Network Topologies PDF

2/7/25 WHAT IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY Chapter 2 A NETWORK TOPOLOGY is the physical and logical arrangement of...

2/7/25 WHAT IS NETWORK TOPOLOGY Chapter 2 A NETWORK TOPOLOGY is the physical and logical arrangement of The Network nodes and connections in a network. Nodes usually include Topologies devices such as switches, routers and software with switch and router features. Network topologies are often represented as a graph. 1 2 BUS Topology Bus topology is a type of network in which each computer and network device is joined to a single coaxial cable. When it consists of exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology. ADVANTAGES 3 4 Cost-effective: Bus topology is a simple and inexpensive way to set up a network. Easy to install: Bus topology is easy to set up and extend Good for small networks: Bus topology is mostly DISADVANTAGES used in small networks, such as local area networks (LANs). 5 6 1  2/7/25 Single point of failure: If the main cable fails, the RING Topology entire network goes down. In the ring network topology, Security risks: All computers receive the sent signal the nodes are connected in from the source, which can lead to security risks a closed loop Efficiency reduces: The efficiency of the network configuration. Some rings decreases as the number of devices connected pass data in one direction to it increases only, while others are capable of transmission in Need terminators are required at both ends of the both directions. main cable. 7 8 STAR Topology In the star network topology, a central device connects to all other nodes through a central hub. Switched local ADVANTAGES area networks based on Ethernet switches and most wired home and office networks have a physical star topology. 9 10 Easy to install: Star topology is easy to install and manage. Scalable: New devices can be added without affecting other devices. Reliable: If a node fails, the rest of the network is not affected. DISADVANTAGES No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. 11 12 2  2/7/25 MESH Topology Single point of failure: If the central device fails, the entire network is disrupted. The mesh network topology links nodes with connections so that multiple paths between at least Requires more cable than other topology some points of the network are available. A network is considered to be fully meshed if all nodes are directly connected to all other nodes Increased of cost due to switch/hub and partially meshed if 3. 13 14 MESH Topology ADVANTAGES 15 16 In case of failure of a single device, the entire network didn’t break. There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every device. DISADVANTAGES 17 18 3  2/7/25 Mesh Topology is costly as compared to the other network topologies i.e. star, bus, point to point topology. More maintenance is required The TREE TOPOLOGY consists of one root node, and all other nodes are connected in a hierarchy. The topology itself is connected in a star configuration. Installation of nodes are difficult in mesh Many larger Ethernet switch networks, including topology. data center networks, are configured as trees. 19 20 As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology provides high scalability. The other nodes in a network are not ADVANTAGES affected if one of their nodes gets damaged or does not work. More secured. Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. 21 22 This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies. The establishment cost increases as well. DISADVANTAGES If the computer on the first level is erroneous, the next-level computer will also go under problems. 23 24 4  2/7/25 HYBRID Topology The HYBRID network topology is any combination of two or more topologies. Hybrid topologies typically provide exceptional flexibility, as they can accommodate a number of setups. Network Protocols 25 26 Types of Network Protocol Network protocols Internet Protocol (IP) Handles the routing and addressing of data are formal rules and descriptions packets across networks. IP addresses identify for how data is formatted and each device on a network. transmitted over a network. They are used for critical processes like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): internet access and file transfer. Ensures that data is transmitted reliably between devices. TCP splits data into packets and works with IP to create TCP/IP. 27 28 Types of Network Protocol Types of Network Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Responsible User Datagram Protocol (UDP): for sending emails between computers. Prioritizes speed over reliability. UDP is used for real- time applications like video streaming. File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Used to upload and download files between a server and a client. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP): Allows network administrators to monitor and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP): manage network devices. Diagnoses communication issues between devices. ICMP reports errors and determines if data has reached its destination. 29 30 5  2/7/25 Types of Network Protocol Types of Network Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer, a security is a protocol that allows web browsers to protocol that encrypts data sent between a server communicate with web servers to transfer data, and a client. It's used to protect internet such as HTML. communications, such as those between a browser and a website, or between two servers. HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. It's a security protocol that encrypts data sent between a user's device and a website. 31 32 33 6