Pharmacology

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Questions and Answers

An ______ decreases blood pressure and ends in -pril.

Ace Inhibitor

A ______ is used to decrease heart rate and ends in -lol.

Beta Blocker

Calcium Channel Blockers end in -______, -zem, or -amil and decrease both BP and HR.

dipine

Digoxin is a cardiac ______ that increases the contractility of the heart.

<p>glycoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronchodilators relax the ______ and allow air to come in and out of the lungs.

<p>bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diuretics decrease blood pressure and can cause ______ wasting.

<p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine acts as a ______ reducer, resulting in less blood in the right atrium.

<p>preload</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antacids reduce gastric acidity by raising the ______ of the stomach contents.

<p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitroglycerine is a vasodilator that ______ oxygen and reduces preload.

<p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ondansetron is a common ______ used to reduce nausea and vomiting.

<p>antiemetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cetirizine and fexofenadine are examples of ______.

<p>antihistamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antivirals such as ______ help the body fight off viral infections.

<p>Acyclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotics either destroy bacteria or slow down their ______.

<p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

The '6 S's' of steroid side effects include sugar, salt, sex, sad, soggy bones, and ______.

<p>sick</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anticoagulants like Heparin and Warfarin ______ the blood clotting process.

<p>slow down</p> Signup and view all the answers

MAOI’s are a type of antidepressant that includes Parnate, Nardil, and ______.

<p>Marplan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical antipsychotics are used to treat positive symptoms of ______.

<p>psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diuretics should be taken in the ______ to avoid disrupting sleep.

<p>AM</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients taking digoxin should avoid ______ substitutes that contain potassium.

<p>salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morphine sulfate should not be given to patients with ______.

<p>pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antihypertensives

Medications that lower blood pressure

ACE Inhibitors

Antihypertensives that decrease blood pressure by reducing the production of angiotensin II.

Beta Blockers

Antihypertensives that decrease heart rate

Calcium Channel Blockers

Antihypertensives that decrease blood pressure and heart rate.

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Digoxin

Increases heart muscle contraction (positive inotrope)

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Diuretics

Medications that increase urine output, decreasing blood pressure.

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Vasopressin

A hormone that constricts blood vessels.

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Nitroglycerin

Vasodilator that increases blood flow and reduces workload on the heart

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Analgesics (Acetaminophen)

Medication for pain relief and fever reduction.

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Antibiotics

Medications that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

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Bronchodilators

Medications that relax the bronchi, allowing easier breathing and mucus expulsion.

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Antacids

Reduce stomach acidity. Used for heartburn, ulcers, and other stomach issues.

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Antiemetics

Medications that relieve nausea and vomiting.

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Antihistamines

Reduce allergy symptoms.

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Steroid Side Effects (6 S's)

Potential side effects from steroids include: hyperglycemia, water retention, decreased libido, depression, osteoporosis, and decreased immunity.

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SSRI's

A type of antidepressant used for mood, compulsive, and panic disorders.

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MAOI's

Another type of antidepressant.

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Antipsychotics (Typical)

Treats positive symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations.

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Antipsychotics (Atypical)

Treats negative symptoms of psychosis, such as withdrawal.

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When to take diuretics

Diuretics are best taken in the morning.

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Study Notes

Pharmacology

  • Anticoagulants: Medications that slow blood clotting.

    • Examples: Heparin, Warfarin.

  • Bronchodilators: Medications that relax airways.

    • Examples: Albuterol, Theophylline.

  • Antiemetics: Medications that treat nausea.

    • Examples: Ondansetron, Dexamethasone.

  • Thrombolytics: Medications that dissolve blood clots.

    • Examples: Alteplase (TPA), Streptokinase.

  • Protein Pump Inhibitors: Medications that reduce stomach acid production.

    • Examples: Omeprazole, Esomeprazole.

  • H2 Blockers: Medications that reduce stomach acid production.

    • Examples: Famotidine, Ranitidine.

  • Antihistamines: Medications that relieve allergy symptoms.

    • Examples: Diphenhydramine, Loratadine.

  • Antivirals: Medications that treat viral infections.

    • Examples: Acyclovir.

  • Tetracyclines: Antibiotics.

    • Examples: Tetracycline, Doxycycline.

  • Tricyclic Antidepressants: Medications used to treat depression.

    • Examples: Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline.

  • SSRIs: Antidepressants and anxiolytics.

    • Examples: Escitalopram, Sertraline.

  • Aminoglycosides: Antibiotics.

    • Examples: Vancomycin, Erythromycin.

  • Fluoroquinolones: Antibiotics.

    • Examples: Levofloxacin.

Antihypertensives

  • ACE Inhibitors: Decrease blood pressure.

    • Examples end in "-pril" (e.g., Lisinopril).

  • Beta Blockers: Decrease heart rate and blood pressure.

    • Examples end in "-lol" (e.g., Atenolol).

  • Calcium Channel Blockers: Decrease blood pressure and heart rate.

    • Examples end in "-dipine," "-zem," or "-amil." (e.g., Nifedipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil)

  • Digoxin: Increases heart contraction.

    • Use cautiously (apical pulse < 60 bpm, potassium < 3.5, digoxin toxicity > 2)
    • Monitor for vision changes, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness.

  • Diuretics: Decrease blood pressure by increasing urination.

    • Examples are "loop" or "thiazide."
    • Can cause potassium loss.

Cardiac Notes

  • Vasopressin: Can increase effect of oral anticoagulants and risk bleeding.
  • Morphine: Reduces preload (blood in right atrium).
  • Nitroglycerin: Vasodilator that reduces preload.
  • Analgesics(ex:acetaminophen): Used for fever and pain relief.
  • NSAIDs: Used for inflammation, fever, and pain relief.

Additional Notes (Pages 3)

  • Anticoagulants: Slow blood clot formation (e.g., Heparin, Warfarin).
  • Antiplatelets: Prevent blood clots (e.g., Aspirin).
  • Bronchodilators: Relax airways (e.g., Ipratropium, Budesonide).
  • Antacids: Reduce stomach acidity (e.g., various brands).
  • Antiemetics: Reduce nausea and vomiting (e.g., Ondansetron).
  • Antihistamines: Treat allergy symptoms (e.g., Cetirizine, Fexofenadine).
  • Steroids: Careful use due to side effects (sugar, salt retention, sex issues, etc.).
  • Antidepressants (SSRIs, MAOIs, etc.): Treat mental health conditions.
  • Antipsychotics: Treat psychosis.
  • Emergency Medications: Include specific medications for various emergencies.

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