NCM 107A Care of the Toddler PDF

“Never “Never stop stop learning, learning, because because life life never never stops stops NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Philippines 9506 NCM...

“Never “Never stop stop learning, learning, because because life life never never stops stops NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, Philippines 9506 NCM 107 A CARE OF MOTHER, CHILD, AND ADOLESCENTS (WELL CLIENTS) Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Level II CARE OF THE TODDLER  JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines Opening Prayer & Nurse’s NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child Prayer NDMU NURSING  JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  ONLINE CLASSRO OM RULES JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  INTEND ED LEARNI NG JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences OUTCO NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES On completion of this lesson, you are expected to demonstrate understanding of the concepts related to the care of a family with a toddler. JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  INTENDED LEARNING Specifically, students are able to: OUTCOMES 1. Describe the normal growth and development of a toddler and associated parental concerns. 2. Distinguish each milestone achieved by the toddler and its implication. 3. Utilize critical thinking to analyze methods of a family-centered care JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY of a toddler. College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  CARE OF THE FAMILY WITH A TODDLER EXPECTED GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGI C/ PHYSICA L JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences DEVELO NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 12 months Birth weight triples Birth length increases by 50% Equal head and chest circumference Teeth: upper and lower lateral incisors; total of six to eight Each year the toddler gains 5 to 10 lb (2.26 to 4.53 kg) and about 3-5 inches (7.62 to 12 cm). NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 15 months Growth rate begins to decrease Weight 24 lb (11 kg); Height: 31 inches (74.7 cm) Capacity of urinary bladder increases 18 months Growth decreases and appetite lessens (physiologic anorexia) Anterior fontanel closes Abdomen protrudes (larger than chest circumference) Canine teeth begin to erupt, followed by molars at around 20 months NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 2 years Weight: about 26-28 lb (11-12 kg) Height: about 32-33 inches (80-82 cm) Chest circumference has grown greater than that of the head. Dental care should begin between 1 and 2 years of age IgG and IgM antibody production becomes mature and passive immunity obtained during intrauterine life is no longer operative 30 months Full set of 20 temporary teeth NCM 107A: Maternal and Child Decreased need for naps NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT BODY CONTOUR prominent abdomen (abdominal muscles are not yet strong enough to support abdominal contents) have a forward curve of the spine at the sacral area (lordosis) waddle or walk with a wide stance NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT BODY Systems Respirations slow slightly but continue to be mainly abdominal. The heart rate slows from 110 to 90 beats per minute; blood pressure increases to about 99/64 mm Hg. Brain development: about 90% of its adult size. NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT BODY Systems In the respiratory system, the lumens of vessels enlarge progressively (threat of lower respiratory infection becomes less) Stomach secretions become more acidic (gastrointestinal infections also become less common) Stomach capacity increases (child can eat three meals a day) NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BIOLOGIC/PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT BODY Systems Control of the urinary and anal sphincters becomes possible with complete myelination of the spinal cord so toilet training is possible. NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  GROSS & FINE MOTOR DEVELO JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences PMENT NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 15 months Walks alone with wide-based gait; creeps up stairs Builds tower of two blocks; throws objects and picks them up Drinks from cup with spillage; uses spoon clumsily 18 months Runs clumsily; climbs stairs or up on furniture Imitates strokes in drawing Drinks from cup; manages spoon Builds tower of three to four cubes NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 2 years Gross motor skills refined Walks up and down stairs, one step at a time, holding onto rail Builds tower of six to seven cubes; uses cubes to form a train 30 months Walks on tiptoe; stands on one foot momentarily Builds tower of eight blocks Copies horizontal or vertical line May attend to won toilet needs during day May begin to hold crayons with fingers rather than fists Begins to start to color within the lines of a picture NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  AGE MILESTONE SENSORY DEVELOPMENT 2 years Develops eye accommodation Visual Acuity 20/40 JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  VOCALIZATION & LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  VOCALIZATION & Toddlerhood is a LANGUAGE critical time for language DEVELOPMENT development, although even this varies among children, because to master language, children need NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child practice time. NDMU NURSING VOCALIZATION & LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTION To learn other words, children need exposure to conversation and need to be read to often. Urge parents to encourage language development by naming objects as they play with their child (“ball,” “block,”, “music box,” “doll”) or when they give their toddler something NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING VOCALIZATION & LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTION Always answer a child’s questions. Answers for toddlers are simple and brief because they have such a short attention span Some toddlers do not develop language readily because they are not called on to use it. NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING VOCALIZATION & LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTION Assess whether parents are encouraging language development. How? Ask them what happens when the child wants something; do they provide opportunities for the child to ask for things before they supply them? NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING VOCALIZATION & LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTION Children should not be made to name an object before they can have it (because their vocabulary is so limited Parents can reinforce language by rewording a question; for example, “You want the ball?” Very active children: may use fewer words than those who are less active. Active children are too busy doing things to describe what they are doing. Such children probably have a large unexpressed vocabulary, however, or understand more words (comprehensive vocabulary) than can be expressed (expressive vocabulary). NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING VOCALIZATION & LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: PROMOTION children learn language from imitating what they hear, they will speak like those around them do not encourage baby talk pronouns are difficult for children to use correctly; 3 1⁄2 or 4 years of age: able to separate the different uses of “I,” “me,” “him,” and “her.” NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  VOCALIZATION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 15 months Four—to six-word vocabulary States name Says “No” even while complying with request 18 Months 10– or more word vocabulary 2 years Vocabulary: about 300 words Uses two– or three-word phrases Uses pronouns Obeys simple commands Makes simple choices when possible NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING DEVELOPM ENTAL JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES STAGE/ AGE MILESTONE 18 months to 3 Psychosocial Development Theory: Sense of Autonomy years Asserting independence, sometimes forcefully; parents should understand this is not willful misbehaving; punishment will confuse child Important for caregiver to balance opportunities to explore, offer encouraging environment in which failure is acceptable and not something to constantly avoid. NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES STAGE/ AGE MILESTONE 13 to 18 months Cognitive Development Theory Tertiary Actively experiments to achieve new goals Circular Increased Object permanence Reactions Distinguishes object from self Early memory Relationships: spatial, causal, temporal Can enter a sequence in progress NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES STAGE/ AGE MILESTONE 19 to 24 Cognitive Development Theory months Unlimited object permanence awareness Invention of Infers cause while effect is occurring new More symbolic mimicry means Time understood through anticipation, memory, and being through able to wait mental Egocentric thought and action (unable to understand others’ combinations perspectives) Global organization (belief that one part’s change changes the whole– related to a desire for ritualism so nothing is out of sequence or out of order) NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES STAGE/ AGE MILESTONE 2 to 4 years Cognitive Development Theory Language used as mental symbolizing Increased sense of time, space, causality but poor concept of passing of time NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 15 Says “No” even while complying with request months 18 New awareness of strangers; separation anxiety; Begins to have months temper tantrums Ritualistic; has favorite toy or blanket Thumb sucking most prominent 2 years Shows signs of increasing autonomy and individuality; Doesn’t share well Makes simple choices when possible Remains ritualistic, especially at bedtime Can help undress self and pull on simple clothes Caregiver/ parent can help child learn boundaries by teaching NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGE MILESTONE 30 Beginning to see self as separate individual from reflected months appraisal of significant others Sees other children as objects Becomes increasingly independent, ritualistic and negativistic Need for autonomy; respond well to choices not requiring a “yes” or “no” NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TODDLER CARE JMJ Marist Brothers CONCERNS NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  NUTRI TION JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Nutritional Objectives  Adequate nutrient intake to NUTRITI meet continuing growth and ON development needs  Consumption of fresh, rather than processed foods (fruits, vegetables)  Psychosocial development in relation to food patterns, eating behavior, attitudes JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Diet  Reflects patterns and NUTRITI preferences of culture, parents ON and siblings  Calorie and nutrient requirements increase with age, despite slower growth  Increased variety in types and textures of food; provision of choices to JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY address growing College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCMindependence 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Diet NUTRITI  Increased involvement in ON feeding process; stimulation of curiosity about food environment; language learning  Consideration for appetite, choices, motor skills JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Eating/ Drinking Behavior NUTRITI ON  Prefers finger foods  Prefers sweet drinks; juices should be limited to 4 oz (120 mL) or less per day to prevent dental caries  TV commercials influence selection JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Nutrition Problems  Obesity or underweight: NUTRITI ON increased or decreased caloric intake; need for nutritional counseling  Low intake of calcium, iron, vitamins A and C may need supplementation  Mealtime struggles related to increased autonomy and JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences parental attitudes toward food NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  AGE FEEDING MILESTONE 18 Balanced diet of table food month vegetables, fruits and whole NUTRITI s grains recommended ON Toddlers become “picky” or “fussy” eaters with preferences and amount consumed varying widely Colorful finger foods preferred Ritualism: preference for same dish, cup, or spoon; preferences and amount JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY consumed varying widely College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines May have rules about food NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TOILE T TRAIN ING NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Most important integrative task TOILE for toddler An individualized task for each T child. It should begin and be completed according to a TRAIN child’s ability to accomplish it, not according to a set schedule ING Approach and attitude of parents play the most vital role NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TOILET Physical Maturation: must be reached before training is possible TRAINING  Sphincter control: adequate when child can walk  Urine retention: at least 2 hours  Demonstration of readiness: 18-24 months  Usual age for bowel training: 22 to 30 months  Daytime bowel and bladder control: usually after 2-3 years of age  Night control: usually several months to years after achievement of daytime control **Night wetting to 6 years of age: Investigate cause (usually physical) NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TOILET Psychologic Readiness TRAINING  Aware of act of elimination  Able to inform caregiver of need to urinate or defecate  Desire to please parents Process of Training  Usually begins with bowel then bladder  Potty chair helpful so feet touch floor  Intermittent periods of urination and fecal soiling  Regression when there is stress (eg, new sibling) NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TOILET TRAINING Parental Response  Choose specific word for act  Have specific time and place for elimination  Treat occasional accidents in matter-of-fact manner  Avoid punishing NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  In summary, indicators for TOILE readiness to toilet train toddlers include the following: T Child is able to.. 1. Walk, sit and squat well TRAIN 2. Voluntarily control bowel and urinary function ING 3. Have movement regular bowel 4. Remove clothing 5. Imitate and wants to please NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child care givers. NDMU NURSING  DENTAL CARE NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DENTAL CARE Encourage parents to offer fruit (bananas, pieces of apple, orange slices) or protein foods (cheese or pieces of chicken) rather than high carbohydrate items for snacks Calcium (found in large amounts in milk, cheese, and yogurt) is especially important to the development of strong teeth and are good for snacks. NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DENTAL CARE For tooth care, toddlers need to have a toothbrush they recognize as their own. Toward the end of the toddler period, they can begin to do the brushing themselves under supervision (almost all children need some supervision until about age 8). Urge parents to schedule a first visit to a dentist skilled in pediatric dental care at about 12 months of NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BEHA VIOR JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  RITUALISM BEHA They will use only “their” spoon at mealtime, only “their” washcloth at VIOR bath time The child who seems to need an excessive number of objects to cling to or an excessive number of routines, however, may be trying to say, “I need more guidelines, more rules. Don’t let me be quite so NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child independent.” NDMU NURSING  NEGATIVISM BEHA As part of establishing their identities as separate individuals, toddlers typically go through a period of extreme negativism. VIOR They do not want to do anything a parent wants them to do. Their reply to every request is a very definite “no.” A toddler’s “no” can best be eliminated by limiting the number of questions asked of the child. Making a statement instead of asking a question can avoid a great many negative responses. NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child a parent could give a secondary choice NDMU NURSING  SEPARATION ANXIETY BEHA Most toddlers react best to separation if a regular babysitter is employed or the day care center is one with consistent VIOR caregivers. Many are more comfortable if they are cared for in their own home. It helps if they have fair warning that they will have It helps if parents say goodbye firmly, repeat the explanation they will be there when the child wakes in the morning, and then leave. ***avoid prolonged goodbyes NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TEMPER TANTRUMS BEHA Temper tantrums occur as a natural consequence of toddlers’ development They occur because toddlers are independent VIOR enough to know what they want, but they do not have the vocabulary or the wisdom to express their feelings in a more socially acceptable way. the best approach is for parents to tell a child simply that they disapprove of the tantrum and then ignore it. Parents should then accept the child warmly and proceed as if the tantrum had not occurred. This same approach works well for NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  DISCIPLINE BEHA Remind parents that “discipline” and “punishment” are not interchangeable terms. VIOR Discipline means setting rules or road signs so children know what is expected of them. Punishment is a consequence that results from a breakdown in discipline, from the child’s disregard of the rules that were learned. Enforce limits which must be a day-to-day interaction with the child NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  BEHA DISCIPLINE 2 general rules to follow: VIOR (a) parents need to be consistent and (b) rules are learned best if correct behavior is praised rather than wrong behavior punished. “Timeout”- a technique to help children learn that actions have consequences. NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Effective use of “timeout”: BEHA 1. Parents first need to be certain their child understands the rule they are trying to VIOR enforce. 2. Parents should give one warning. 3.If the child repeats the behavior, parents select an area that is nonstimulating, such as a corner of a room or a hallway. 4. The child is directed to go immediately to the “timeout” space. The child then sits there for a specified period of time. NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Effective use of “timeout”: BEHA 5. If the child cries or shows any other disruptive behavior, the timeout period VIOR does not begin until there is quiet. 6. When the specified time period has passed, the child can return to the family. 7. A guide regarding how long children should remain in their “timeout” chair is 1 minute per year of age. Using a timer that rings when time is up lets children know when they can return to the family. NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  PLA Y JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Parallel Play: playing alongside, not PLA with, other children; less emphasis on exploration using senses; imitation is distinguishing Y characteristic JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Play of Toddlers  Mostly free and spontaneous, no rules  Short attention span, requires frequent change of toys PLA  Dangers associated with toys * Breaks toy through exploration and Y ingests small pieces * Ingests lead from lead based paint on toys * Is potentially burned by flammable JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences toys NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Play of Toddlers  Imitation and make-believe play begins by age 3 years  Suggested toys PLA *Play furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, telephone *Puzzles with few large pieces Y *pedal-propelled (eg, tricycle), straddle (eg, rocking horse) *Pounding, push-pull, blocks *Clay, crayons, finger paints JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TODD LER JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Accidental ingestions (poisoning) are the TODDLE type of accidents that occurs most frequently in toddlers. R Aspiration or ingestion of small objects such as watch or hearing aid batteries, SAFETY pencil erasers, or crayons is also a major danger for children of this age Urge parents to childproof their home by putting all poisonous products, drugs, and small objects out of reach by the time their child is crawling, and certainly by the JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences time their child is walking NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  TODDLE Other accidents that occur frequently in R toddlers include motor vehicle accidents, burns, falls, drowning, and playground SAFETY Toinjuries. prevent serious injury, a toddler must be supervised at all times. Until children weigh 40 to 60 lb, they need a toddler-size car seat for safety in automobiles JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  They need to wear a helmet as soon as they TODDLE begin riding a tricycle. A safety gate on the door of the room is R another way to keep a toddler contained and safe. SAFETY ***lead ingestion of it leads to serious damage Lead Screening in the brain and nervous system, kidneys, and red blood cells. ***Low Levels: cause learning and behavioral problems (Keefe, 2007). ***High levels: may result in seizures, JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences cognitive challenges, coma, and even death. NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107 A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  Are there any questions JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING  JMJ Marist Brothers NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY College of Arts and Sciences NURSING DEPARTMENT Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato, 9506 Philippines #BSN2 #SibolMarista NCM 107A: Maternal and Child NDMU NURSING