Nav-1-week-1-3 2 PDF Navigation

Navigation NAV1 / Navigational Instruments with Compasses NAV 1 Navigation – is the process of controlling and monitoring the movement of the craft or vessel transferring passenger or cargo from one place to another. It is an art of directing the movement of a ship from on...

Navigation NAV1 / Navigational Instruments with Compasses NAV 1 Navigation – is the process of controlling and monitoring the movement of the craft or vessel transferring passenger or cargo from one place to another. It is an art of directing the movement of a ship from one point of the earth to the other via a safest and shortest convenient route. LO1.1. Explain the navigational equipment found inside a navigational bridge in terms of: Contribution to safety of navigation Equipments Contribution to safety of navigation Rationale of there arrangement as per SOLAS Provision Different electronic navigation found inside the navigational bridge, their functions and contribution to safety of navigation A.3. Electronic navigation is a form of navigation that ships can use which rely on technology powered by electricity.  What are the different electronic navigational equipment found inside a navigational bridge, their function, and contribution to Safety of Navigation GPS and DGPS global positioning system A global positioning system (GPS) is a network of satellites and receiving devices used to determine the location of something on Earth. Some GPS receivers are so accurate they can establish their location within 1 centimeter.  DGPS Differential Global Positioning Systems is an improvement to GPS. DGPS technology can achieve accuracy up to 10 cm. It reduces or eliminates the signal degradation, resulting in improving the accuracy. The goal of differential GPS is not to go directly for the location; rather it finds the location relative to a fixed reference point. DGPS relies on two receivers rover and reference receiver, rover is the user, and reference receiver is also known as the stationary receiver. Whats the diffirence of GPS and DGPS? The basic difference between GPS and DGPS lies on their accuracy, DGPS is more accurate than GPS. DGPS was intentionally designed to reduce the signal degradation. GPS provides the accuracy about 10 meters, but DGPS can provide accuracy around 1 meter, even beyond that 10 cm. Conclusion The Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is more accurate technology than its antecedent Global Positioning system (GPS). The accuracy in DGPS is improved by using two receivers instead of using one, which finds the precise location using relative positions. What is Solas regulation for GPS? SOLAS Regulation V/19.2. 1.6 requires all ships irrespective of size to have a receiver for a global navigation satellite system or a terrestrial radio navigation system, or other means, suitable for use at all times throughout the intended voyage to establish and update the ship's position by automatic means. AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Ships are known to have encountered a lot of problems specially in areas of heavy traffic, when one ship ( which is stand – on – vessel ) may want to call the give way vessel to confirm the intention of this vessel, but is unable to do so as it does not have the information regarding name or identification of that ship. AIS- automatic identification system transmits a ship's position so that other ships are aware of its position. The International Maritime Organization and other management bodies require large ships, including many commercial fishing vessels, to broadcast their position with AIS in order to avoid collisions. SOLAS REQUIREMENTS On existing ships AIS had to be fitted in a phased manner so that by 31st December 2004 all ships engaged on international voyage above 300 GT to have AIS fitted on board. For ships which are not engaged on international voyage only those above 500 GT need to have AIS equipment fitted on board latest by 1st July 2008. Irrespective of the size and trade all passenger ships must be fitted with AIS latest by 1st july 2003.  STATIC DATA This information is programmed into the system at the time of commissioning the system and basically consists of the following: IMO number Call sign and name Length and beam Type of ship Location of position-fixing antenna on the ship ( aft of bow and port or starboard of centerline )  DYNAMIC DATA This information is derived by interfacing ship’s GPS and other equipment with the help of sensors and mainly consists of the following : Ship’s position Time in UTC Course over ground Speed over ground Heading Navigational status ( e.g. at anchor, not under command etc., manually entered ) Rate of turn (where available) Angle of heel (optional) Pitch and Roll (optional) SOLAS REQUIREMENTS In SOLAS 2000 amendment chap V, Reg.19-2.4, IMO laid down a schedule and made carriage of AIS mandatory. New ships above 300 GT constructed on or after 1st July 2002 and engaged on international voyage shall have the AIS fitted with immediate effect. AIS  AIS Automatic identification system (AIS) is fitted aboard ships on international voyage with 300 or more gross tonnage (GT), and all passenger ships regardless of size. AIS Types Class A: Mandated for all vessels 300 GT and above engaged on international voyages as well as all passenger ships Class B: Provides limited functionality and is intended for non-SOLAS vessels. Primarily used for vessels such as pleasure crafts SOLAS Requirements The IMO Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea (SOLAS) Regulation V/19.2.4 requires all vessels of 300 GT and above engaged on international voyages and all passenger ships, irrespective of size, to carry AIS onboard.  ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System  ECDIS carriage requirements The amended SOLAS regulation V/19 requires all newly built passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards, as well as newly built cargo ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards engaged on international voyages to be fitted with ECDIS. What is an ECDIS? ECDIS formally stands for Electronic Chart Display and Information System, offering digital charts and navigational information so that seafarers can plan their routes much better and monitor where they are going. ECDIS  The ECDIS can provide several types of warnings, including shallow depth, isolated dangers, cross-track errors, approaching waypoints, and anti-grounding alarms if the vessel's echo sounder enters data into the system. What are the 4 safety parameters of ECDIS? best practice for handling safety settings on ECDIS which includes the Safety contour, safety depth, shallow contour, and deep water contour. One of the most important ECDIS customization features available to the mariner is the possibility to set-up the Depth Contour values. If carefully selected, Safety Contour and Safety Depth can help the mariner to discern the safe from the non navigable What is the safety depth and safety contour in ECDIS? Safety Contour: A specific depth contour set by ECDIS. It demarks the boundary between “safe-water” and shallow water with an extra wide isoline and is used to give an alarm if the ship, within a time specified by the mariner, is going to cross the safety contour. Course Recorder SOLAS V Regulation covers the recording of Navigation events  Regulation 28- Recording of Navigational Events  This contains two requirements  Need to record  Need to report  What is a course recorder Course recorder is navigational equipment for automatically recording then course of vessel over period of time. The record is done on continuous paper. RADAR/ARPA What are the carriage requirements for marine radar? Ships of 1000 gross tonnage and upwards shall be fitted with two radar installations, each capable of being operated independently of the other. Facilities for plotting radar readings shall be provided on the navigating bridge of ships required by paragraph (g) or (h) to be fitted with a radar installation.  What is the function of radar in ships? Marine radars are X band or S band radars on ships, used to detect other ships and land obstacles, to provide bearing and distance for collision avoidance and navigation at sea. Why do ships have 2 radars? Where two radars are used, one radar can be kept on a longer range scale to obtain advance warning of the approach of other vessels, changes in traffic density, or proximity to the coastline. The other radar can use a short range scale, which helps to detect smaller targets easily.  What are the two types of marine radar? There are 2 types of radars used on ships: X-band and S-band radars. X-band radar operates at a frequency of 8-12 GHz and with a wavelength of 2.5 - 4 cm (smaller antennas in weight and size). Being of higher frequency, this band provides a better target resolution. S-band radar operates at a frequency of 2-4 GHz and with a wavelenght of 8-15 cm. Use of X-band and S-band radar The x-band, being of higher frequency is used for a sharper image, better resolution and for the detection of SART. whereas the S-band is used especially when in rain or fog as well as for identification and tracking. What is ARPA and its function? Automatic radar plotting aids are essentially utilized to improve the standard of collision avoidance at sea. Primarily designed as anti-collision radar, the ARPA technology removed the chore of plotting targets manually on a reflection plotter or separate plotting aid. How does ARPA radar work? On an ARPA the radar observer can designate a “target” ship of interest and the ARPA calculates the speed and course of the ship and assesses the risk of collision. Targets may also be “acquired” automatically and tracked. A number of targets can be tracked simultaneously. It is a computerised additional feature to the Radar. ARPA takes feed of the own ships course and speed, and target's course and speed, and calculates the collision avoidance data and simplifies the need for the users to calculate the data themselves. Echo Sounder An echo sounder sends sound wave pulses from a transducer that's usually located on the bottom of a ship/boat's hull. These pulses travel through the water, hit submerged objects (the ocean floor, wrecks, large schools of fish), bounce off these things, and return upwards to the transducer. What are the IMO requirements for echo sounder? clearance under the transducer between 2 mand 200 m. one of which, theshallow range, should cover a range of 20 m, and the other, the deep range, shouldcover a range of 200 m.  Gyro Compass SOLAS V, Regulation 19- Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment. What is the requirement to carry a Magnetic compass? All ships irrespective of size shall have: A properly adjusted standard magnetic compass or other means, independent of any power supply to determine the ship’s heading and display the reading at the main steering position A pelorus or compass bearing device, or other means, independent of any power supply to take bearings over an arc of the horizon of 360° Means of correcting heading and bearings to true at all times All ships of 150 gross tonnage and upwards and passenger ships irrespective of size shall, in addition be fitted with:  A spare magnetic compass interchangeable with the magnetic compass, or other means to perform the function referred to by replacement or duplicate equipment All ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards and passenger ships irrespective of size shall, in addition:  A properly adjusted transmitting heading device, or other means to transmit heading information for input to specified equipment  What are the requirements to carry a Gyro Compass? All ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in addition have: A gyro compass, or other means, to determine and display their heading by shipborne non-magnetic means, being clearly readable by the helmsman at the main steering position. These means shall also transmit heading information for input to specified equipment. A gyro compass heading repeater, or other means, to supply heading information visually at the emergency steering position if provided A gyro compass bearing repeater, or other means, to take bearings, over an arc of the horizon of 360º, using the gyro compass or other means. However ships less than 1,600 gross tonnage shall be fitted with such means as far as possible What is a Gyro compass A Gyro compass is a form of gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically powered, fast-spinning gyroscope wheel and frictional forces among other factors utilising the basic physical laws, influences of gravity and the Earth’s rotation to find the true north.  What is a magnetic compass The magnetic compass is a device containing a magnetic needle pivoted in a horizontal plane that indicates North when held on the earth's surface. Use: Magnetic compass is used to find directions. It is used by sailors to find the right direction during navigation. The main advantage of a magnetic needle is that it doesn't need any external power. As long as earth's magnetism exists, a properly adjusted compass will show you correct directions. It works well in most of the navigable waters of the world, except areas closer to magnetic poles. Magnetic compass What is the Doppler log? An acoustic speed log based on the Doppler effect in which the wave lengths of moving objects appear to shift in relation to the observer. This shift can be converted to speed, thereby giving a very accurate result. What is the EM log? An Electromagnetic Log, sometimes called an "EM log", is an electronic sensor which measures the speed of a vessel through sea water. Like many other technologies, its name derives from the traditional chip log. What is the difference between EM log and Doppler log? Doppler Log works on the principle of measurement of Doppler shift between. measured and which is proportional to the speed of the flow. this the speed displayed is the speed over ground, whereas, In the EM Log only the speed through water can be calculated. The vessel's speed is either measured concerning water or ground. Speed over Ground (SOG) is the vessel's speed in one hour concerning the land or any other fixed object such as buoys. Speed through Water (STW) is the vessel's speed in one hour concerning the water or anything floating on water. SOLAS provisions on arrangement of navigational equipment inside the bridge What is SOLAS (SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA) - is an important international treaty concerning the safety of merchant ships. It ensures that ships registered by signatory States comply with minimum safety standards in construction, equipment and operation of ships. -Adoption: 1 November 1974; Entry into force: 25 May 1980  Solas provision on arrangement of navigational equipment inside the bridge – what is regulation 19 ( carriage requirnments for shipborne system and equipment ) – what is MSC circular or resolution sited in the footnote. Regulation 19 (carriage requirments for shipborne system and equipment) The requirements for shipborne navigational equipment are contained in SOLAS V/19. In summary, these are:  All vessels are required to carry the following:adjusted magnetic compass, pelorus ring, and means of correcting the heading  nautical charts and publications sufficient for the intended voyage  ECDIS with suitable backup arrangements  GNSS(Global navigation satellite system)receiver  means of communication to the emergency steering position  sound reception devices for totally enclosed bridge wings