Network+ Textbook Chapter 3-4 PDF

Chapter 3 Ethernet Basics Lab Exercises 3.01 IEEE 802.3 3.02 CSMA/CD—Past and Present 3.03 Origins of Ethernet Lab Analysis Test Key Term Quiz E thernet is the infrastructure used by all wired LANs. For this reason, it’s important for network techs to understa...

Chapter 3 Ethernet Basics Lab Exercises 3.01 IEEE 802.3 3.02 CSMA/CD—Past and Present 3.03 Origins of Ethernet Lab Analysis Test Key Term Quiz E thernet is the infrastructure used by all wired LANs. For this reason, it’s important for network techs to understand Ethernet’s functions and features as defined by the IEEE 802.3 standards. These include such things as how Ethernet network nodes build data frames, how they access the network media, and how they send and receive data. Even though Ethernet speeds have increased exponentially over the years —primarily by increasing the bandwidth of the media (cables) and hardware (NICs and switches)—the core technology remains the same. Network nodes identify each other by MAC address, and data is transferred between machines using Ethernet frames. The basics you explore here still apply to the higher-speed implementations, which you will explore in the next chapter. 20 MINUTES Lab Exercise 3.01: IEEE 802.3 In the early 1970s, researchers at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) developed a set of standards to facilitate the exchange of data between computers. These standards, known as Ethernet, have gone on to become the dominant industry standard. Over the years, the control of these standards has changed hands a few times. In 1979, Xerox joined forces with Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Intel to develop the original standard, which was published in 1980. Version 2.0, known as Ethernet II, was published in 1982 (http://decnet.ipv7.net/docs/dundas/aa-k759b-tk.pdf). Today, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has the responsibility of controlling and updating the Ethernet standards. The IEEE formed a special 802.3 working group to manage these standards. Their IEEE 802.3 formal standardization was published in 1983. Incredibly enough, the Ethernet II frame format, which uses a Type field, is used for data frames today, while the IEEE 802.3 frame format, which replaced the Type field with a Length field, is only used for special types of control traffic. Cross-Reference You’ll see the Ethernet frame in great detail in Chapter 6. As a competent network technician, you should have a basic understanding of how Ethernet operates. Learning Objectives In this lab exercise, you’ll explore Ethernet. By the end of this lab exercise, you’ll be able to Understand key components of the Ethernet standard Lab Materials and Setup The materials you’ll need for this lab exercise are Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks textbook Internet access Getting Down to Business According to their Web site (https://www.ieee802.org/), “The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee develops and maintains networking standards and recommended practices for local, metropolitan, and other area networks, using an open and accredited process, and advocates them on a global basis. The most widely used standards are for Ethernet, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs, Wireless LAN, Wireless PAN, Wireless MAN, Wireless Coexistence, Media Independent Handover Services, and Wireless RAN. An individual Working Group provides the focus for each area.” The IEEE 802.3 working group specifically manages the standards for Ethernet. At Jonathan’s suggestion to learn more about Ethernet, you’re going to visit the IEEE Web site, download an official Ethernet standard, and then answer some questions based on the information contained within these documents. Step 1 Open a browser and navigate over to https://www.ieee802.org. What are the listed IEEE 802 Working Groups and Study Groups? Step 2 Now, head to https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8457469. At the time of writing (July 2021), 802.3-2018 – IEEE Standard for Ethernet is the current version. By the time you’re reading this, you could see the words “Superseded by” followed by a hyperlink to an updated version. Click the orange PDF button at the top. In the popup that opens, click the Purchase tab. You’ll see “Access PDF/HTML at no charge through the IEEE GET ProgramTM.” Sign in with your IEEE account to access. Click the Sign In hyperlink, which will bring you to the Sign In tab. Click the Create Account hyperlink. Fill out the required information, put a check in the “I have read and accept IEEE privacy policy” box, and click the blue Create Account button at the bottom. In the “Your account has been created!” popup, click the blue Continue button at the bottom. You’ll be brought back to the original page. Click the orange PDF button again. In the Sign In tab, fill out the required information, put a check in the Accept Terms Of Use checkbox (optionally, remove the check in the “Yes, I would like to receive communications.” checkbox), and click the blue View Document button at the bottom right, which will be active when all the required information is provided. Once again, you’ll be brought back to the original page. Third time’s a charm! Now, click that orange PDF button for the third time, and you’ll finally see the PDF open in the browser. Save the PDF to your hard drive. At the bottom of each page you’ll see “Authorized licensed use limited to:” followed by your name and the date and time, with a disclaimer. Note Due to the dynamic nature of the content available on the Internet, Web sites, Web pages, and hyperlinks change often. If one or more of the sites, pages, or links referenced in the steps of any lab exercise in this book are no longer available, with a little help from Google, you should be able to find what you’re looking for. 3a–3b Step 3 Within the introduction, scroll down to the paragraphs defining the contents of each section (page 22). Note The page numbers given in this chapter for the PDF are for the 2018 version. If you’re using a later version, the page numbers might vary. a. What are some of the key points covered in Section One? b. Which section contains general information on 1000 Mb/s (Gigabit) Ethernet? Step 4 Locate Section One’s Clause 3.1.1, “Packet format” (page 118). Note the diagram of the Ethernet frame. List and explain the purpose of each of the fields of an Ethernet frame. A full explanation of the fields follows and goes through page 122. 20 MINUTES Lab Exercise 3.02: CSMA/CD—Past and Present Originally, with half-duplex Ethernet, where nodes could transmit and receive—but not at the same time—just a single node could access any given network segment at a time. When two or more PCs tried to send data on the network at the same time, the frames collided, causing the frames to become corrupted. Therefore, the designers of Ethernet had to devise a method for the network nodes to access the network media without stepping on each other’s frames. This network access method was called carrier sense multiple access/collision detection, or CSMA/CD. The CSMA part of CSMA/CD defined the method by which multiple network nodes monitored the network media to determine if any other nodes were currently transmitting data. The CD part defined how the network nodes dealt with collisions when they occurred. CSMA/CD went from always used on earlier networks to never used on modern networks. Learning Objectives In this lab exercise, you’ll review the carrier sense multiple access/collision detection function of Ethernet. By the end of this lab exercise, you’ll be able to Explain why half-duplex used CSMA/CD Explain why full-duplex doesn’t use CSMA/CD Lab Materials and Setup The materials you’ll need for this lab exercise are Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks textbook  Internet access Getting Down to Business Jonathan remembers the first CompTIA Network+ exam he passed many years ago. He tells you that at that time, CSMA/CD was still a thing! Then he asks you to explain why half-duplex communications always used CSMA/CD, while full-duplex communications don’t use it at all. Step 1 In the PDF you downloaded in the previous exercise, read Clause 1.1.2.1 Half duplex operation (page 56). In your own words, explain why half-duplex communications always used CSMA/CD. Step 2 In the PDF you downloaded in the previous exercise, read Clause 1.1.2.2 Full duplex operation (page 56). In your own words, explain why full-duplex communications never use CSMA/CD. 45 MINUTES Lab Exercise 3.03: Origins of Ethernet Now that you’ve had a chance to examine actual Ethernet standards, it’s time for you to learn how it all began. It’s a rather interesting story! Learning Objectives In this lab exercise, you’ll learn about the origins of Ethernet. By the end of this lab exercise, you’ll be able to Explain the story of how Ethernet began Lab Materials and Setup The materials you’ll need for this lab exercise are  Internet access Getting Down to Business Read the following Web pages. You’ll answer questions about what you read in this lab exercise. https://www.parc.com/about-parc/parc-history/ https://www.techspot.com/guides/477-xerox-parc-tech-contributions/ https://www.hpe.com/us/en/insights/articles/the-birth-and-rise-of- ethernet-a-history-1706.html https://youtu.be/g5MezxMcRmk (a video linked to in the previous link) https://www.arnnet.com.au/slideshow/462393/pictures-20-milestones- ethernet-first-40-years/ https://personal.utdallas.edu/~zhoud/ee6375- 2004/lecture_2_introduction_to_VLSI_design/The%20History%20of %20Ethernet%20-%20Robert%20Metcalfe.htm https://blog.telegeography.com/luminiferous-ether-how-ethernet-got- its-name-local-access-pricing-service http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/3com- corporation-history/ https://ethernethistory.typepad.com/my_weblog/2007/08/genesis-of- 3com.html https://www.versatek.com/the-non-linear-evolution-of-standards/ https://ifnetwork.biz/resources/blog/12-important-moments-evolution- ethernet-metro-ethernet Step 1 In what year was Ethernet invented? Step 2 At which company was Ethernet invented? Step 3 Why was that company formed? Step 4 Which person is credited as the main inventor of Ethernet? Step 5 What were the motivations for creating Ethernet? Step 6 What earlier network was used as a template for Ethernet, and how was it fundamentally different? Step 7 Why was the network called Ethernet? Step 8 What was the original speed of Ethernet? Step 9 What was the topology used originally for Ethernet? Step 10 What type of cable was used for the original Ethernet? Step 11 Which company did the main creator of Ethernet start to commercialize Ethernet products? Step 12 What were their first products? Step 13 Which companies standardized Ethernet? Step 14 What types of networks and companies that created them competed with Ethernet, but ultimately went away? Lab Analysis 1. What’s the difference between half-duplex and full duplex? 2. What is the basic function of the FCS (frame check sequence) in an Ethernet frame? What algorithm is used for the FCS? 3. Which addresses are found in Ethernet frames? Key Term Quiz Use the terms in this list to complete the sentences that follow. 1. When devices are operating in __________ mode, __________ is active. 2. Switches and NICs today operate in __________ mode.  Chapter 4 Ethernet Standards Lab Exercises 4.01 Gigabit Ethernet Standards and NICs 4.02 Gigabit Ethernet Switches 4.03 Beyond Gigabit Ethernet Lab Analysis Test Key Term Quiz E thernet has gone through a number of evolutionary changes to bring us to where we are today. Modern Ethernet networks are based on the same technologies and standards that you learned about in the previous chapter. The newer versions continue to improve the bandwidth, but they use the same frame types, access methods, and more. Even the connectors, NICs, and switches have relatively the same form factor. Modern Ethernet enables network techs to build larger, faster, more reliable networks! 30 MINUTES Lab Exercise 4.01: Gigabit Ethernet Standards and NICs Ethernet networks have evolved over the last four decades, from the early 10 Mbps implementations to today’s standards of 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, 100 Gbps, 200 Gbps, 400 Gbps, and now 800 Gbps! It’s even looking like 1.6 Tbps (terabits per second!) will be standardized between 2023 and 2025. Wired networks utilize either copper wire or fiber-optic cabling to physically transmit the Ethernet frames in the form of 1s and 0s from device to device. 100Base-TX (copper wire) and 100Base-FX (fiber-optic) Ethernet provide 100 Mbps performance. Both technologies have a large installed base. You’ll still need to familiarize yourself with their characteristics to provide quality network support for existing installations. However, the current trend when installing or upgrading wired networks is 1000Base-T utilizing Cat 6A UTP cabling and Gigabit Ethernet NICs and switches. Cat 5e was the first standard to support Gigabit Ethernet. In addition, many backbones are implementing either 1000Base-SX multimode fiber or 1000Base-LX single-mode fiber, depending on distance. At Jonathan’s recommendation, you’re going to spend some time exploring the characteristics of Gigabit Ethernet and gather some information on Gigabit Ethernet NICs. In the next lab exercise, you will examine Gigabit Ethernet switches. Learning Objectives In this lab exercise, you’ll examine the standards and technology of 1000Base-T, 1000Base-SX, and 1000Base-LX Ethernet. By the end of this lab exercise, you’ll be able to Define the 1000Base-T, 1000Base-SX, and 1000Base-LX Ethernet specifications, requirements, and limitations Recommend Gigabit Ethernet NICs Determine appropriate use of fiber-optic Ethernet based on application Lab Materials and Setup The materials you’ll need for this lab exercise are Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks textbook  Internet access Getting Down to Business Recalling the cabling scenario from Chapter 2, your client, the Department of Transportation, is building a new regional Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) complex consisting of two physical buildings. One building will house all of the administrative departments (licensing, title, tags, and registration). The other building, located approximately 900 feet away from the administrative building, will be a large, garage-like structure, where the physical inspection of the automobiles will be conducted. The professional installers have submitted a proposal that has been accepted, outlining the following parameters: The proposed cabling for the internal office space of the administrative building is Cat 6A UTP. The administrative network will need to support 75 to 100 devices (computers and printers). The proposed cabling for the internal area of the inspection building is Cat 6A UTP. The network in the inspection building will need to support 25 to 40 devices (computers and printers). For the backbone between the two buildings, the proposal is single- mode fiber-optic cabling. Using this general information, follow Steps 1 through 7 to develop an implementation plan for the new site. The design should take advantage of Gigabit Ethernet technology. Step 1 Utilizing the textbook and online resources, research and document the following information for 1000Base-T Ethernet: Step 2 Utilizing the textbook and online resources, research and document the following information for 1000Base-LX Ethernet: Step 3 Utilizing the textbook and online resources, research and document the following information for 1000Base-SX Ethernet: Step 4 As discussed in the scenario, the new facility will have approximately 100 to 140 network devices (computers and printers). In order to implement Gigabit Ethernet throughout the organization, each device will need a Gigabit Ethernet NIC. Launch your browser and research the current pricing for Gigabit Ethernet NICs. Document your findings.  Note Commercial computer vendors provide Gigabit Ethernet NICs on the motherboards of new machines. For the purposes of this lab exercise step, assume that you are purchasing NICs for 100 new computers not coming from a commercial computer vendor. Also, keep in mind that the NICs will be listed as 10/100/1000, which means they are backward compatible to Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) and Ethernet (10 Mbps) in the event that they connect to a switch port not operating at 1000 Mbps. Step 5 Ethernet networks using 1000Base-SX and 1000Base-LX fiber- optic hardware and cabling share most of the qualities of 1000Base-T networks, but they are considerably more expensive to implement. What are the circumstances under which 1000Base-SX or 1000Base-LX would be preferable to 1000Base-T? Step 6 Which technology would you recommend for the 900-foot backbone run between the administrative building and the inspection building? 30 MINUTES Lab Exercise 4.02: Gigabit Ethernet Switches Continuing with the installation of the Department of Transportation regional DMV complex, the professional cable installers will calculate the horizontal runs and cable drops needed from the telecommunications rooms to each node. Jonathan wants you to research Gigabit Ethernet switching technologies, to provide recommendations regarding make and model, quantity, and specific solutions based on application. Learning Objectives In this lab exercise, you’ll explore Ethernet switch technology. By the end of this lab exercise, you’ll be able to Research and recommend Ethernet switches to meet specific applications Define solutions to implement a high-speed backbone Design a network using Gigabit Ethernet switches Lab Materials and Setup The materials you’ll need for this lab exercise are Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks textbook Internet access Getting Down to Business The physical layout of the buildings and proposed location of telecommunications rooms, cubicles, computers, and printers is complete. The cable installers have provided 100 drops in the correct locations throughout the administrative building and 40 drops in the inspection garage. The design of the network will have to meet the following criteria: A total of 82 devices will be installed in Phase 1 of the administrative building. A total of 30 devices will be installed during Phase 1 of the inspection garage. In the administrative building, there are two areas where clusters of computers will outnumber the wall jacks in close physical proximity. It has been recommended that desktop switches be employed in these two areas. The cable installers have qualified the single-mode fiber-optic backbone and have terminated a pair of the cables with LC connectors  on each end. Each termination is fed into the telecommunications room of both the administrative building and the inspection garage. In the following steps, you will research and select the switches to meet the design specifications of the campus and define the quantity and location(s) of each switch. You’ll also explore some of the modular interface options to connect LAN and WAN backbones. 1a–1b Step 1 With the current layout of the facilities and total number of network nodes (devices), you will need to provide anywhere from 100 to 140 network connections throughout the two physical buildings. Each NIC ultimately connects to a port on a switch. Depending on the application of the switch, you may have to make some decisions, such as whether to install economical desktop switches or enterprise fully managed switches and whether you will provide power to downstream devices through the Ethernet cabling known as Power over Ethernet (PoE). You’ll also want to plan on having one switch in each physical building that will provide fiber-optic ports to tie in the backbone between the two buildings. Cross-Reference You will study and perform other exercises with Ethernet switches in Chapter 5 and Chapter 11. If you would like to familiarize yourself with managed and unmanaged switches or multilayer switches, you can jump ahead and read the sections “Virtual LANs” and “Multilayer Switches” in Chapter 11 of the textbook. You do not need detailed understanding of these switching technologies to complete this lab exercise step, but you will want to understand these technologies before taking the CompTIA Network+ Certification Exam. Using Google, explore the various Gigabit Ethernet available today, and price out a configuration to meet the needs of this project. You should document the following varieties at various price points: a. Economical desktop switches b. Managed switches supporting PoE Step 2 To implement the fiber-optic backbone, you can use almost any mid- to high-end switch that offers some type of small form-factor pluggable (SFP) port. Most manufacturers are offering a modular design with either SFP or gigabit interface converter (GBIC) transceivers to support multiple technologies and connections without replacing the switch. Explore the offerings for 1000Base-LX SFP transceivers to enable these switches for the single-mode fiber-optic backbone connection between the buildings and document some possibilities. Hint You can learn a lot about switches and switching technology from the manufacturers’ product descriptions. Take some time while you are researching to explore the various applications and options presented in the online documentation. You will also find that you may have to visit multiple Web sites of manufacturers and resellers to uncover aspects of specifications, options, and pricing. Here are some keywords to help you in your search: Gigabit Ethernet switch, Cisco, Juniper, Extreme, D-Link, Netgear, Linksys, Belkin, SFP LC, GBIC, and 1000Base-LX SFP. 3a–3c Step 3 Now it is time to configure the telecommunications rooms and workgroups to enable the network. Using the information you have gathered in Step 1, describe the switch configuration you will be using to support the regional DMV. a. The administrative building will initially implement 82 of the 100 cable drops available throughout the building. Remember that you  will need to configure the interface for the fiber-optic connection between the two buildings. What quantity and configuration of switches do you recommend to meet the requirements of the network design? b. Two workgroups will be located in areas that will not support the total number of network devices that the workgroups will be using (only one or two drops in these areas). What is your recommendation to accommodate the additional network devices? c. The inspection garage will initially implement 30 of the 40 cable drops available throughout the building. Remember that you will need to configure the interface for the fiber-optic connection between the two buildings. What quantity and configuration of switches do you recommend to meet the requirements of the network design? 60 MINUTES Lab Exercise 4.03: Beyond Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet is the standard for new installs right to the desktop. As you learned in previous lab exercises, many Gigabit Ethernet NICs and switches are available to complement the design of modern organizational networks. 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE), providing 10 gigabits of data per second over copper or fiber-optic connections, is still comparatively pricey and therefore relegated to high-demand, high-speed applications: high-demand servers, campus backbones, and WAN communications. Learning Objectives In this lab exercise, you will examine 10 GbE options for modern network environments. By the end of this lab exercise, you’ll be able to Describe the 10GBase-T, 10GBase-SR/SW, 10GBase-LR/LW, and 10GBase-ER/EW Ethernet specifications, requirements, and limitations Examine 10 GbE NICs  Determine appropriate switching interfaces to implement 10 GbE backbones Explore Ethernet standards that offer speeds beyond 10 Gbps Understand the differences between Metro Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet Lab Materials and Setup The materials you’ll need for this lab exercise are Mike Meyers’ CompTIA Network+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting Networks textbook Internet access Getting Down to Business One of the benefits of the network design the team has implemented for the regional DMV is known as future-proofing. Throughout the design and install, the highest-performance cabling has been used (Cat 6A UTP), and switches in the telecommunications room utilize modular SFP interfaces that can be upgraded as well. Running 10 GbE to the desktop is still cost- prohibitive, but implementing 10 GbE for the communication on the high- traffic servers and the backbone between the administrative building and the inspection garage may be feasible. Jonathan asks you to research 10 GbE solutions and to prepare a presentation of your findings, including interfaces and pricing, for the network design team. Then, he has you see what lies beyond 10 GbE! 1a–1d Step 1 Using various resources such as the textbook and the Internet, research and document the following implementations of 10 GbE: a. 10GBase-T b. 10GBase-SR/SW c. 10GBase-LR/LW d. 10GBase-ER/EW  2a–2b Step 2 a. The high-traffic servers are located in the telecommunications room, so copper or fiber-optic solutions are feasible. Research the current availability of NICs supporting 10 GbE technology. Document some of the makes, models, characteristics, and pricing. b. What implementation do you recommend for 10 GbE? Why? Step 3 Using online manufacturers’ and resellers’ Web sites, explore the various SFP 10 GbE interfaces available. Document the make, model, characteristics, and pricing as if you are shopping for the modular transceivers for the switches to implement the link between the administrative building and the inspection garage. Note In keeping with the scenario presented, the fiber-optic cabling you choose between the administrative building and the inspection garage may be specified to support 10 Gigabit Ethernet multimode fiber (MMF) (10GBase-SR). However, the total distance recommended for 10GBase-SR is only 26 to 300 meters (about 85 to 984 feet), so the distance of 900 feet could push the specifications for 10 GbE performance. In this case, higher-performance single-mode cable would be the better choice to implement 10 GbE. For the purposes of  this lab exercise, provide the results of both 10GBase-SR and 10GBase-LR. You will also have to be careful when physically implementing 10 GbE transceivers due to the various form factors of both the modular interfaces and the cable interfaces. Currently SFP+, XENPAK, X2, and XFP modules are available, utilizing SC, LC, and various other fiber-optic cable connectors. 4a–4b Step 4 Before you start dreaming about a 40, 100, 200, 400, or 800 Gbps NIC for your computer, you need to understand that the standard isn’t concerned with local area networks (LANs). When a speed limit from a highway is raised, it has nothing to do with the speed limits on the local streets. Furthermore, certain types of vehicles on the road, like police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances, are authorized to move quicker than the general public. Think of the highway as a wide area network (WAN) and think of special vehicles as servers as you answer the following questions, using Google: a. What was the motivation for 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps Ethernet? b. What is IEEE P802.3ba, and what were its objectives? Step 5 On December 6, 2017, Terabit Ethernet (Ethernet with speeds over 100 Gbps, including 200 Gigabit Ethernet and 400 Gigabit Ethernet) was standardized. Read about it at https://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/ and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabit_Ethernet. Who are these technologies for? What are some reasons these technologies are needed? Step 6 On April 6, 2020, a new 800 Gigabit Ethernet standard was released. Read about it at the following links:  https://ethernettechnologyconsortium.org/press-room/press- releases/25-gigabit-ethernet-consortium-rebrands-to-ethernet- technology-consortium-announces-800-gigabit-ethernet-gbe- specification-152/ https://www.hpcwire.com/2020/04/07/ethernet-technology- consortium-launches-800-gigabit-ethernet-specification/ https://screenrant.com/800-gigabit-ethernet-new-announcement- explained/ https://www.tomshardware.com/news/800-gigabit-ethernet-gbe-spec- standard Who are these technologies for? What are some reasons these technologies are needed? Step 7 Using these links, https://ifnetwork.biz/resources/blog/12-important- moments-evolution-ethernet-metro-ethernet and https://business.sparklight.com/the-wire/tech-talk/business-internet/metro- ethernet-vs-carrier-ethernet, what are Metro Ethernet and Carrier Ethernet? Lab Analysis 1. Dave has decided to install Cat 6A UTP cabling in a small office so that they may upgrade to 10GBase-T in the future without having to “pull” cable again. Are there any concerns you would voice to Dave before he installs the Cat 6A cable? 2. Julia is going to implement Gigabit Ethernet for a small office/home office (SOHO) environment. What kind of network cabling is necessary to implement Gigabit Ethernet? 3. Aaron and Carrie are studying fiber-optic technology. They ask what the major differences are between 10GBase-SR and 10GBase-LR. Can you explain the differences to them?  4. Will understands that high throughput speeds and longer throughput distances are two advantages of fiber-optic cabling over copper cabling. He doesn’t understand why the cable installers are recommending the use of fiber-optic cable for the machine shop of a local high school. Can you describe two other advantages that fiber- optic cabling offers over copper wire that would help him understand? Key Term Quiz Use the terms in this list to complete the sentences that follow. 1. The latest standard of Ethernet is __________ Gbps. 2. To implement __________, Cat 5e or higher, UTP cabling must be installed, although new installs should use Cat 6A. 3. __________ uses multimode fiber. 4. __________ uses single-mode fiber. 5. Many Gigabit Ethernet switches support __________ to allow support of the ever-increasing speeds. The two dominant forms of these devices are __________ and __________.