Introduction to Information Systems Chapter 8 PDF

Introduction to Information Systems Rainer, Prince, Sanchez-Rodriguez, Splettstoesser Hogeterp, Ebrahimi Fifth Canadian Edition Chapter 8 Wireless, Mobile Computing, and Mobile Commerce Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada...

Introduction to Information Systems Rainer, Prince, Sanchez-Rodriguez, Splettstoesser Hogeterp, Ebrahimi Fifth Canadian Edition Chapter 8 Wireless, Mobile Computing, and Mobile Commerce Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Learning Objectives Identify advantages and disadvantages of each of the three main types of wireless transmission media Explain how businesses can use short-range, medium- range, and long-range wireless networks Provide a specific example of how each of the five major m-commerce applications can benefit a business Describe the Internet of Things, along with examples of how organizations can use the Internet of Things Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 2 Chapter Outline 1. Wireless Technologies 2. Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access 3. Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce 4. The Internet of Things Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 3 8.1 Wireless Technologies Terminology: wireless, mobile computing, mobile commerce, The Internet of Things (IoT) Wireless Devices o Smartphones Wireless Transmission Media o Microwave o Satellite o Radio Wireless Security Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 4 8.1 Wireless Technologies Wireless means exactly what it says: without wires. In contrast, mobile is something that changes its location over time. Some wireless networks, such as MiFi, are also mobile. Others, however, are fixed. For example, microwave towers form fixed wireless networks. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 5 8.1 Wireless Technologies Mobile computing involves a real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet or an intranet. Mobile commerce (m-commerce) involves e-commerce (EC) transactions that are conducted with a mobile device. The Internet of Things (ubiquitous computing) means that virtually every object has processing power with wireless or wired connections to a global network. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 6 Wireless Devices Three major advantages for users: o Small enough to easily carry or wear o Sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks o Communicate wirelessly with the Internet and other devices One major disadvantage for businesses: o Workers can capture and transmit sensitive confidential or proprietary information Smartphones are part of dematerialization: functions of many devices are included in one physical device [so some of the devices “disappear”] Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 7 FIGURE 8.1 Dematerialization with smartphones Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 8 Wireless Transmission Media Wireless media (a.k.a. broadcast media) o Transmit signals without wires Major types of wireless media channels: o Microwave o Satellite o Radio- long range communication They are propagated using electromagnetic waves Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 9 TABLE 8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Media Channel Advantages Disadvantages Microwave High bandwidth Must have unobstructed Relatively inexpensive Susceptible to environmental interference Satellite High bandwidth Expensive Large coverage area Must have unobstructed line of sight Signals experience propagation delay Must use encryption for security Radio High bandwidth Creates electrical interference Signals pass through walls problems Inexpensive and easy to install Susceptible to snooping unless encrypted Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 10 Three Basic Types of Telecommunications Satellites Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 11 FIGURE 8.2 Comparison of satellite footprints Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 12 TABLE 8.2 (1 of 3): Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Orbit: 35,900 km (22,300 miles) Number of satellites: 8 Use: TV signal Characteristics: o Satellites stationary relative to point on Earth o Few satellites needed for global coverage o Transmission delay (approximately 0.25 seconds) o Most expensive to build and launch o Longest orbital life (many years) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 13 TABLE 8.2 (2 of 3): Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) Orbit: 10,350 km (6,434 miles) Number of satellites: 10-12 Use: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Characteristics: o Satellites move relative to point on Earth o Moderate number needed for global coverage o Requires medium-powered transmitters o Negligible transmission delay o Less expensive to build and launch o Moderate orbital life (6–12 years) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 14 TABLE 8.2 (3 of 3): Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Orbit: 640 m to 1.12 km (400–700 miles) Number of satellites: Many Use: telephone, Internet Characteristics: o Satellites move rapidly relative to point on Earth o Large number needed for global coverage o Requires only low-power transmitters o Negligible transmission delay o Least expensive to build and launch o Shortest orbital life (as low as 5 years) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 15 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) A wireless system that utilizes satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on Earth Supported by MEO satellites Uses: o Navigating, mapping, surveying, 911 location Three additional GPS systems planned or operational: o GLONASS, Russia 2011 o Galileo, European Union 2016 o Beidou, China 2020 Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 16 FIGURE 8.3 Obtaining GPS information in an automobile Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 17 Additional Satellite Applications Internet over Satellite (IoS): A way to access the Internet without cable; used when cables are too expensive or physical impossible (e.g., rural areas) Commercial imaging: Satellite-based Earth images are used for tracking moving objects (e.g., ships and planes), zooming in on physical objects (e.g., roads and buildings) or examining sky and land (e.g., forests, farms and weather). The images can be integrated with other data, such as census data, to monitor urban development. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 18 Radio and Other Internet Access Methods Radio transmission: Used to connect computers to peripheral equipment and local area networks (LANs). Can be ground-based directly between transmitters or receivers or as satellite radio (digital radio) that is provided via satellite Google Loon: Balloons provide Internet access by creating aerial wireless networks Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 19 8.2 Wireless Computer Networks and Internet Access Short-Range Wireless Networks Medium-Range Wireless Networks Wide-Area Wireless Networks Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 20 Short-Range Wireless Networks Personal area network Bluetooth (www.bluetooth.com) is an industry specification used to create small personal area networks (PANs). Bluetooth 1.0 can link up to eight devices within a 10-metre area with a bandwidth of 700 Kbps (kilobits per second) using low-power, radio-based communication. Bluetooth 4.0 can transmit up to 25 Mbps (megabits per second) and at greater power, up to 100 metres. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 21 Short-Range Wireless Networks Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 Mbps. Example: streaming multimedia from, say, a personal computer to a television. Ultra-wideband technology enables firefighters to detect people behind walls or in smoke-filled environments with zero visibility. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 22 Short-Range Wireless Networks Near-field communications (NFC) has the smallest range of any short-range wireless network. It is designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards. Example: swiping your device or card within a few centimetres of point-of-sale terminals to pay for items (i.e., “tap” to pay for suff. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 23 Medium-Range Wireless Networks Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) o Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) o Wireless access point o Hotspot Wi-Fi Direct MiFi (My Wi-Fi) Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 24  MEDIUM RANGE WIRELESS NETWORKS Wireless Fidelity (or Wi- Fi) is a medium-range wireless local area network (WLAN), which is basically like a wired LAN, but without the cables. In a typical configuration, a transmitter with an antenna, called a wireless access point, connects to a wired LAN or to satellite dishes that provide an Internet connection. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 25 Medium-Range Wireless Networks Wi-Fi Direct: using peer-to-peer communications enabling devices to connect with each other directly MiFi: a small, portable, wireless device that provides users with a permanent Wi-Fi hotspot wherever they go. Thus, users are always connected to the Internet. The range of the MiFi device is about 10 metres. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 26 Wide-Area Wireless Networks Cellular radio (Cellular telephones) o 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G (CDMA, EV-DO, HSPA, GSM), 4G (LTE, XLTE), 5G o A cellular network is a telecommunications network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless, and the network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by a base station. Wireless broadband (or WiMAX) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 27 FIGURE 8.5 A cellular network and the public switched telephone system Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 28 Wireless Broadband or WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a family of wireless broadband communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards, Wireless access range of up to 50 km (31 miles) Data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps A secure system offering voice and video Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 29 Wireless Broadband or WiMAX Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 30 Wireless Security There are five major threats to wireless networks: Rogue access point: unauthorized access point to a WLAN Evil twin attack: an imposter with a computer connects to your computer, pretending to be your normal (or other) access point War driving: locating WLANs while driving or walking around. Eavesdropping: efforts by unauthorized users to try to access data traveling over wireless networks RF (Radio frequency) jamming: a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 31 8.3 Mobile Computing and Mobile Commerce Mobile computing o A real-time connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the Internet or an intranet Mobile commerce o Electronic commerce (EC) transactions conducted in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 32 Mobile Computing Two major characteristics: o Mobility o Broad reach Mobility and broad reach create five value-added attributes: o Ubiquity o Convenience o Instant connectivity o Customization o Localization Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 33  Mobile Commerce Also known as m-commerce Drivers of m-commerce: o Widespread availability of mobile devices o Declining prices of the devices o Bandwidth improvement Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 34 Mobile Commerce Applications Financial services Location-based applications and services Mobile advertising Intrabusiness applications Accessing information Telemetry applications Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 35 8.4 The Internet of Things (IoT) Also known as the Internet of Everything or the Internet of Anything or Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), can be active or passive. RFID tags/UPC scanner to scan a product for smth. o RFID versus bar codes (also known as UPC, universal product codes) Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 36 FIGURE 8.6 Bar codes, RFID tags and QR codes Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 37 FIGURE 8.7 Small RFID reader and RFID tag Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 38 IT’s About Business 8.4: Marks & Spencer Embraces RFID Consider: The importance of avoiding stockouts. Would you go back to a store if it did not have your size of clothing? How could the benefits of RFID-labelled inventory be used for online shopping from Marks & Spencer? Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 39 Examples of the Internet of Things in Use (1 of 2) Smart home Digital twins Health care Automotive industry Supply chain management Environmental monitoring Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 40 Examples of the Internet of Things in Use (2 of 2) Infrastructure management Energy management Agriculture (enabling precision agriculture) Transportation Farming Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 41 Copyright Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. or the author. All rights reserved. Students and instructors who are authorized users of this course are permitted to download these materials and use them in connection with the course. No part of these materials should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse this material is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Copyright ©2021 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. 42