a Merchant ship passes a warship either at sea or in harbour, she dips her ensign as a part of courtesy and the warship acknowledges it by dipping her ensign and hoisting her before the merchant ship does.  49 7. Ceremonials. The ceremony of decorating a ship from foxle to quarter deck by signal flags is known as “Dressing ship”. A line with flags and pennants hanged alternatively is connected from jackstaff on the foxle to mainmast and from mainmast to quarter deck. Dressing ship is carried out on the following occasions: - (a) Independence day (15 Aug) (b) Republic day (26 Jan) (c) Coastguard day (1 Feb) (d) National Maritime day (e) Navy Day (4 Dec) 8. Piping Ceremonial. (a) Afloat. ‘Side Pipe’ is given to all Commanding Officers of ships from colours to sunset. All foreign naval officers coming onboard are given side pipe at all times. (b) Ashore. No piping is given in shore establishments. 9. Conclusion. All cadets should be aware of the ceremonies of the Indian Navy and this will help develop good mark of respect towards the nation and the flag. They must involve themselves in respecting the flags and educate others about the value of flags. Comprehension Questions. Q1. List the occasions when the National Ensign is worn by boats. Q2. List the occasions when the National flag is flown by ships at sea. Q3. What is ‘colours’? Q4. What is the meaning of ‘dressing ship’? 50  51 CHAPTER-IV NAVIGATION  52 SECTION-1 NAVIGATION OF SHIP - BASIC REQUIREMENTS 1. Introduction. Navigation is the process of planning and carrying out the movement of all modes of transport from one place to another by sea, air, land or space. The navigation of ship and all under water crafts is called marine navigation. This requires a high degree of precision in planning and execution. The world wide satellite system can tell the position of the ship with an accuracy of 100 meters. 2. Various navigational terms. (a) East and West. The direction towards which the earth rotates is called east opposite direction is west. (b) Great circle. When a plane passes through the centre of the earth the resulting section is known as a great circle. (c) Meridians. These are the semi great circles, joining the poles and are perpendicular to the equator. (d) Latitude. The Latitude of a place is the angle, which is perpendicular to the earth surface at the place, makes with the plane of the equator, it is measured 0 to 90 north or south of the equator. (e) Longitude. The longitude of a place is the angle between the plane of the Prime Meridian and the meridian of the place measured from 0 to 180 east or west of Greenwich. (f) The Sea Mile. The Sea mile is the length of arc (1’) measured along the meridian in the latitude of the position. The length of the sea mile is shortest at the equator (1842.9 mtrs) and the longest at the poles (1861.6 m) with a mean value of between 1843 meters and 1862 meters according to latitude. A cable is approximately 200 yards. This is a convenient measure frequently used at sea for navigational purpose. (g) Geographical Mile. The Geographical mile is the length of 1’ of arc measured along the equator (i.e.1’of longitude). As the equator is a circle the length of the geographical mile is the same at all parts of the equator and is equal to (a sin 1’ of arc). Its value is 1855.4 meters.  53 (h) International Nautical Mile. This is standard fixed length of 1852 meters. Its correct abbreviation is nm. The distances given in admiralty distance tables and in ocean passage of the worlds are in international nautical mile. (j) Knot. It is convenient to have affixed or standard unit for measuring speed in navigation. This unit is international nautical mile (1852 meters) per hour and is called a knot abbreviated to kn. 3. Charts and information available on chart. To a navigator, the most useful chart is the one which can show the track of his ship by drawing one or a series of straight lines between his starting point and destination, and the course he must steer in order to arrive there. 4. Instrument and equipment used in navigation (a) Radar. Radio aided Direction and ranging i.e. with the help of radio waves, the direction and range of objects are obtained. Radar Display (b) Sextant. It is an instrument by which a ship’s position can be determined by taking the sight of heavenly bodies such as sun, stars, etc.  54 Sextant (c) Compass. It is used to find the direction of the ship at sea. There are mainly two types of compass magnetic and gyro. The navigational compass is an instrument that gives the necessary datum line from which courses and bearings can be measured. Compass helps us to find the direction of the ship at sea. Compass (d) Echo Sounder. It is an instrument by which depth of the water can be measured below the keel of the ship. This helps us to prevent the ship from grounding.  55 E Echo Soun nder (e e) nding the speed and distance Log. Used for fin d tra avelled through water EM Log g (ff) Plotting Table. Used for plotting posittion and tra ack of the ship (g g) Charts. Used fo or plotting th he ships po osition, courrse etc. 5. C Conclusion n. Navigatio on is the science s of taking t a sh hip from on ne place to o the other byy the safes st and shorrtest route.. The navig gator has to t be familiar with ch harts, meteoro ological con nditions and d methods & equipment to dete ermine his position att any given tim me and calc culate the correct c courrse.  56 SECTION-2 TYPES OF COMPASS 1. Introduction. The navigational compass is an instrument that gives the necessary datum line from which courses and bearings can be measured. Compass helps us to find the direction of the ship at sea. 2. Types of compass. Magnetic compass and Gyro compass. (a) Magnetic compass. It is a magnet freely suspended in a horizontal plane which settles with one end pointing approximately to the true north. The reading obtained does not give us the true north due to various external factors such as earth’s magnetism and ships magnetic property. The north direction obtained is called the compass north. Magnetic Compass (b) Gyro Compass. This instrument is a rapidly spinning wheel or gyroscope, the axis of which is made to point along the meridian towards true north. Courses and bearings, which are measured using a gyrocompass, are true provided there is no error in the compass. It is measured clockwise from 000 to 360. Gyro Compass  57 3. True North/ Magnetic North, Compass Terminology. Direction between two points is the angle between the meridian and the great circle formed by them. In order to proceed in a particular direction it is important to have a reference. The most convenient reference is the meridian passing through the ship`s position because any meridian lies in the north south direction. The bearing measured from this reference is called true bearing. Compass is used to find out the direction of the ship at sea. Various terms are: (a) True North. True North is the Northerly direction of the meridian and is the reference from which true bearings and courses are measured. The Geographical North is True North. (b) True Bearing. A true bearing of an object is the angle between the meridian and direction of the object. (c) Compass North. When we take the magnetic compass onboard a ship it is not only affected by earth magnetic force but also by the ship`s inherent magnetism and the north shown by compass is known as Compass North. (d) Gyro North. The direction north indicated by Gyro compass is known as Gyro North which is also the true north. (e) Variation. The angle between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian at any place is called the variation at that place. It is expressed in degrees and minutes. On ordinary charts the variation is given for a certain year, together with a note of any annual change, which it is undergoing. The navigator must always allow for this change. (f) Deviation. The angle between the magnetic meridian and the direction in which the magnetic needle actually points is called deviation. If the compass north lies to the east of the magnetic meridian, the deviation is said to be easterly; if west it is said to be westerly. 4. Conclusion. The compass is used for indicating direction, based on which the Navigator plans his course. The navigator must know the deviation and variation to find the direction accurately.  58 SECTION-3 SIMPLE CHART WORK 1. Introduction. To a navigator, the most useful chart is the one which can show the track of his ship by drawing one or a series of straight lines between his starting point and destination, and the steady course he must steer in order to arrive there. 2. Chart Projections. (a) Mercator Projection. The main properties of a Mercator Chart are:- (i) A Rhumb line on the Earth appears as straight lines on the chart. (ii) The Equator appears as a straight line. (iii) The parallel of latitudes appear as a straight line. (iv) All Meridians appears as straight line perpendicular to the equator. (b) Gnomonic Projection. In order to assist the navigator in finding the great circle track between two places, charts are constructed so that any straight line drawn on them shall represent a great circle. These charts are known as Gnomonic charts and they are formed by projecting the Earth’s surface from the Earth’s centre on to the tangent plane at any convenient point. It is so constructed that:- (i) Great circles appear as straight line and rhomb line appears curved. (ii) Meridian is curved converging to the poles (iii) Parallel of latitude is also curved 3 Chart Scales. Charts are generally published in three different scales, they are:- (a) Small Scale Charts. These are charts covering a very vast area and the information such as sounding, lights etc. are not given in detail. These charts are generally used for passage planning and never should be used for navigation. (b) Medium Scale Charts. These charts are used for passage. The information for navigation including dangers is clearly shown on these charts. These charts cover a general area of about 50 – 70 NM. (c) Large Scale Charts. These charts are generally of harbours and their approaches. These charts contain all information’s required for precise navigation. These charts cover an area of 5 – 7 NM.  59 4. Fixing a Ship. When it is not possible to obtain the ship’s actual position by fixing, a position may be worked up based upon the most recent fix. (a) Dead Reckoning (DR). It is the expression used to describe that position obtained from the true course steered by the ship and her speed through the water and from no other factors. The Dead Reckoning position is represented by the symbol +. (b) Estimated Position (EP). This position is the most accurate that the navigator can obtain by calculation and estimation only. It is derived from DR position adjusted for the estimated effects of leeway, tidal stream, current and surface drift. The EP must always remain an approximate position, because these four variable factors are difficult to determine exactly, although experience helps long way to estimate the effect as accurately as possible. It is indicated by triangles and four-figure time. Step One. Plot the course steered and the speed thorough the water, thus arriving at the Dead Reckoning (DR) position. Step Two. Plot on from the Dead Reckoning position the effect of:- (i) Leeway (ii) Tidal stream (iii) Current (iv) Surface drift Thus arriving at the Estimated Position (EP). 5. Arrow on tracks. (a) A single arrow denotes course steered, water track, leeway vector. (b) A double arrow denotes ship’s ground track. (c) A triple arrow denotes tidal stream, current, surface drift and drift. 6. The various types of charts are: - (a) Navigational Chart (b) Ship`s boat charts (c) Routing charts (d) Magnetic charts (e) Ocean sounding charts (f) LD charts (lattice Decca) (g) Astronomical charts and diagrams  60 7. Various information shown on charts are:- (a) Number of chart (b) Title of the chart (c) Survey data (d) A source data diagram (e) Date of publication (f) New edition (g) Date of printing (h) Chart dimension (j) Scale of the chart (k) Abbreviations & symbol (l) Heights (m) Drying heights (n) Tidal stream information 8. Conclusion. Charts are used to plot ships course and also for planning passage from one place to another. Large Scale Charts cover small area whereas Small Scale charts cover large areas. A lot of information is given on the charts which are used for accurately positioning the ship.  61 SECTION - 4 TIDES 1. Introduction. The vertical rise and fall of sea water because of gravitational pull exerted between the earth and moon and to lesser extent by sun is called tide. 2. Terminology. (a) High water. The highest level reached during one tidal oscillation. It is Specified by the time and height above chart datum prevailing at that instant. (b) Low water. It is the lowest level reached by sea waves during one tidal oscillation and is specified by time and height. (c) Range of tides. The difference between the levels of successive high and low water. (d) Height of tide. The vertical distance between the level of the sea at a instant with reference to chart datum. (e) Slack water. This is the instant preceding and succeeding maximum rate, when the tidal stream is at its weakest in strength (f) Maximum rate. This is the greatest rate of tidal stream reached in each two more or less opposing direction in one oscillation. (g) Chart datum. This is a low water horizontal plane below which tide seldom falls. Based near to lat level, this is specified with reference to a bench mark level or ground in the harbours. (h) Tidal stream. Periodical horizontal oscillations of the sea under the effect of sun and moon’s influence. (j) HAT & LAT. These are the levels of highest and lowest tides that is possible to predict at standard ports. Unpredictable metrological conditions may increase or decrease these values (k) Mean level. The average levels of the sea is as calculated from a long series of observations is known as mean level also known as mean sea level.. (l) Spring tides. The range of the semi-diurnal tides varies mainly with the phases of moon; from new moon to full moon and vice versa. Springs are those semidiurnal tides of greatest range, which occur in each of these periods of semi- lunation (about 14 ½ days) (m) Neap tides. Those semi-diurnal tides with least range, which occur in each period of semi lunation from newmoon to full moon and vice versa.  62 3. Currents. These are horizontal movements of water due to causes other than the tide raising forces of the moon and sun. They have progressive or fluctuating movement’s seasonal character as opposed to periodical. Some currents are more or less regular and some entirely random and unpredictable. Currents are caused by the following factors:- (a) Meteorological factors like prevailing winds change in temperature and pressure above the surface of water (b) Oceanographic factors like differing salinity, changing temperature and pressure conditions prevailing over the oceans. (c) Topographical factors such as irregularities in the sea bed 4. Conclusion. Tides play a significant role in the entry and exit of a ship from a harbour. Knowledge of effects of tides and currents is essential to accurately navigate a ship. Comprehension Questions. Q1. Describe the following: - (a) Medium scale chart (b) DR (c) EP Q2. List the various types of charts. Q3. List the various information available on a chart. Q4. What are the properties of a Mercator chart? Q5. Differentiate between magnetic compass and gyro compass. Q6. What are the various instruments / equipment used in navigation? Q7. Explain the following: - (a) Great circle (b) Meridian (c) The sea mile (d) Geographical mile (e) Knot (f) Currents (g) Spring tide  63 CHAPTER-V SEAMANSHIP  64 SECTION-1 ANCHORWORK- PARTS OF ANCHOR AND CABLE 1. Introduction. Anchor is a hook, attached to a length of chain or rope called a cable, by which a ship or a boat can be held temporarily to the sea bed in comparatively shallow water. 2. Parts of an anchor (a) Anchor Ring (b) Anchor Shackle (c) Shank (d) Fluke (e) Pea or bill 3. Parts of Cable (a) Lugged Anchor Shackle (b) Lugless Joining Shackle (c) Securing to Buoy Shackle (d) Bottle Screw Slip (e) Blake Slip (f) Cup Swivel (g) Box Swivel (h) Adaptor Piece  65 4. Identification of cable (a) The shackle and joining shackle are marked from outer end to its inner end. (b) Every joining shackle except one between two half shackles, is painted white. (c) One link on each side of a joining shackle is also painted white and marked with a number of turns of seizing wire around the stud corresponding to the number of the joining shackle. 5. Conclusion. Anchor and cable are used to hold a ships position in water. The cable is designed to act as a spring with the anchor holding it secured to the bottom of the sea. The size and type of Anchors and cables depend on the tonnage and type of ship.  66 SECTION-2 ANCHORWORK- PURPOSE OF ANCHOR AND HOLDING GROUND 1. Introduction. Anchor and cable are used to hold a ships position in water. The cable is designed to act as a spring with the anchor holding it secured to the bottom of the sea. 2. Purpose of anchor. Anchor is a hook, attached to a length of chain or rope called a cable, by which a ship or a boat can be held temporarily to the sea bed in comparatively shal