Nature-Goals-and-Perspective-in.pptx

NATURE, GOALS AND PERSPECTIVE IN/OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE  CONCEPTS OF CULTURE English word ‘culture’, Latin expressions ‘clique or cultus’ = implies developing and refining Culture is a LIFESTYLE A powerful defining characteristics of human...

NATURE, GOALS AND PERSPECTIVE IN/OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE  CONCEPTS OF CULTURE English word ‘culture’, Latin expressions ‘clique or cultus’ = implies developing and refining Culture is a LIFESTYLE A powerful defining characteristics of human groups that shapes our perceptions, behaviors, and relationships. The epitome of the manner by which we think and get things done.  CULTURE refers to a human-made environment which includes all the material and nonmaterial products of group life that are transmitted from one generation to the next the declaration of our temperament in our methods of living and thinking  2 SEGMENTS OF CULTURE Material Culture – comprises of articles that are identified with material part of our life (dress, food, and family products.) Non-Material Culture – alludes to thoughts, standards, musings and convictions. ASPECTS OF CULTURE ANTHROPOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ANTHROPOLOGI ST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES  ANTHROPOLOGIS T PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE is learned and acquired (impacted by the physical and social climate)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE is shared by a group of people (shared and accepted or rehearsed)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE is cumulative (cycle -specific culture goes with time.)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE changes (new qualities added)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE is dynamic (no culture stays on the perpetual state-changing)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE gives us a scope of passable standards of conduct (what ought to be)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE is diverse (related)  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE is ideational (what is expected - acquire)  Society – Latin root socius, signifying “buddy” or “being with CONCEPTS others” OF SOCIETY A general public comprises of individuals who share a region, who communicate with one another, and who share a culture.  SOCIETY - Is a gathering of individuals whose individuals associate, dwell in a quantifiable region, and offer a culture. - A social framework that shares a topographical domain, a typical culture, and a lifestyle (Johnson 1996).  AUGUSTE COMTE (1798- 1857) SOCIETY- Latin word ‘socius’ which means buddy, partner, accomplice or mate (or social being with others) and the Greek word ‘logos’ or ‘logus’ which intends to contemplate (Kendall, 1998) Dorothy Smith (1926) Society – “continues concerting and organizing of people’s exercises” (Smith 1999).  SOCIOLOGIST VIEW (SOCIETY) Interpreted as tissues of habits and customs that hold a gathering of individuals together. In some sense, ‘society addressed something more suffering and more profound than the ‘state’, less manipu- lative and absolutely subtler.  TWO JOINTS (SOCIETY) In conceptual terms, as an organization of connections between individuals or between gatherings. In substantial terms, as an assortment of individuals or an association of people.  L.T. HOBHOUSE (1908) Character – society - "tissues of connections"  R.M. MACLVER (1937) Character –Society - "web of social relations which is continually evolving".  MACIVER, ALONGSIDE HIS CO- ESSAYIST CHARLES PAGE, LATER ON CHARACTERIZED IT IN HIS NEW BOOK SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS (1949) "It (society) is an arrangement of uses and techniques, of power and shared guide, of numerous groupings and divisions, of controls of human conduct and of freedoms. This steadily changing, complex framework we call society."  MACIVER, ALONGSIDE HIS CO- ESSAYIST CHARLES PAGE, LATER ON CHARACTERIZED IT IN HIS NEW BOOK SOCIETY: AN INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS (1949) For Maclver and Page, society is a theoretical element as they state, "We might see individuals yet can't see society or social construction however just its outer angles … society is unmistakable from actual reality".  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ✓ SOCIETY is ABSTRACT Reuter stated: "Similarly as life isn't a thing yet an interaction of living, so society isn't a thing yet a cycle of partner“  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ✓ SOCIETY is ABSTRACT Maclver contended, "we might see individuals yet can't see society or social design, yet just its solitary outside perspectives"  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ✓LIKENESS AND DIFFERENCE IN SOCIETY The family rests upon the biological differences between the sexes. There are natural differences of aptitude, of capacity, of interest. For they all involve relationships in which differences complement one another, in which exchange take place.  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ✓ COOPERATION & CONFLICT IN SOCIETY Collaboration and struggle are general components in human existence Society depends on cooperation but since of interior contrasts, there is struggle likewise among its individuals. "society is cooperation crossed by conflict“ / "Participation is most rudimentary interaction of public  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ✓ SOCIETY IS A PROCESS NOT A PRODUCT "Society exists just as a period arrangement. It is becoming, not a being; an interaction and not an item" (Maclver and Page, 1956)  SOCIOLOGIST PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ✓ SOCIETY IS A SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION Society gives an arrangement of definition of situations with classes that every individual has a moderately steady and unmistakable situation in the social construction  CONCEPT OF POLITICS The term 'politics‟, is gotten from the Greek word 'Polis‟, which implies the city state Politics is the art of government, the activity of control inside the society through the settling on and authorization of aggregate choices.  CONCEPT OF POLITICS (Heywood 1997) The domain of legislative issues is limited to state entertainers who are deliberately roused by philosophical convictions, and who try to propel them through participation of a formal association like a political association.  CONCEPT OF POLITICS This is the sense wherein politicians are depicted as "political" while government employees are viewed as "non- political", the state as "public" and the common society as "private".  CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS Use or threat of use of legal force it allows the legal authority to use force. If David Easton speaks of “authoritative allocation of values”, Dahl of “Power, “rule” and authority”. All these definitions imply that legal authority can use force to compel anybody to obey its orders.  CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS Interactions “Political system is that system of interactions to be found in all independent societies which perform the functions of integration and adaptation (both internally and vis-a-vis other societies) by means of the employment or threat of employment or more or less legitimate physical compulsion”.  CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICS Independence of Parts when the properties of one component in a system change, all the other components and the system as a whole are affected