Networks - Network Architecture, Types of Networks - PDF Document

Networks Topics Networks Types of Networks ○ LAN ○ MAN ○ WAN Network Architecture Types of Networking Architecture ○ Client/Sever Arhitecture ○ Peer-to-peer Architacture ○ Network Topologies ○ Kinds of Network Topolo...

Networks Topics Networks Types of Networks ○ LAN ○ MAN ○ WAN Network Architecture Types of Networking Architecture ○ Client/Sever Arhitecture ○ Peer-to-peer Architacture ○ Network Topologies ○ Kinds of Network Topology Definition of Network The network is the process of transporting data or information from one device to another. Network is a general term describing the communication between two entities that not necessarily be computers. 3 major types LAN ( Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network) LAN ( Local Area Network) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home. Types of LAN A client/server LAN consists of several devices (the clients) connected to a central server. The server manages file storage, application access, device access, and network traffic. A peer-to-peer LAN doesn't have a central server and cannot handle heavy workloads like a client/server LAN can, and so they're typically smaller. MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network ) is a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings WAN ( Wide Area Network ) a wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area networks (LANs) or other networks that communicate with one another. A WAN is essentially a network of networks, with the Internet the world's largest WAN. Types of WAN A Switched WAN network is used to connect multiple end nodes through a common WAN network, example is Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network. Point-to-point WAN is one which consists of a two end nodes connected by a leased line, example is a dial-up line that connects a home computer to the Internet. Differences of LAN, MAN, and WAN Basis LAN MAN WAN Full-form Local area Metropolitan Wide area network area network network Area/ LAN refers to MAN refers to WAN refers to Geographical network a the Coverage devices in a network of connection of small' computer computers geographical devices between area form. located in two continents Such as a or more citles/ and countries. home, a states. One major school, and a Common example of singie office examples are this is internet bullding. telephone services/ networks, broadband television services networks, elc. Communica- Satellite Twisted-pair Fibre optic Link tion cables cable, or PTSN Coaxial and Medium coaxialorcables Cable (Public Satellite  or PTSN cables cable, Coaxial and Medium coaxialorcables Cable (Public Satellite Switched Telephone Network) Common The school, Telephone The transfer Examples office, home, companies of the internet and the that provide from one hospital are high-speed continent to the users of DSL Lines and another via the LAN. cable TV sea is an networics. example of WAN. Implementa- The most Least More tion expansive of expensive Cost among than the three the threebut less LAN expensive Lhan WAN Hardware Fewer Require more Require the Resources resources resources most than than MAN. resources MAN and among all WAN. They three. need resources like network adapters, Ethernet  Ethernet cablas, routers, wireless access points, etc. Transmission Since LAN Since MAN is WAN allows Speed networking a wider the widest devices span network than distance a limited area, LAN, It transmission il provides the provides but provides fastest moderate lesser internet operational Internet speed speed in speed or (up to 50 to comparison to transmission 100 mb/s). LAN and WAN rate (up to (less than 800 to 1000 100 mb/s). mb/s ) Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance Cost of LAN is easy of MAN is of WAN and it does more difficult Is very not have a than difficult and high LAN. thus it has the maintenance highest cost. maintenance COSL What is a Network Architecture? What is a Network Architecture? It refers to a network's structural and logical layout. It describes how the network devices are connected and the rules that govern data transfer between them. Types of a Network Architecture Client/Server Architecture Peer-to-Peer Architecture Client/Server Architecture In a client/server architecture, all devices in the network, called "clients," are connected to a central hub, called a "server." The server handles the bulk of the network operations - data storage, processing of client requests, cybersecurity, and access control. Peer-to-peer Architecture In a peer-to-peer model, all devices in a network have equal responsibilities and privileges with each other. This means tasks are allocated equally throughout the network. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES Definition of Network Topology is used to describe the physical and logical structure of a network. It maps the way different nodes on a network-Including switches and routers-are placed and interconnected, as well as how data flows. Kinds of network Topology Physical (Underlay) - Physical (Underlay) this maps the actual connections in a network, such as wires and cables and the placement of various components. Logical (Overlay) - This shows how data flows within a network and from one device to another, regardless of the physical connections among devices. Things to be considered. Purpose Size and Scale Budget DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES Point to Point Topology Mesh Topology Star Topology Bus Tapology Ring Topology  Tree Topology Hybrid Topology Point-to-point topology is a type of topology that works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. It is the simplest communication between two nodes, in which one is the sender and the other one is the receiver. Point-to-Point provides high bandwidth. Advantages 1. Very easy to maintan. You can replace a wire within a few seconds if the wire has a problem. 2. Maximum utilization of the underlying connecting link bandwidth. 3. This is the simplest topology compared to any other network topology type. 4. Least minor delays in communication as compared to any other network connection type. 5. Low-cost option when you have only two nodes to connect Disadvantages 1. The network performance depends on a single linke only. If the link is down, the entire network stops working. 2. Because of the need for a direct connection, topology cannot be expanded to a large area. E-Ge If there is a multistory building, two computers may be far apart. 3. There is only one server or client. If anyone falls, all will stop working, You can not take advantage of the network cluster. Not suitable for any database servers. 4. Only applicable when the two devices are in proximity to each other such as connecting a printer. Mesh topology In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or multiple hosts. This topology has hosts in point-to-point connection with every other host or may also have hosts which are in point-to- point connection to few hosts only. TYPES OF MESH TOPOLOGY FULL MESH All hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host in the network. PARTIALLY MESH Not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host. Hosts connect to each other in some arbitrarily fashion. This topology exists where we need to provide reliability to some hosts out of all. Advantages 1. Communication is very fast between the nodes. 2. Mesh Topology is robust. 3. The fault is diagnosed easily. 4. Data is reliable because data is transferred among the devices through dedicated channels or links. 5. Provides security and privacy. Disadvantages 1. Installation and configuration are difficult 2. The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for less number of devices. 3. The cost of maintenance is high. 4. Mesh topology can suffer from bandwidth Issues. This is because data must go through multiple nodes to reach Its destination. this can result in slower network speeds and increased congestion Star topology All hosts in Star topology are connected to a central device, known as hub device, using a point- to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point connection between hosts and hub. The hub device can be any of the following Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge Layer-3 device such as router or gateway Advantages 1. Star topology is relatively easy to install and configure. 2. Star topology is also easy to troubleshoot. 3. Star topology is highly scalable. If the network needs to be expanded, it is easy to add more devices by connecting them to the central hub. Disadvantages 1. Star topology has a single point of fallure. If the central hub or switch falls, the entire network will be down. 2. Star topology can be more pensive than other topologies 3. Star topology is limited in distance, The distance between devices and the central hub or switch is limited by the length of the cables used to connect the devices. Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable. It is bi-directional. It is a multi-point connection and a non-robust topology. Advantages 1. Bus topology is relatively Inexpensive to implement. 2. Bus topology is casy to expand New devices can be added to che network by connecting them to the central cable. 3. Bus topology is cary to troubleshoot. If a problem occurs, it can usually be traced to a specific device, making it casier to Identify and fix the problem. Disadvantages 1. The central cable, or bus, in a bus topology has a limited length. If the cable becomes too long, it can cause signal loss and data errors. 2. The central cable, or bus, in a bus topology acts as a single point of Gillure. If the cable is damaged or otherwise falls, the entire network will be down. RING TOPOLOGY Advantages  1. The data transmission is high-speed. 2. The possibility of collision minimum in this type of topology. 3. Cheap to install and expand. 4. It is less costly than a star topology. Disadvantages 1. The fallure of a single node in the network can cause the entire network to fail. 2. Troubleshooting is difficule in this topology. 3. The addition of stations in between or the removal of stations can disturb the whole topology. Tree Topology Also lnown as Hicrarchlcal Topology, this is the most common form of network topology in use presently. This topology imitates as extended Star topology and inherits properties of bus topology. Advantages 1. It allows more devices to be attached to a single central hub thus it decreases tho distance that is traveled by the signal to come to the devices. 2. It allows the network to get isolated and also prioritize from diflerent computers. 3. We can add now devices to the exiting network. 4. Error datection and error correction are very easy in a tree topology. Disadvantages 1. If the central hub gets falls the entire system fails. 2. The cost is high because of the cabling. 3. If new devices are added, it becomes dilicule to reconfigure. 4. Tree topology also increass complexity, which can make it more difficule to manage and maintain. 5. tree topology also has limited bandwidth. The hierarchical structure of the network can  5. cause congestion on the networks, which can lead to slow data transfer Hybrid Topology This topological technology is the combination of all the various types of topologies. Hybrid Topology is used when the nodes are free to take any form. Advantages 1. This topology is very flexible 2. The size of the network can be easily spanded by adding new devices, 3. This topology can handle huge traffic that occurs during data transmission. Ie is an elfective type af topology with higher speed since two or more topologies are combined in a network. Data can be securely transferred between different networks. Disadvantages 1. It is challenging to design the architecture of the Hybrid Network. 2. Hubs used in this topology are very expensive. 3. The infrastructure cost is very high as a hybrid network requires a lot of cabling and network devices. 4. If the backbone of any topology is damaged then the performance of the total network is affected. 5. Requirements of hardware and software are higher, which requires a lot of physical cabling connections between networks and network devices.